Digital Commons Network^™

Statistics For Social Scientists Who Are A Little Afraid Of Them, Kristie L. Campana

MSU Authors Collection

This is a free textbook aimed at helping advanced undergraduate/beginner graduate students navigate statistics in the social sciences. All resources for this book are released under a creative commons license CC BY-SA 4.0. which means you are able to share, copy, and distribute the material in any medium or format, and that you can adapt and transform upon this content for any purpose. However, this can occur only under the following terms:

You must give appropriate attributions to the text, provide a link to the license, and indicate if any alterations to the text have been made. This can be …

Safety And Effectiveness Of Bolt-Mounted Versus Tunnelled External Ventricular Drains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis And Trial-Sequential Analysis, Shaan Patel, Shiva A. Nischal, Ayush Sinha, Kush Kale, Pious D. Patel, Jack Jallo, Srinivas K. Prasad

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: External ventricular drains (EVDs) are fundamental to neurocritical care, yet substantial procedural heterogeneity persists, particularly regarding bolt-mounted versus tunnelled catheter fixation. The relative safety and effectiveness of these approaches remain unclear, with conflicting data from observational studies and a lack of trial-level evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To compare bolt-mounted and tunnelled EVDs across accuracy, reoperation, and key safety outcomes using systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial-sequential analysis.

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched (November 2025) for randomised or observational studies comparing bolt-mounted with tunnelled EVDs in adults. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk …

Preferences Of Health Professions Learners: A Scoping Review Of The Use And Role Of Dces In Health Professions Education, Sarah O'Neal, Natalie Smith, Jan Ostermann Ph.D., Binbin Zheng, Laiton Steele, Chris Gillette

Faculty Publications

While discrete choice experiments (DCE), have increasingly been used in the medical literature, little is known about the use of these methods for eliciting preferences from and about students and trainees in health professions. The objectives of this scoping review are to (1) describe the extent to which DCEs have been used in health professions’ education, (2) identify which health professionals have been studied, and (3) identify thematic areas of research in which these methods have been used thematic areas. Between June and September 2024, we conducted a scoping review of the PubMed/Medline, EconLit, Web of Science, and Global Index …

Long-Term Trends In Harmful Algal Blooms And Key Environmental Variables Off Southwest-Central Florida, Zayna Sampson, Digna Rueda Roa, Lilly Verrill, F. Muller-Karger

Making Waves REU

• We analyzed long-term trends in satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and Algal Bloom Index (ABI). We compared them with in-situ Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) counts in Southwest-Central Florida.
• Our statistics were based on anomalies to remove the seasonal signal, making it easier to observe inter-annual changes.
• The region experienced significant long-term increases in SST, with offshore areas warming faster than nearshore (offshore: >0.06 °C/year, close to shore: <0.05 °C/year).
• Both Chl-a and ABI showed weak but significant long-term decreases offshore.
• There were no significant correlations between HAB and satellite anomalies of SST, Chl-a, or ABI (p>0.1).

The Biomedical Landscape Of Genomic Structural Variation In The Qatari Population, Elbay Aliyev, Najeeb Syed, Alessia Visconti, Taghi Aliyev, Aziz Belkadi, Mohammadmersad Ghorbani, Niccolò Rossi, Haroon Naeem, Geethanjali Devadoss Gandhi, Gaurav Thareja, Aljazi Al-Maraghi, Waleed Aamer, Amal Abdulsalam Ibrahim, Rulan Shaath, Farooq Omar Al-Ajli, Rozaimi Mohamad Razali, Fritz J Sedlazeck, Sonia Davila, Ammira Akil, Karsten Suhre, Younes Mokrab, Mario Falchi, Khalid A Fakhro

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

We present a large-scale study of structural variation (SV) in the Qatari population, based on short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 6,141 individuals, identifying 153,946 variants across 5 classes reflecting the region's diversity and evolutionary history. Leveraging consanguinity and biobank phenotypes, we identify >180 putative gene knockouts, and use proteomics to show functional consequences in homozygotes. Conversely, 52 genes show significant depletion of homozygous deletions, eight of which cause severe pediatric disease or murine embryonic lethality. Examining phenotypic extremes uncovers several non-exonic homozygous deletions with large effect, including in SPIRE2 (creatinine), MAGI2 (leanness) and a chr19 microRNA cluster (extreme obesity). Further, …

Environmental Degradations In Images: Analysis, Restoration, And Applications, Harsh Bhandari

Doctoral Theses

This thesis investigates computational models and methodologies for restoring images degraded by challenging environmental conditions such as haze and underwater environments. It further explores the analysis and estimation of particulate matter (PM) concentration from both day and night scenes under varying weather conditions, using degraded visual data as a primary input. Each environment introduces distinct forms of visual degradation, making image restoration a critical challenge that directly impacts applications including visibility enhancement, weather analysis, particulate concentration estimation, and object detection. By addressing these challenges, this thesis aims to develop adaptable, data-driven solutions that enhance image clarity and improve information extraction …

A Real-Time Mobile Robotic System For Crack Detection In Construction Using Two-Stage Deep Learning, Emmanuella Ogun, Yong Ann Voeurn, Doyun Lee

Civil Engineering & Construction: Faculty Publications

The deterioration of civil infrastructure poses a significant threat to public safety, yet conventional manual inspections remain subjective, labor-intensive, and constrained by accessibility. To address these challenges, this paper presents a real-time robotic inspection system that integrates deep learning perception and autonomous navigation. The proposed framework employs a two-stage neural network: a U-Net for initial segmentation followed by a Pix2Pix conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) that utilizes adversarial residual learning to refine boundary accuracy and suppress false positives. When deployed on an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) equipped with an RGB-D camera and LiDAR, this framework enables simultaneous automated crack detection …

Disparities In School Discipline For Middle And High Schools In Shelby County Schools And Surrounding Suburban Municipalities, Robert Arnold

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This study explores how the use of proactive and reactive discipline strategies, as contained in schools’ student handbooks and codes of conduct, are related to school and neighborhood characteristics. The neighborhood and school level characteristics consist of urbanicity, socioeconomic need, racial composition, attendance rates, suspension rates, and academic performance. The total sample consists of 93 middle and high schools in the Shelby County School District (the most populous urban district in Tennessee) and its surrounding suburban municipal districts of Bartlett, Millington, Collierville, Arlington, Lakeland and Germantown. The geospatial analysis and logistic regression analysis reveal that proactive discipline approaches and alternatives …

Understanding Higher-Order Motion Terms In Image Sequences, Fisseha Admasu Ferede

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This dissertation presents a comprehensive framework for learning accurate, and physically meaningful representation of motion from image sequences. The central theme of this work lies in advancing optical flow estimation from discrete-time two-frame formulation toward a continuous time multi-frame model capable of learning higher-order motion terms and dynamics, with wide ranging applications including developing structural disease biomarkers from medical images. We first develop SSTM (Spatiotemporal Recurrent Transformer for Multi-Frame Optical Flow Estimation), a deep learning model that leverages a sequence of multi-frames to infer accurate optical flow by learning temporal dependencies across successive motion cues. The architecture integrates recurrent 3D …

Cardozo Law Photograph Collection, Dr. Lillian & Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library

Finding Aids

The Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Photograph Collection documents the history of the law school through photographs of faculty, students, alumni, commencements, academic conferences, lectures, receptions, and other institutional events. The collection includes photographic prints, negatives, and related papers dating from the late 1970s through the 2010s, with the bulk of materials dating from the 1990s and 2000s. This finding aid provides a container-level inventory of the collection.

Extent: 4 linear feet (4 photograph boxes) and 2 oversize boxes (20 × 16 × 5 inches each).

Provenance: Compiled by former Cardozo Law administration and communications staff and subsequently transferred …

Genome-Wide Gene By Sleepiness Interaction Analysis For Sleep Apnea, Pavithra Nagarajan, Nuzulul Kurniansyah, Jiwon Lee, Sina A Gharib, Yushan Xu, Yiyan Zhang, Brian Spitzer, Tariq Faquih, Hufeng Zhou, Eric Boerwinkle, Han Chen, Daniel J Gottlieb, Xiuqing Guo, Nancy L Heard-Costa, Bertha A Hidalgo, Daniel Levy, Peter Y Liu, Hao Mei, Rebecca Montalvan, Sutapa Mukherjee, Kari E North, George T O'Connor, Lyle J Palmer, Sanjay R Patel, Bruce M Psaty, Shaun M Purcell, Laura M Raffield, Stephen S Rich, Jerome I Rotter, Richa Saxena, Albert V Smith, Katie L Stone, Xiaofeng Zhu, Topmed Sleep Trait Working Group, Brian E Cade, Tamar Sofer, Susan Redline, Heming Wang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Study objectives: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), influenced by environmental and social-behavioral factors, is reported by a subset of patients with sleep apnea-a group that may be at elevated cardiovascular risk. However, it is unclear whether sleep apnea with and without EDS have distinct genetic underpinnings. In this study, we perform gene-by-EDS interaction analyses for apnea hypopnea index, a diagnostic marker of sleep apnea severity, to understand EDS's influence on its underlying genetic risk.

Methods: Discovery interaction analyses for common variants and gene-based rare variants were conducted respectively using multi-ethnic Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (N = 11 619) data, followed by …

No More “Vague Handwaving”: Applying The Overlooked “Person Aggrieved” Provision Of The North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act To Election Litigation, William Allred

Duke Law Journal

The North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act requires claimants against state agencies to be “persons aggrieved,” meaning they have been “affected substantially” in their “person, property, or employment” by the challenged agency action. But in the 2024 general election, North Carolina state courts largely ignored this requirement, permitting plaintiffs to sue based on allegations of harm that some considered to reflect no more than “vague handwaving about election integrity.” This fact-light litigation strained state resources and reduced ballot access. But the solution is not so simple as just reminding courts that a statute exists. State appellate courts have never explained how …

Insights On Global Rangeland Ecosystem Services Shaped By Grazing And Fertilization, Laura Yahdjian, Sofía Campana, Pedro M. Tognetti, Juan Alberti, Pamela Graff, Cecilia Molina, Elizabeth T. Borer, Eric W. Seabloom, Suzanne M. Prober, Andrew S. Macdougall, Anita C. Risch, Jodi N. Price, Sally A. Power, Isabel C. Barrio, Erika Hersch-Green, Philip A. Fay, Sumanta Bagchi, Jonathan D. Bakker, Dana Blumenthal, Elizabeth H. Boughton, Cynthia S. Brown, Miguel N. Bugalho, Marc Cadotte, Maria C. Caldeira, Jane A. Catford, Clinton Carbutt, Qingqing Chen, Scott L. Collins, Thomas W. Crowther, Carla D’Antonio, Christopher R. Dickman

Michigan Tech Publications

Rangelands are crucial to human well-being, but their ability to provide ecosystem services is threatened. We (1) quantified key ecosystem services provided by rangelands, (2) assessed short- and long-term impacts of fertilization (nutrient addition) and the exclusion of large grazing herbivores with fences (herbivore exclusion) on services, and (3) identified synergies and trade-offs among services. We measured indicators of ecosystem services and plant diversity at 79 sites across six continents in the global Nutrient Network. Short-term herbivore exclusion increased forage quantity and soil fertility, but longer-term herbivore exclusion decreased both along with plant richness and pollination. Nutrient addition improved forage …

Prevalence Of And Factors Associated With Nurse Burnout In The Us, Megha K. Shah, Nikhila Gandrakota, Jeannie P. Cimiotti, Neena Ghose, Miranda Moore, Mohammed K. Ali

Individual Open Access Articles

IMPORTANCE Clinician burnout is a major risk to the health of the US. Nurses make up most of the health care workforce, and estimating nursing burnout and associated factors is vital for addressing the causes of burnout.

OBJECTIVE To measure rates of nurse burnout and examine factors associated with leaving or considering leaving employment owing to burnout. DESIGN,

SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This secondary analysis used cross-sectional survey data collected from April 30 to October 12, 2018, in the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses in the US. All nurses who responded were included (N = 50 273). Data were analyzed …

Ai-Assisted Tailored Intervention For Nurse Burnout: A Three-Group Randomized Controlled Trial, Gumhee Baek, Chiyoung Cha

Individual Open Access Articles

Background: High-stress environments, heavy workloads, and the emotional demands of patient care, which are common challenges faced by nurses, are factors that can lead to burnout. Shift work can make traditional burnout interventions costly and difficult to implement. Artificial intelligence (AI) could offer solutions that are less constrained by time, resources, and labor.

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of an AI-assisted intervention in reducing nurse burnout.

Methods: A single-blind, three-group, randomized controlled trial of 120 nurses (40 per group) was conducted from June 2023 to July 2023. The AI-assisted tailored intervention included two 2-week programs, delivering one of four programs …

Mediating Role Of Lifestyle Factors In The Resilience–Job Satisfaction Relationship Among Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study, Lena I. Serafin, Katarzyna Wesołowska-Gorniak, Angeli Malewska, Karolina Kruszewska, Justyna Kujawa, Bozena Czarkowska-Pączek

Individual Open Access Articles

Given the global nursing shortage and the increasing prevalence of workplace stressors, resilience has emerged as a crucial factor influencing job satisfaction, preventing burnout, and ensuring high-quality patient care. While previous research has established a connection between resilience and various occupational outcomes, the mediating effect of health-promoting behaviors—such as physical activity, diet, and sleep—remains largely unexplored, underscoring the need for further investigation in this area. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the effect of chosen lifestyle aspects on the connection between resilience and job satisfaction among nurses.

Personal And Work-Related Factors Associated With Nurse Resilience: An Updated Systematic Review Using Meta-Analysis And Narrative Synthesis, Fiona Yu, Deborah Raphael, Lisa Mackay, Melody Smith, Ritin Fernandez

Individual Open Access Articles

Background: Nursing shortages and increased workforce turnover have significantly increased nurses’ workloads, thus increasing the risk of burnout and stress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review published in 2019 suggested that resilience could act as a buffer to adversity; however, the factors associated with resilience during and after this global pandemic have not been identified.

Objectives: To identify personal and work-related factors associated with nurse resilience, including the period during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design: Systematic review.

Data Sources: The search was conducted between January and February 2024 in the following databases: CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, …

Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Burnout In Magnet Hospitals: Opportunities For Organizational Intervention, Lori Kennedy, Heather Brom, Karen B. Lasater, Nancy M. Albert, Barbara Holmes Gobel, Christi Delemos, Lisa M. Williams, Linda H. Williams, Linda H. Aiken

Individual Open Access Articles

OBJECTIVE: To determine modifiable organizational factors associated with advanced practice RN (APRN) burnout in Magnet®-designated hospitals to guide organizational interventions to improve APRN well-being and retention.

METHODS: Cross-sectional study of work environments of 50 US Magnet hospitals and the associated well-being of 21 855 of their clinicians (APRNs, physician assistants, physicians [MDs], RNs).

RESULTS: Overall, 37%of APRNs experienced high burnout compared with 34% of MDs (P < 0.05) and 49% of RNs (P < 0.001); additionally, 32%of APRNs intended to leave their jobs. APRN burnout was significantly lower in organizations that minimized chaotic working conditions, provided APRNs more control over their workloads, involved APRNs in shared governance, improved clinician and management relations, and improved interprofessional teamwork.

CONCLUSIONS:Well-being and retention of APRNs in Magnet hospitals require their greater engagement in organization processes and systems that improve work environments.

Evidence-Based Practice Improves Patient Outcomes And Healthcare System Return On Investment: Findings From A Scoping Review, Linda Connor, Jennifer Dean, Molly Mcnett, Donna M. Tydings, Amanda Shrout, Penelope F. Gorsuch, Ashley Hole, Laura Moore, Roy Brown, Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, Lynn Gallagher-Ford

Individual Open Access Articles

Background: Evidence-based practice and decision-making have been consistently linked to improved quality of care, patient safety, and many positive clinical outcomes in isolated reports throughout the literature. However, a comprehensive summary and review of the extent and type of evidence-based practices (EBPs) and their associated outcomes across clinical settings are lacking.

Aims: The purpose of this scoping review was to provide a thorough summary of published literature on the implementation of EBPs on patient outcomes in healthcare settings.

Methods: A comprehensive librarian-assisted search was done with three databases, and two reviewers independently performed title/abstract and full-text reviews within a systematic …

The Relationship Between Cadet Strength And Musculoskeletal Injury During Basic Training And Physical Program Requirements, Gregory Hess

Doctorate in Kinesiology

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) are a leading cause of lost training time and reduced readiness in military populations. This study examined the relationship between muscular strength and MSKI prevalence among New Cadets (NCs) at the U.S. Military Academy during six weeks of Cadet Basic Training (CBT). Using self-reported survey data, muscular strength was assessed via the Army Fitness Test (AFT) three-repetition maximum deadlift (MDL), and injury status was determined from reported bone, muscle, joint, or tendon injuries. Analyses included paired t tests comparing pre- and during-CBT MDL performance, Welch’s t tests by injury status, and Spearman correlations with training behaviors and …

Intelligent Prediction Model For Icing Of Asphalt Pavements In Cold Regions Oriented To Geothermal Deicing Systems, Junming Mo, Ke Wu, Jiading Jiang, Lei Qu, Wenbin Wei, Jinfu Zhu

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

To address traffic safety hazards from asphalt pavement icing in Xinjiang’s cold regions and inefficiencies of conventional deicing and imprecise geothermal deicing systems, this study focused on local asphalt surfaces. Using “outdoor qualitative screening and indoor quantitative verification”, key variables were identified via controlled tests and their coupling effects on the time to complete icing were quantified through an L16(4⁴) orthogonal test (a 4-factor, 4-level design encompassing 16 test groups). A Backpropagation (BP) neural network model (3 inputs, 5 hidden neurons, and a learning rate of 0.7) optimized with 64 datasets was established to predict the time to …

Effect Of Microwave Treatment On Structure , Physicochemical Properties , And Digestibility Of Oat Starch, Sun Huijun, Xu Yixuan, Wang Jiameng, Zhou Yibin, Yu Zhenyu

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effect of microwave treatment on the structure, physicochemical, and digestibility of oat starch. [Methods] Oat starch (OAT) is taken as the research object to analyze the effects of different microwave treatment times on the particle size distribution, microstructure, crystalline structure, short-range ordered structure, thermodynamics, rheology, and digestibility of OAT. [Results] With the prolongation of microwave treatment time, OAT granules are expanded, and the particle size is significantly increased. Additionally, the crystallinity is decreased from 12.32% to 5.33%, the infrared absorption ratio R1 047 cm-1/1 022 cm-1 is decreased from 0.73 to 0.62, and the half width …

Research Progress Of Non-Thermal Food Processing Technologies, Wei Wenqiang, Bi Hanqing, Xiao Zhaoyin, Pang Guibing, Li Mingying, Zhang Hui

Food and Machinery

Non-thermal food processing technology, as an emerging technology in the food industry, has increasingly attracted attention and plays an important role in improving food nutrition, safety, and quality. This paper focuses on the working principles, mechanisms of action, and applications of non-thermal food processing technologies, including six mainstream methods, i.e., high-voltage electric field, magnetic field, ultra-high pressure, plasma, ultrasound, and radiation. It also discusses the current difficulties and challenges faced by non-thermal food processing technologies and analyzes their future development trends.

Molecular Survival Strategies Against Kidney Filtration: Implications For Therapeutic Protein Engineering, William Heaps, Anna Elise Packard, Kristina M. Mccammon, Tyler P. Green, Joseph P. Talley, Bradley C. Bundy, Dennis Della Corte

Faculty Publications

The glomerular filtration barrier poses a significant challenge for circulating proteins, with molecules below ~60–70 kDa facing rapid renal clearance. Endogenous proteins have evolved sophisticated evasion mechanisms including oligomerization, carrier binding, electrostatic repulsion, and FcRn-mediated recycling. Understanding these natural strategies provides blueprints for engineering therapeutic proteins with improved pharmacokinetics. This review examines how endogenous proteins resist filtration, evaluates their application in protein engineering, and discusses clinical translation including established technologies (PEGylation, Fc-fusion) and emerging strategies (albumin-binding domains, glycoengineering). We address critical challenges of balancing half-life extension with tissue penetration, biological activity, and immunogenicity—essential considerations for the rational design of next-generation …

Method And System For Secure Re-Registration Of Unified Payments Interface Accounts, Alok Roy

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure relates to a secure method and system for re-registration of a Unified Payments Interface (UPI) account, which employs a Cloud-Backed Device Continuity Token (CDCT). The method includes generating the CDCT during initial user registration using a one-way hash function based on a random number, a mobile number, and a timestamp. The CDCT is securely stored in both a backend server of a UPI payment application provider and in a user cloud identity vault. During a re-registration attempt on a new device, the presence and authenticity of the CDCT are validated. If the token matches, re-registration is allowed, …

Delta-Driven Data Rebuilding System With Integrity Verification Via Layered Checksum, Alok Roy

Defensive Publications Series

A system and method for reconstructing and validating versions of a data record. The system continuously monitors and stores data records, data changes and checksums of a plurality of versions of each data record after every operation. Upon receiving a request from a user device to roll back to a target version of the data record the system determines proximity of the target version to first and last versions of the data record and determines traversal direction based on the proximity of the target version. The system generates target version of the data record by traversing through data changes in …

Assessment Of Engine Performance And Characteristics Of Soot And NoX Emissions In The Vcr Engine Fuelled With Different Sustainable Fuel Blends, Mohammed A. Fayad, M. A. I. Al-Hamid, Shaimaa B. Al-Baghdadi, Suha A. Mohammed, Amani Ahmed, Hind A. Al Salihi, Hussain Ali Hussain, Salman Hussien Omran, Francisco J. Martos

Terra Joule Journal

In last few decades, many researchers working on the alternative fuel such as biodiesel that used in CI engine. It is proposed that the biodiesel can be good replace to the diesel due to the lower exhaust emissions, agricultural origin and improve the combustion process and engine performance. Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) blended with diesel fuel as sutainable fuel by 10% R10D, 20% R20D and 30% R30D in this study. Various compression ratio (CR) of 15 and 18 and different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with keep engine speed constant. The results showed that the BTE increased with …

Hydrogen Energy As Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review, Talal Yusaf, Kumaran Kadirgama, Hayder A. Dhahad, Abd Rahim Abu Talib, L. Samylingam, Navid Aslfattahi, Maryam Sadat Kiai, Chee Kuang Kok

Terra Joule Journal

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of the global transition toward a low-carbon and sustainable energy system. This review synthesizes recent advances across the hydrogen value chain—from production and storage to utilization and policy—while highlighting the opportunities and challenges shaping its large-scale deployment. We compare the main production routes, including reforming, gasification, and electrolysis, with particular attention to green hydrogen derived from renewable energy. Advances in storage technologies, such as compressed, liquid, and solid-state systems, are critically assessed in terms of efficiency, safety, and scalability. The analysis extends to hydrogen’s emerging roles in hard-to-abate sectors including industry, heavy transport, …

Confluence, Vol. 4, Iss. 2, Full Issue

The Confluence

No abstract provided.

A Comparative Analysis Of Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy: Victims Versus Bystanders, Allyson Phillips

The Confluence

Eyewitness testimony is a vital yet fallible component of the criminal justice system. This study investigates differences in eyewitness testimony accuracy between two witness types: victims and bystanders, adding to the scarce literature regarding the subject. Participants were assigned to either the Victim or Bystander Group and participated in a memory test. During the memory test, a staged intruder entered the room and stole either a gift card belonging to the participant (Victim Group) or me (Bystander Group). Following the theft, participants were given an eyewitness testimony survey and photo lineup to assess their memory of the theft and intruder. …