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Articles 39811 - 39840 of 1825045
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Faculty, Staff, And Counselor Awareness Of The Challenges Faced By Autistic Students: A Quantitative Descriptive Study Of Resources, Training, And Support For Autistic Student Success In Higher Education, Erika Rosario
Doctoral Dissertations
Higher education institutions should establish two essential measures to support students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): they need to implement standardized training for all personnel working on campus and create opportunities for hands-on experience through peer programs and collaborative educational events. The pursuit of equity in education demands nothing less. This study investigates the extent to which university faculty, staff, and counselors are aware of the challenges faced by autistic students, how knowledgeable they are about resources available to aid them, and the degree of their training, support, and collaboration in addressing students’ needs. By answering these research questions, the …
Understanding Inclusive Postsecondary Education Programs For Students With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Jade Viator Mcminn
Understanding Inclusive Postsecondary Education Programs For Students With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Jade Viator Mcminn
Doctoral Dissertations
Inclusive Postsecondary Education programs for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities are growing rapidly, and this is largely due to the legislative changes of the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 (Higher Education Opportunity Act, 2008). This dissertation study will examine the current legislation under the Higher Education Opportunity Act (2008), opportunities for federal funding, and postsecondary education programs for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities as a whole. This review will also cover Comprehensive Transition and Postsecondary programs, which are a direct result of the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008. These approved programs allow eligible students to receive …
“I’M A Figure-Outer!”: Connecting Through Self-Narratives Of Competence In A Community Of Literacy-Learners, Mckenzie Weddle-Coats
“I’M A Figure-Outer!”: Connecting Through Self-Narratives Of Competence In A Community Of Literacy-Learners, Mckenzie Weddle-Coats
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation applies qualitative methods through intrinsic case study design to explore how one emerging literacy learner’s self-narrative of literacy competence manifested in a literacy-learning community. Drawing on multiple data collection and analysis methods, this dissertation investigates how a school-aged child with a history of literacy struggles used her self-narrative statements to position her identity within a 6-week summer literacy project. Findings revealed that the participant used self-narrative statements strategically to carry out different connecting mechanisms for the purposes of demonstrating competence or saving face in literacy contexts, ultimately demonstrating her prioritization of connection. The child’s orientation towards connection is …
Optimized Photoemission From Organic Molecules In 2d Layered Halide Perovskites, Muhammad S. Muhammad, Dilruba A. Popy, Hamza Shoukat, John M. Lane, Neeraj Rai, Vojtěch Vaněček, Zdeněk Remeš, Romana Kučerková, Vladimir Babin, Chenjia Mi, Yitong Dong, Mark D. Smith, Novruz G. Akhmedov, Daniel T. Glatzhofer, Bayram Saparov
Optimized Photoemission From Organic Molecules In 2d Layered Halide Perovskites, Muhammad S. Muhammad, Dilruba A. Popy, Hamza Shoukat, John M. Lane, Neeraj Rai, Vojtěch Vaněček, Zdeněk Remeš, Romana Kučerková, Vladimir Babin, Chenjia Mi, Yitong Dong, Mark D. Smith, Novruz G. Akhmedov, Daniel T. Glatzhofer, Bayram Saparov
Faculty Publications
In recent years, hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides have been at the forefront of materials research. Typically, the functional (e.g., optoelectronic) properties of hybrid halides are derived from the inorganic structural part, whereas the organic structural units can add extra advantages in terms of stability, rigidity, and processability. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of two new hybrid materials in which the outstanding photophysical properties originate from the organic structural part. The new compounds, (C15H16N)2CdCl4 and((Br)C15H15N)2CdCl4, have 2D layered Ruddlesden–Popper-type perovskite structures. These hybrids are blue-white …
The Relationship Between Cadet Strength And Musculoskeletal Injury During Basic Training And Physical Program Requirements, Gregory Hess
The Relationship Between Cadet Strength And Musculoskeletal Injury During Basic Training And Physical Program Requirements, Gregory Hess
Doctorate in Kinesiology
Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) are a leading cause of lost training time and reduced readiness in military populations. This study examined the relationship between muscular strength and MSKI prevalence among New Cadets (NCs) at the U.S. Military Academy during six weeks of Cadet Basic Training (CBT). Using self-reported survey data, muscular strength was assessed via the Army Fitness Test (AFT) three-repetition maximum deadlift (MDL), and injury status was determined from reported bone, muscle, joint, or tendon injuries. Analyses included paired t tests comparing pre- and during-CBT MDL performance, Welch’s t tests by injury status, and Spearman correlations with training behaviors and …
Intelligent Prediction Model For Icing Of Asphalt Pavements In Cold Regions Oriented To Geothermal Deicing Systems, Junming Mo, Ke Wu, Jiading Jiang, Lei Qu, Wenbin Wei, Jinfu Zhu
Intelligent Prediction Model For Icing Of Asphalt Pavements In Cold Regions Oriented To Geothermal Deicing Systems, Junming Mo, Ke Wu, Jiading Jiang, Lei Qu, Wenbin Wei, Jinfu Zhu
Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity
To address traffic safety hazards from asphalt pavement icing in Xinjiang’s cold regions and inefficiencies of conventional deicing and imprecise geothermal deicing systems, this study focused on local asphalt surfaces. Using “outdoor qualitative screening and indoor quantitative verification”, key variables were identified via controlled tests and their coupling effects on the time to complete icing were quantified through an L16(44) orthogonal test (a 4-factor, 4-level design encompassing 16 test groups). A Backpropagation (BP) neural network model (3 inputs, 5 hidden neurons, and a learning rate of 0.7) optimized with 64 datasets was established to predict the time to …
Effect Of Microwave Treatment On Structure , Physicochemical Properties , And Digestibility Of Oat Starch, Sun Huijun, Xu Yixuan, Wang Jiameng, Zhou Yibin, Yu Zhenyu
Effect Of Microwave Treatment On Structure , Physicochemical Properties , And Digestibility Of Oat Starch, Sun Huijun, Xu Yixuan, Wang Jiameng, Zhou Yibin, Yu Zhenyu
Food and Machinery
[Objective] To investigate the effect of microwave treatment on the structure, physicochemical, and digestibility of oat starch. [Methods] Oat starch (OAT) is taken as the research object to analyze the effects of different microwave treatment times on the particle size distribution, microstructure, crystalline structure, short-range ordered structure, thermodynamics, rheology, and digestibility of OAT. [Results] With the prolongation of microwave treatment time, OAT granules are expanded, and the particle size is significantly increased. Additionally, the crystallinity is decreased from 12.32% to 5.33%, the infrared absorption ratio R1 047 cm-1/1 022 cm-1 is decreased from 0.73 to 0.62, and the half width …
Research Progress Of Non-Thermal Food Processing Technologies, Wei Wenqiang, Bi Hanqing, Xiao Zhaoyin, Pang Guibing, Li Mingying, Zhang Hui
Research Progress Of Non-Thermal Food Processing Technologies, Wei Wenqiang, Bi Hanqing, Xiao Zhaoyin, Pang Guibing, Li Mingying, Zhang Hui
Food and Machinery
Non-thermal food processing technology, as an emerging technology in the food industry, has increasingly attracted attention and plays an important role in improving food nutrition, safety, and quality. This paper focuses on the working principles, mechanisms of action, and applications of non-thermal food processing technologies, including six mainstream methods, i.e., high-voltage electric field, magnetic field, ultra-high pressure, plasma, ultrasound, and radiation. It also discusses the current difficulties and challenges faced by non-thermal food processing technologies and analyzes their future development trends.
Molecular Survival Strategies Against Kidney Filtration: Implications For Therapeutic Protein Engineering, William Heaps, Anna Elise Packard, Kristina M. Mccammon, Tyler P. Green, Joseph P. Talley, Bradley C. Bundy, Dennis Della Corte
Molecular Survival Strategies Against Kidney Filtration: Implications For Therapeutic Protein Engineering, William Heaps, Anna Elise Packard, Kristina M. Mccammon, Tyler P. Green, Joseph P. Talley, Bradley C. Bundy, Dennis Della Corte
Faculty Publications
The glomerular filtration barrier poses a significant challenge for circulating proteins, with molecules below ~60–70 kDa facing rapid renal clearance. Endogenous proteins have evolved sophisticated evasion mechanisms including oligomerization, carrier binding, electrostatic repulsion, and FcRn-mediated recycling. Understanding these natural strategies provides blueprints for engineering therapeutic proteins with improved pharmacokinetics. This review examines how endogenous proteins resist filtration, evaluates their application in protein engineering, and discusses clinical translation including established technologies (PEGylation, Fc-fusion) and emerging strategies (albumin-binding domains, glycoengineering). We address critical challenges of balancing half-life extension with tissue penetration, biological activity, and immunogenicity—essential considerations for the rational design of next-generation …
Jwst Interferometric Imaging Reveals The Dusty Torus Obscuring The Supermassive Black Hole Of Circinus Galaxy, Enrique Lopez Rodriguez, Joel Sanchez-Bermudez, Omaira González-Martín, Robert Nikutta, Ryan M. Lau, Deepashri Thatte, Julien H. Girard, Ismael García-Bernete, Matthew J. Hankins
Jwst Interferometric Imaging Reveals The Dusty Torus Obscuring The Supermassive Black Hole Of Circinus Galaxy, Enrique Lopez Rodriguez, Joel Sanchez-Bermudez, Omaira González-Martín, Robert Nikutta, Ryan M. Lau, Deepashri Thatte, Julien H. Girard, Ismael García-Bernete, Matthew J. Hankins
Faculty Publications
The dusty and molecular torus is an elusive structure surrounding supermassive black holes, yet its importance is unequivocal for understanding feedback and accretion mechanisms. The torus and accretion disk feed the inspiraling gas onto the active nucleus, launching outflows that fundamentally connect the active nucleus’s activity to the host galaxy. In this work, we utilize the aperture-masking interferometric mode onboard the JWST to achieve a resolution of 0.08" at 4.3 μm and bring out the fainter features in the central 10 pc of the Circinus galaxy. We show that most of the dust mass is located along the equatorial …
Respiratory Health And Environmental Risks Among California Children: The Role Of Socioeconomic Status, Wen Chieh Chia
Respiratory Health And Environmental Risks Among California Children: The Role Of Socioeconomic Status, Wen Chieh Chia
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract Air pollution has been cited as a factor in the development of respiratory illness in children. Socioeconomic differences can intensify the effects of air pollution exposure on low-income children compared to higher-income children. This correlational study examined the relationship between air pollution exposure and respiratory health outcomes among California children, as well as the moderating role of socioeconomic status. The study was guided by the environmental health disparities framework and used secondary data from the California Environmental Health Tracking Program, analyzing data from 49 California counties (n = 49). Independent variables were PM2.5 concentrations and the number of ozone …
Strategies To Reduce Safety Accidents In Chemical Facilities, Travon Eshawn Herriotte
Strategies To Reduce Safety Accidents In Chemical Facilities, Travon Eshawn Herriotte
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Chemical-industry accidents remain a persistent threat capable of injuring workers, damaging communities, and destabilizing organizations, despite decades of safety regulations and technological advancements. Chemical facility managers, workers’ families, emergency responders, local communities, and entire supply chains bear the burden of every preventable failure. Grounded in human capital theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic research project was to identify and explore effective strategies that managers use to reduce safety accidents in chemical facilities. The participants were six managers from chemical facilities in the eastern United States. Data were collected using semistructured and publicly available documents. Through reflexive thematic analysis, five …
Lived Experiences Of Caregivers Navigating The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act For Their Disabled Children, Natasha Weber Holmes
Lived Experiences Of Caregivers Navigating The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act For Their Disabled Children, Natasha Weber Holmes
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was designed to guarantee equitable access to special education services for children with disabilities. Yet, disparities persist in how caregivers navigate protections. They often face barriers related to limited legal knowledge, inconsistent school support, and systemic inequities, leaving many unable to fully advocate for their children. The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis study was to explore lived experiences of caregivers as they engaged with the IDEA to secure services for their children with disabilities. Guided by the legal consciousness and empowerment theories, the study involved examining how caregivers interpret and act upon …
Can I Freeze-Dry That? A Practical Guide To Safe And Effective Freeze-Drying, Victoria Carlile, Morgan Wayment, Jose Brandao
Can I Freeze-Dry That? A Practical Guide To Safe And Effective Freeze-Drying, Victoria Carlile, Morgan Wayment, Jose Brandao
All Current Publications
Freeze-drying can preserve most everyday foods, but not all foods work well. Whether you are preparing for a long trip or are interested in long-term storage, it is important to know which food can be freeze-dried safely and which ones should not be attempted. This knowledge helps ensure food safety, quality, and success. This fact sheet provides information on how freeze-drying works, the risks involved, and which foods can be more challenging to freeze-dry.
Tuning Oxygen Reduction Kinetics In Lasrcoo4 With Strained Epitaxial Thin Films And Wrinkled Freestanding Membranes, Habib Rostaghi Chalaki, Ebenezer Sessi, Mohammad El Loubani, Dongkyu Lee
Tuning Oxygen Reduction Kinetics In Lasrcoo4 With Strained Epitaxial Thin Films And Wrinkled Freestanding Membranes, Habib Rostaghi Chalaki, Ebenezer Sessi, Mohammad El Loubani, Dongkyu Lee
Faculty Publications
Sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains a critical barrier to advancing intermediate-temperature electrochemical energy devices. Here, we demonstrate that strain engineering in two platforms, epitaxial thin films and freestanding membranes, systematically tunes ORR kinetics in Ruddlesden-Popper LaSrCoO4. In epitaxial films, film thickness is varied to control in-plane tensile strain, whereas in freestanding membranes strain relaxation during the release step using water-soluble sacrificial layers produces flat or wrinkled architectures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis reveals more than an order of magnitude increase in the oxygen surface exchange coefficient for tensile-strained films relative to relaxed films, together with a larger oxygen vacancy concentration. …
Art In Communist China: Visualizing The People’S Republic Of China’S Changing Policy On Taiwan Through Propaganda Posters, Alden J. Rowe
Art In Communist China: Visualizing The People’S Republic Of China’S Changing Policy On Taiwan Through Propaganda Posters, Alden J. Rowe
Departmental Honors & Graduate Capstone Projects
This research paper is an analysis of the role of propaganda posters in visualizing the changing policy of the People’s Republic of China on reunification with Taiwan. The propaganda posters were obtained through Chineseposters.net, maintained and owned by the Chinese Posters Foundation and edited by Stefan Landsberger and Marien van der Heijden, which offers over 7,000 propaganda posters that serve as a visual history of China. Of these roughly 7,000 posters, six, released from 1949-1978, was analyzed regarding their role in promoting the Chinese Communist Party’s political stance on Taiwan. Prior to the 1960s, the propaganda posters illustrate armed violence …
Power Domination Reconfiguration, B. Bjorkman, C. Bozeman, D. Ferraro, M. Flagg, Cheryl Grood, L. Hogben, B. Jacob, Carolyn Reinhart
Power Domination Reconfiguration, B. Bjorkman, C. Bozeman, D. Ferraro, M. Flagg, Cheryl Grood, L. Hogben, B. Jacob, Carolyn Reinhart
Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Works
Reconfiguration examines relationships among solutions to a problem. Power domination models placement of monitoring units that allow monitoring of an entire electrical power network, and information about modifying one monitoring solution to another has applications. The study of token addition and removal and token jumping reconfiguration graphs for power domination is initiated. Some results established here can be extended by applying the methods used for power domination to reconfiguration graphs for other parameters. A universal framework for the study of reconfiguration of parameters that are defined from sets of vertices of a graph and satisfy certain rules is introduced. This …
Are You An Ai Convert Yet?, Essraa Nawar
Are You An Ai Convert Yet?, Essraa Nawar
Library Articles and Research
"At one point that evening, after the conversation had moved from travel to work and then to responsibility, Marium paused and asked me what I did. It was not the transactional question that so often fills conference hallways, asked politely and quickly abandoned, but a genuine inquiry. When I told her that I chair the Artificial Intelligence Committee at Leatherby Libraries at Chapman University, and that my work centers on AI literacy, governance, and institutional decision-making rather than promotion or blind adoption, something subtle changed."
Academic Senate - Agenda, 01/13/2026, Academic Senate
Academic Senate - Agenda, 01/13/2026, Academic Senate
Academic Senate Agendas
No abstract provided.
Academic Senate - Minutes, 01/13/2026, Academic Senate
Academic Senate - Minutes, 01/13/2026, Academic Senate
Academic Senate Minutes
No abstract provided.
Contact Binary Stars: A Roadmap To Their Nature And Evolution, Larry A. Molnar, M. Chalov, R. Deaton, R. Reynolds
Contact Binary Stars: A Roadmap To Their Nature And Evolution, Larry A. Molnar, M. Chalov, R. Deaton, R. Reynolds
University Faculty Publications and Creative Works
A complete life cycle for W UMa systems
- Mass transfer from secondary driven by primary
- Sign of flow essential to stability criteria
- Consistent with observations of distributions of M, T, P, q, dP/dt, (P,q)merger
Ongoing
- THEORY
- Understand f distribution
- Compute grid of models to compare with populations of various ages •
OBSERVATION:Rubin observatory data
- Establish parameter distributions vs. location or kinematics
- Find the next red nova before it explodes
The Intergenerational Impact Of Parental Immigration Status: Educational And Health Outcomes Among Children Of Undocumented Immigrants, Igor Ryabov
Sociology Faculty Publications
This study examines how parental legal status operates as a fundamental social determinant of health and educational equity, focusing on long-term outcomes among U.S.-born and foreign-born children of immigrants. We hypothesized that intergenerational stress and institutional exclusion associated with undocumented status would lead to lower educational attainment and poorer health. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally representative cohort, participants were classified by inferred parental legal status: native-born, documented immigrant, and undocumented immigrant. Outcomes included high school graduation, college enrollment, depression scores, and chronic health conditions. Children of undocumented parents exhibited …
What Can Legal Knowledge Do For Access To Justice?, Kathryne M. Young, Heidi H. Liu
What Can Legal Knowledge Do For Access To Justice?, Kathryne M. Young, Heidi H. Liu
Duke Law Journal
Worker misclassification is one of the most pervasive and harmful civil justice problems in the U.S. The inaccurate and illegal categorization of workers as independent contractors costs U.S. workers billions of dollars annually in overtime pay and health benefits—a problem that has become even more pervasive with the expansion of the gig economy.
Yet, worker misclassification is only one dimension of the broader “access to justice crisis” in the United States—the unsolved legal problems and unmet legal needs that touch most people’s lives and livelihoods at many points, but especially impact low-income people and people of color. These legal issues …
The Coalition For Fairness In Soho And Noho, Inc. V. City Of New York
The Coalition For Fairness In Soho And Noho, Inc. V. City Of New York
All Decisions
The Court of Appeals reversed the Appellate Division, upholding the City's 2021 rezoning plan for SoHo/NoHo artist lofts. The plan imposed a one-time fee on landlords for converting Joint Living-Work Quarters for Artists (JLWQA) units to unrestricted residential use. The court held that this fee does not constitute a compensable taking under the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause. It reasoned that landlords lack a compensable property interest in converting their units to a new, more valuable use, as the fee does not burden their existing property rights or coerce them into relinquishing an interest that the government would otherwise have to …
The Corpus Juris Of (Alaska Native) Inherent Tribal Sovereignty, Nazune Menka
The Corpus Juris Of (Alaska Native) Inherent Tribal Sovereignty, Nazune Menka
Alaska Law Review
The inherent Tribal sovereignty of Native nations predates the formation of the United States and is reflected in the constitutional vision of tripartite sovereignty. Yet their sovereignty is oft diminished explicitly by federal law or implicitly by federal courts. This implicit divestiture is often the result of the federal judiciary’s inconsistent interpretations of Indigenous Peoples law. This Article argues that a more principled and coherent approach for federal judges would be to consistently make use of the corpus juris, or whole body of law, including the in pari materia or affiliated statutes canon. The Article posits that the corpus juris …
Where There’S Fire, There’S Smoke: Regulation Of Fine Particulate Air Pollution In The Fairbanks North Star Borough, Caleb T. Anderson
Where There’S Fire, There’S Smoke: Regulation Of Fine Particulate Air Pollution In The Fairbanks North Star Borough, Caleb T. Anderson
Alaska Law Review
In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency strengthened the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 24-hour fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5). A large portion of the Fairbanks North Star Borough, encompassing the cities of Fairbanks and North Pole, was designated a Clean Air Act nonattainment area under the revised PM2.5 standards. Wood smoke from home heating was found to be one of the primary culprits, particularly during strong inversions that trap air pollution at ground level. This Article reviews the complex legal history of federal, state, and local efforts to bring the Fairbanks area into compliance with the NAAQS. …
“Parked Under The Influence” Is Not A Crime: Why The Alaska Supreme Court’S Broad Interpretation Of “Operating A Vehicle” Is Wrong, Paul A. Clark
“Parked Under The Influence” Is Not A Crime: Why The Alaska Supreme Court’S Broad Interpretation Of “Operating A Vehicle” Is Wrong, Paul A. Clark
Alaska Law Review
In Jacobson v. State, the Alaska Supreme Court interpreted the word “operate” in Alaska’s driving under the influence statute to include sitting in a running, parked car. Jacobson was part of a national trend. In the last few decades, courts in about half of states have interpreted “operate” to mean “being in control of” or “exercising dominion over” a vehicle—for example, sitting in an unmoving vehicle. This judge-made law is controversial as it expands the definition of “operate” without legislative approval. As one dissenting justice put it in a case similar to Jacobson, “[t]he effect of the majority opinion is …
Circumscribing Alaskan Law Enforcement’S Access To Pretrial Electronic Monitoring Location Data, Rosa Gibson
Circumscribing Alaskan Law Enforcement’S Access To Pretrial Electronic Monitoring Location Data, Rosa Gibson
Alaska Law Review
In Alaska, pretrial detainees comprise much of the state’s prison population. Electronic monitoring—made possible by recent bail reforms—provides a pathway to pretrial release for those who cannot afford to pay bail. Using GPS data, the Pretrial Enforcement Division can monitor the location of a releasee’s ankle monitor for supervisory purposes. But when law enforcement seeks warrantless access to that data to investigate crimes other than the one for which a releasee is awaiting trial, that intrusion raises concerns under Alaska’s constitutional right to privacy. This Note argues that the Alaska judiciary, which is best positioned to guard the privacy of …
Alaska’S Hidden Gems: Advocating For The Protection Of Deep-Sea Corals, Both In The Courtroom And Beyond, Lauren Beizer
Alaska’S Hidden Gems: Advocating For The Protection Of Deep-Sea Corals, Both In The Courtroom And Beyond, Lauren Beizer
Alaska Law Review
Coral reefs are ecologically, financially, and aesthetically one of the world’s greatest resources. Off the coast of Alaska, many unique species of deep-sea cold-water corals exist and provide various public health benefits, contribute vital ecosystem functions to their surrounding environment, and serve as economic tourist attractions. Alaska’s coral reefs are exceedingly valuable to the Earth due to their overall ecological value. However, these unique coral species significantly lack state and federal protections, which have recently been under consideration in several lawsuits at the federal level. American Oceans Campaign v. Daley and Oceana, Inc. v. National Marine Fisheries Service et al., …
Statistics For Social Scientists Who Are A Little Afraid Of Them, Kristie L. Campana
Statistics For Social Scientists Who Are A Little Afraid Of Them, Kristie L. Campana
MSU Authors Collection
This is a free textbook aimed at helping advanced undergraduate/beginner graduate students navigate statistics in the social sciences. All resources for this book are released under a creative commons license CC BY-SA 4.0. which means you are able to share, copy, and distribute the material in any medium or format, and that you can adapt and transform upon this content for any purpose. However, this can occur only under the following terms:
You must give appropriate attributions to the text, provide a link to the license, and indicate if any alterations to the text have been made. This can be …