Digital Commons Network^™

Information System To Elucidate Dna Sequencing Based On Machine And Deep Learning Techniques, Suhiar Mohammed Zeki Abd Alsammed

Baghdad Science Journal

The elucidation of DNA sequencing provides great importance in increasing the comprehension of organisms' genomic functions. However, the investigation of concealed structural information preserved within Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequencing represents an outstanding challenge. Recently, machine and deep learning have become the techniques of preference for various tasks of genomics modeling, involving the prediction of genetic variation influence on the mechanisms of gene regulation like DNA receptivity and splicing. Therefore, this paper presented an information system for elucidating DNA sequencing data using diverse machine and deep learning techniques. In this system, two encoding methods are utilized for modifying the DNA sequencing …

Happily Ever After?: Romantic Ideas And Gender Roles In Disney Media, Madelyn J. Winfrey

Departmental Honors & Graduate Capstone Projects

This research aims to study a sample of animated Disney movies to examine the gender roles and romantic relationships displayed. With Disney's wide reach in the media realm, they have gained popularity across the globe for the movies they produce; however, the genre they are most well-known for is romance and fairytales. This study will utilize content analysis to examine the behaviors and stereotypes displayed in each movie in the sample as well as common themes that are present.

Folding Architecture “Origami Art-Inspired” Applicability To Sustainable Architecture- Biomuseo As A Case Study, Vitta A. Ibrahim

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The growing need for sustainable architectural solutions in the contemporary era underscores the necessity for interactive architectural applications that can adapt to changing requirements. In architecture, folding systems refer to three-dimensional, foldable structural forms that create unique spatial configurations and possess a wide range of capabilities. Drawing inspiration from origami techniques, this study emphasizes the role of folding systems in generating innovative spatial designs. The research problem arises from the fact that the built environment is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, necessitating the implementation of smart solutions. The goal of this study is to identify …

Biomechanics Of The Ribs During Respiration At The Costotransverse Joint: An In-Vivo Retrospective Pilot Study, Michael Maninang, Greg Almeter, Erik Pearson, Arvie Vitente

Philippine Journal of Physical Therapy

Introduction: Scarce in‑vivo data describe how ribs move at the costotransverse joints during quiet breathing—knowledge critical to thoracic biomechanics and pain mechanisms. This pilot study uses four‑dimensional computed tomography (4D‑CT) to quantify, for the first time, the three‑dimensional magnitude and direction of rib motion at these joints throughout quiet respiration.

Methods: This retrospective, descriptive pilot study analyzed ten 4D‑CT scans obtained from patients undergoing thoracic imaging prior to radiation therapy. End‑expiration and end‑inspiration phases were aligned with a demons deformable‑registration algorithm. For each costotransverse joint, the three‑dimensional displacement vector, its absolute magnitude, and its components along the lateral–medial (L–M), …

Investigation Of Regulated Cell Death (Rcd) Modalities Induced By Copper(Ii), Manganese(Ii) And Silver(I) Complexes Containing Bridging Dicarboxylate And 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligands, Ella O'Sullivan

Doctoral

With the increasing global cancer burden in recent years, there is an urgency to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents. Transition metal complexes represent an attractive class of candidates, owing to their unique electronic and stereochemical properties, as well as their capacity for ligand exchange, redox activity, and catalytic reactivity. These characteristics enable cellular signalling mechanisms that lead to tumour cell cytotoxicity via regulated cell death (RCD) mechanisms. The conventional RCD mechanisms of apoptosis and autophagy are attractive targets for the development of novel complexes because tumour cells evade apoptosis but use autophagy as a survival mechanism when under stress. Therefore, novel …

A Spatiotemporal Model Of Cxcl10 As A Master Regulator Of Immune Evasion And Metastasis In Osteosarcoma, Benjamin B Gyau, Tsz-Kwong Man

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) is implicated in the progression of osteosarcoma (OS), the most aggressive pediatric bone malignancy. However, its role often presents a profound clinical paradox: although high circulating levels are strongly linked to poor prognosis, its canonical function is to recruit anti-tumor immune cells. This review unravels these contrasting roles by proposing a novel spatiotemporal model. We argue that in the early stages, immune-evading OS cells initiate the formation of a pre-metastatic niche (PMN) in the lungs, creating a localized inflammatory environment that becomes the primary source of elevated circulating CXCL10. As the disease progresses, …

Optimizing Runtime Memory Size Of Smith-Waterman Algorithm For Long Sequences Alignment, Imad Qasim Habeeb, Zeyad Qasim Habeeb, Hanan Najm Abdulkhudhur

Baghdad Science Journal

Sequence alignment is used to help researchers see areas of similarity between two sequences. Hence, it is a key component of many applications, such as DNA matching, plagiarism detection, and spelling correction. The Smith-Waterman algorithm (SWA) is widely used to calculate the sequence alignment because it is guaranteed to find an optimal solution. This algorithm creates a matrix of the size n * m where the symbols n, m refers to the lengths of two sequences needed to be aligned. Therefore, it requires impersonal hardware with a large amount of main memory at runtime to align long sequences. Furthermore, it …

Collagen Type Ii-Targeting Lentiviral Gene Therapy For Mucopolysaccharidosis Iva, Betul Celik, Sampurna Saikia, Shaukat Khan, Krishna Sai Musini, Shunji Tomatsu

Department of Pediatrics Faculty Papers

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS IVA) is caused by pathogenic variations in the GALNS gene, leading to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues and causing progressive skeletal lesions. While conventional lentiviral vectors (LVs) provide long-term stable expression, they do not deliver therapeutic levels to bone and cartilage. We hypothesized that engineering the LV envelope with a collagen type II-targeting peptide (WYRGRL) increases the binding affinity of the LVs for bone and cartilage. These modified vectors carrying the CBh and COL2A1 promoters delivered the GALNS gene to MPS IVA newborn mice via intravenous (IV) or intraarticular (IA) administration. The peptide-modified LVs exhibited markedly increased …

Loss Of The Maternal Effect Gene Nlrp2 Impairs Embryonic And Extra-Embryonic Development, Revealing A Novel Genetic Cause Of Congenital Anomalies†, Momal Sharif, Zahra Anvar, Imen Chakchouk, Sara H El-Dessouky, Roni Zemet, Eric C Kao, Wessam E Sharaf-Eldin, Ying-Wooi Wan, Zhandong Liu, Pengfei Liu, Michael Jochum, Ignatia B Van Den Veyver

Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications

Maternal-effect genes (MEGs) play a crucial role in early mammalian development, and their dysfunction can lead to severe embryonic and extra-embryonic abnormalities. NLRP2, a MEG that encodes a subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) protein, has been implicated in preimplantation development, but its role after implantation remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the developmental consequences of maternal Nlrp2 loss-of-function in a maternal knockout (KO) mouse model at embryonic day 11.5. Embryos derived from Nlrp2-KO females have abnormal yolk sac vasculature, increased embryonic resorption, craniofacial abnormalities, neural tube defects, and congenital heart defects. Placental architecture is disrupted with an altered junctional zone …

Context Matching Is Not Reasoning When Performing Generalized Clinical Evaluation Of Generative Language Models, Andrew Wen, Qiuhao Lu, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiayi Yuan, Jiamu Zhang, Liwei Wang, Sunyang Fu, Kurt D Miller, Heling Jia, Steven D Bedrick, William R Hersh, Kirk E Roberts, Xia Hu, Hongfang Liu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Current discussion surrounding the clinical capabilities of generative language models(GLMs) predominantly centers around multiple-choice question-answer(MCQA) benchmarks derived from clinical licensing examinations. While accepted for human examinees, characteristics unique to GLMs bring into question the validity of such benchmarks. Here, we validate five benchmarks using eight GLMs, ablating for parameter size and reasoning capabilities, validating via prompt permutation three key assumptions that underpin the generalizability of MCQA-based assessments: that knowledge is applied, not memorized, that semantic consistency will lead to consistent answers, and that situations with no answers can be recognized. While large models are more resilient to our perturbations compared …

Context Matching Is Not Reasoning When Performing Generalized Clinical Evaluation Of Generative Language Models, Andrew Wen, Qiuhao Lu, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiayi Yuan, Jiamu Zhang, Liwei Wang, Sunyang Fu, Kurt D Miller, Heling Jia, Steven D Bedrick, William R Hersh, Kirk E Roberts, Xia Hu, Hongfang Liu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Current discussion surrounding the clinical capabilities of generative language models(GLMs) predominantly centers around multiple-choice question-answer(MCQA) benchmarks derived from clinical licensing examinations. While accepted for human examinees, characteristics unique to GLMs bring into question the validity of such benchmarks. Here, we validate five benchmarks using eight GLMs, ablating for parameter size and reasoning capabilities, validating via prompt permutation three key assumptions that underpin the generalizability of MCQA-based assessments: that knowledge is applied, not memorized, that semantic consistency will lead to consistent answers, and that situations with no answers can be recognized. While large models are more resilient to our perturbations compared …

(R2150) Impact Of Specialist Predator Harvesting On The Stability Of A Three-Species Food Chain Model With A Generalist Predator, S. Ganga, S. Vijaya

Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)

In this study, the stability of a three-species food chain model comprising a prey, an intermediate specialist predator, and a top predator exhibiting generalist behavior is examined, with harvesting applied to the intermediate predator. The main objective is to investigate how variations in the harvesting rate influence system stability and the coexistence of all three species. The positivity, boundedness, and equilibrium points of the model are analyzed to ensure biological feasibility. The equilibrium point involving the prey and the top predator satisfies the criteria for both local and global asymptotic stability. The coexistence equilibrium point attains local asymptotic stability based …

Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Novel And Differential Long-Noncoding Rna Responses Underlying Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Regulation In Porcine Alveolar Macrophages, Jiuyi Li, Oluwaseun Adeyemi, Laura C. Miller, Yongming Sang

Food and Animal Sciences Faculty Research

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major threat to the global swine industry. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as crucial regulators of antiviral immunity, but their roles in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs)—the primary target of PRRSV—remain poorly characterized. This study presents a genome-wide analysis of lncRNA expression in PAMs stimulated with a PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine and two type I interferons, IFN-α1 and IFN-ω5. Whole-transcriptome sequencing identified over 2000 differentially expressed lncRNAs, with IFN-ω5 inducing the most extensive transcriptional reprogramming. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed interferon-specific lncRNA-mRNA modules, and functional enrichment showed …

The Dynamic Among The Producer, Consumer, And Predator In The Presence Of Fear, Hunting Cooperation, And Anti-Predator Behavior, Muslim Saad Jabbar, Raid Kamel Naji

Baghdad Science Journal

In general, the dynamic interactions that form the relationships between predators and prey within a food chain depend heavily on fear, hunting cooperation, and anti-predator defenses. These elements support species’ survival in their particular habitats, balance the ecosystem, and control the numbers of predators and prey. Therefore, a three-species food chain system consisting of producer-consumer-predator, which plays a crucial role in ecological dynamics, has been formulated mathematically. The objective is to investigate the influence of fear, hunting cooperation, and anti-predators on the dynamic behavior of the food chain system. Two types of functional responses have been utilized. The characteristics of …

Voices Of The Headland: Robinson Jeffers And The Bird Of Prey, By Alan Malnar, Eric San George

Jeffers Studies

No abstract provided.

Biomechanics Of The Ribs During Respiration At The Costotransverse Joint: An In-Vivo Retrospective Pilot Study, Michael Maninang, Greg Almeter, Erik Pearson, Arvie Vitente

Rehabilitation Sciences Department Faculty Articles

Introduction: Scarce in‑vivo data describe how ribs move at the costotransverse joints during quiet breathing—knowledge critical to thoracic biomechanics and pain mechanisms. This pilot study uses four‑dimensional computed tomography (4D‑CT) to quantify, for the first time, the three‑dimensional magnitude and direction of rib motion at these joints throughout quiet respiration.

Methods: This retrospective, descriptive pilot study analyzed ten 4D‑CT scans obtained from patients undergoing thoracic imaging prior to radiation therapy. End‑expiration and end‑inspiration phases were aligned with a demons deformable‑registration algorithm. For each costotransverse joint, the three‑dimensional displacement vector, its absolute magnitude, and its components along the lateral–medial (L–M), …

Tumor Biology And Access To Care And Metastatic Breast Cancer Outcomes, Matthew R. Dunn, Sarah C. Van Alsten, Marc A. Emerson, Katherine Reeder-Hayes, Terry Hyslop, Melissa A. Troester

Kimmel Cancer Center Faculty Papers

PURPOSE: To understand how access to care influences metastatic breast cancer burden (MBC) while accounting for molecular tumor characteristics, and identify interventions to reduce metastatic disease burden.

METHODS: The Carolina Breast Cancer Study is a population-based cohort with invasive breast cancer (diagnosed 2008-2013). Both de novo metastasis (stage IV at diagnosis) and distant recurrence were evaluated (12 years of follow-up. Tumor data were from medical records, pathology reports, and RNA expression data. Social variables and access to care were from participant surveys. Generalized linear models were used to estimate associations of biological and access characteristics with MBC; Cox models were …

Isolation And Molecular Characterization Of Shiga Toxin Producing Genes Stx1and Stx2 From The Captive Migratory Birds Of Lahore, Romana Zulfiqar, Hamid Ullah, Bushra Nisar Khan, Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman, Hoor Ul Ain, Alishba Zaheer, Samrah Hussain, Aazba Naeem

Journal of Bioresource Management

A total of 240 cloacal and fecal swabs were collected from 25 avian species, including ducks, swans, geese, pheasants, guinea fowl, parrots, cranes, and crows. Samples were cultured on Sorbitol MacConkey Agar, and presumptive Escherichia coli isolates were confirmed using morphological, biochemical, and molecular methods. Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC) was identified through PCR detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, followed by sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method against streptomycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline. Only four STEC isolates were recovered, resulting in an overall prevalence of 1.66 % (4/240). Positive cases were detected …

A Method Of Heuristic Human-Llm Collaborative Source Search, Yi Chen, Sihang Qiu, Zhengqiu Zhu, Yatai Ji, Yong Zhao, Rusheng Ju

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Traditional source search algorithms are prone to local optimization, and source search methods combining crowdsourcing and human-AI collaboration suffer from low cost-efficiency due to human intervention. In this study, we proposed a lightweight human-AI collaboration framework that utilized multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) to achieve visual-language conversion, combined chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning to optimize decision-making, and constructed a heuristic strategy that incorporated probability distribution filtering and a balance between exploitation and exploration. The effectiveness of the framework was verified by experiments. The human-AI alignment heuristic strategy with large language model adaptation design provides a new idea to reduce manual …

Emotive Immersion: Eeg-Driven Ai Art In Immersive Visual Spaces (Full Dome), Yuming Chen, Gianni Corino

School of Art, Design and Architecture

This paper proposes a rethinking of the “Future Screen” through the integration of affective computing, generative AI, and immersive spatial display. As an advanced screen paradigm, the full dome environment transcends flat, passive interfaces and enables dynamic, multisensory, and emotionally adaptive media experiences (Von Chamier-Waite, 2013). Building on this potential, the research presents Coids, an interactive dome installation. In this work, real-time emotional states are captured using EEG-based emotion recognition. These inputs dynamically shape AI-generated visuals within a shared immersive setting.Drawing on theories of immersion, presence, AI generated visuals and affect, the study explores how physiological data, even from low-resolution …

Sex Differences In The Association Of Vascular Risk And Apoe Genotype With Cognitive Decline And Dementia: Evidence From A U.S. Longitudinal Study, Longjian Liu, Jintong Hou, Saishi Cui, Xiaopeng Zhao, Zuolu Liu, J. Craig Longenecker, Nathalie S May, Jin Jun Luo, Rose Ann Dimaria-Ghalili, Howard J. Eisen

Division of Cardiology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in the association between vascular factors and cognitive outcomes remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations of blood pressure metrics (hypertension, systolic blood pressure [SBP), pulse pressure, ankle and brachial pressures, and ankle to brachial pressure index [ABI]) with the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

METHODS: We conducted a population-based longitudinal analysis using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (begun in 1987-1989) in the United States. We analyzed a total of 12,268 participants aged 45-64 years who had validated exposure measurements, cognitive function tests (first administrated 1990-1992), and followed up for incidence …

Estimating Prey Capture Attempts And Activity Costs In Foraging Emperor Penguins (Aptenodytes Forsteri) Using Integrated Biologging Data, Taylor Rose Azizeh

Master's Theses

To forage efficiently in patchy and unpredictable prey landscapes, marine predators must optimize energy intake while minimizing costs. Central place foragers like emperor penguins face greater energetic constraints during demanding periods of high investment like chick-rearing. I used high-resolution tri-axial acceleration, depth, and GPS data from 25 birds from two feeding seasons (2019 and 2022) to quantify prey capture attempts and a proxy for energy expenditure (overall dynamic body acceleration; ODBA) across dive types (epipelagic, mesopelagic, benthic), phases (descent, bottom, ascent), and over time at-sea. While prey capture attempts per minute did not differ when looking across dive types alone, …

Anti-Saccade Error Rates Are Associated With Somatic Depressive Symptoms In Cocaine Use Disorder, Constanza De Dios, Heather E Webber, Margaret C Wardle, Jin H Yoon, Michelle A Patriquin, Jessica N Vincent, Joy M Schmitz, Scott D Lane

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Inhibitory control deficits are associated with cocaine use disorder (CUD) development and maintenance. Additionally, drug use and inhibitory control can be negatively affected by depressive symptoms, including somatic factors like sleep disturbance and fatigue.

Aim: The current study assessed the relationship between inhibitory control and depressive symptoms among individuals initiating CUD treatment. We examined associations among anti-saccade response inhibition performance, total scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and individual BDI-II items.

Methods: N = 101 patients enrolled in a clinical trial for CUD completed drug-specific anti-saccade and depression (BDI-II) measures prior to treatment. Generalized linear models tested the …

Volumetric Video With Skateboarders: Creative Opportunities Of Working With An Emerging Screen Technology Beyond The Studio, Dani Landau, Diego Zamora

School of Art, Design and Architecture

Volumetric video is an emerging moving image technology in which each pixel is recorded witha location in three dimensions. Volumetric videos are normally created in studios using rigs made upof multiple cameras with LiDAR sensors and computers that combine the moving images. We tookthis technology out of the studio to explore variations of this technique in public skateparks. We foundthat as the technology is still in developing stages there are creative constraints: the lidar cameras sense at a limited distance to the subject, the image is of a relatively low resolution, and there are often glitches in theimage. In our …

Hybrid Pre-Trained Models With Machine Learning Classifier For Skin Cancer Classification, Toqa A. Sadoon, Asaad F. Qasim, Mohammed Khalaf, Ali M. Hasan

Baghdad Science Journal

Classification of skin lesions can be challenging because of the subtle variation on the skin surface due to the appearance of these lesions. In the other hand, the digital dermoscopy has been widely used by dermatologist to diagnose cancer. For accurate detection, the clinicians should have a lot of experiences, but human nature is prone to error, forgetfulness, tension, and speed in diagnosis, all of which can affect the accuracy of detection. For these reasons, automated skin lesion classification has been used by many researchers to help dermatologists in making the right and accurate decision during diagnosis. A preprocessing image …

Exploring The Therapeutic Potential Of Fermented Apple Juice And Sidr Leaves Powder On Gut Microbiota Modulation And Neuropathy Relief In Diabetic Rats, Bakenam Ali Mohamed, Alyae M.S. Gabal, Gehan M. Morsy

Baghdad Science Journal

Diabetes and its complications, particularly diabetic neuropathy, represent major health risks. This study investigated the potential of natural nutrients and bioactive compounds specifically fresh and fermented apple juice and sidr leaf powder to improve gut microbiota and alleviate neuropathy in diabetic rats. Seventy adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (180 ± 20 g) were assigned to six groups (11 rats each), while the diabetic control group (15 rats). Diabetes was induced by feeding a high-sucrose, high-fat (HSHF) diet and administering streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) during the 4^th week. The groups included: healthy control; diabetic control; diabetic rats receiving fresh or fermented …

Distinct Populations Of Lung Capillary Endothelial Cells And Their Functional Significance, Joel James, Dan Yi, Zhiyu Dai, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The role of the lung's microcirculation and capillary endothelial cells in normal physiology and the pathobiology of pulmonary diseases is obviously vital. The recent discovery of molecularly distinct aerocytes and general capillary (gCaps) endothelial cells by single-cell transcriptomics (scRNAseq) advanced the field in understanding microcirculatory milieu and cellular communications. However, increasing evidence from different groups indicated the possibility of a more heterogeneous nature of lung capillaries. Therefore, we investigated enriched lung endothelial cells by scRNAseq and identified five novel populations of gCaps with distinct molecular signatures and roles. Our analysis suggests that two major populations of gCaps that express Scn7a(Na

Visualizing The Effect Of Process Pause On Virus Entrapment During Constant Flux Virus Filtration, Wenbo Xu, Xianghong Qian, Hironobu Shirataki, Daniel Straus, Sumith Ranil Wickramasinghe

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Virus filtration is an essential unit operation used to validate clearance of adventitious virus during the manufacture of biopharmaceutical products such as monoclonal antibodies. Obtaining at least a 10,000-fold reduction in virus particles in the permeate is challenging as monoclonal antibodies are about half the size of the virus particles. Minute virus of mice, FDA-recommended model adventitious virus, was labeled with a fluorescent dye. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to determine the location of virus entrapment within the virus filtration membrane. Three different hollow fiber membranes made of regenerated cellulose and polyvinylidene fluoride were tested. Feed streams consisted of …

Lightweight Assembly Workpiece Detection Algorithm Based On Improved Yolov8, Shuheng Wu, Yongkui Liu, Lin Zhang, Yingying Xiao, Lihui Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the issues of low recognition accuracy and slow detection speed with existing deep learning-based object detection algorithms for robotic automatic assembly tasks, a lightweight assembly workpiece object detection algorithm based on YOLOv8 was proposed. The PConv was introduced to improve the C2f module, and a new Faster_C2f module was designed to enhance the detection speed of the model. The SIoU loss function was employed to optimize the location prediction accuracy of the CIoU loss function and improve the localization accuracy of small targets. The high-level screening-feature fusion pyramid networks (HS-FPN) structure was used to improve the Neck …

Multivariate Optimization Of Nonlinear Response Functions Using Central Composite Design, Hussein M. Hussein, Bassma H. Elwakil, Esraa Abdelhamid Moneer, Sara H. Akl, Yahya H. Shahin

Almaaqal Journal of Sustainability and Emerging Technology

This study addresses critical challenges in multivariate optimization by: (1) developing efficient strategies for optimizing nonlinear response functions in high-dimensional parameter spaces, (2) quantifying comparative performance of traditional versus statistical design methodologies, (3) establishing mathematical frameworks for parameter interactions, and (4) validating results through comprehensive statistical analysis. A dual-phase optimization framework combined One-Variable-At-a-Time (OVAT) screening with Central Composite Design-based Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM). Five parameters were evaluated using rotatable CCD (α= 2.378) with 50 design points. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression modeling, interaction quantification, and cross-validation. CCD-RSM demonstrated superior performance with model predictability improving from …