Digital Commons Network^™

Effects Of Mindfulness-Based Intervention On Stress And Anxiety In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Students: A Prospective Cohort Design, Kelli J. Brizzolara, Kathy Shirley

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The demanding nature of physical therapist (PT) education often leads students to experience very high stress levels, which can negatively impact both their academic performance and overall wellbeing. Mindfulness-based intervention programs have been used to decrease stress and anxiety in the general population. However, there is limited evidence of their use with Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of a brief mindfulness-based intervention on stress and anxiety in DPT students. Methods: Thirty-seven DPT students completed an 8-week mindfulness program, including daily individual mindfulness sessions (10 minutes) and …

Assessing The Feasibility Of A Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination For Medical Education: A Mixed-Methods Study Involving Students And Educators, Jacqueline Segovia, Alejandra Quiroz, Francisco J. Villalon Lopez, Valentina Marican, Marcia Maldonado, Ivonne Moreno, Robinson Torres, Camila Peralta, Ingrid Puchi

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted clinical training and accelerated the adaptation of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination to virtual formats (vOSCEs). Evidence on the feasibility of vOSCEs in undergraduate education remains limited in Latin America. Methods: A quasi-experimental mixed-methods study was conducted with fifth-year medical students at a Chilean university in 2021. Feasibility was assessed using Bowen’s framework—acceptability, implementation, integration, limited-efficacy testing, and adaptation—through online questionnaires and role-segmented focus groups. Two vOSCE iterations combined dynamic stations with simulated patients and static “mailbox” tasks delivered via Zoom and CANVAS. After the first iteration, modifications included a single Zoom session with breakout …

Prevalence And Determinants Of Perceived Stress Among Undergraduate Respiratory Therapy Students In Saudi Arabia, Abdulmajeed A. Baogbah, Ralph D. Zimmerman, Laryssa D. Frederick, Corinne M. Hathaway

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Background: Stress is a common phenomenon among health sciences students, severely impacting students in different ways. Similar to other students, undergraduate Respiratory Therapy (RT) students are at a high risk of stress exposure that may harm their well-being. To enhance students’ well-being, it is essential to examine the prevalence and determinants of perceived stress among undergraduate RT students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year (2023-2024) to explore the prevalence and determinants of perceived stress. Data was collected through an anonymous self-administered survey consisting of 46 questions, including demographics, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), and sources of …

Reaching Learners Where They Are: Podcasting As A Scalable Tool For The National Physical Therapy Exam Preparation, Bhupinder Singh, Rudri Purohit, Emily Gerbehy, Derek Camilleri

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) is a pivotal requirement for PT licensure in the US. While conventional preparation methods such as textbooks, review courses, and standardized practice exams are effective, they often pose logistical and financial challenges. Method: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of asynchronous, on-demand educational tools. Among these, podcasting has emerged as a promising, mobile-friendly modality, yet its usage trends and educational value for NPTE preparation remain underexplored. The purpose of this study was to analyze multiyear podcast engagement data from a high-performing NPTE-focused podcast hosted on Buzzsprout, spanning January 2020 to March 2025. Engagement …

Telerehabilitation Program In Rural South India: A Mixed-Method Analysis Of The Shared-Decision Making Process, Sylvia Langlois, Caroline Eagles, Dinesh Krishna, Navamani Venkatachalapathy, Tim Bressmann, Franzina Coutinho

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Shared decision making (SDM) in health care teams involves partnering with the patient and family to consider treatment options, prioritizing their values and preferences while collaboratively determining the best care plan. Previous research on SDM in rural South India has only focused on adult populations receiving in-person care. This study aimed to understand parent perception of the SDM approach implemented in telerehabilitation services offered by Amar Seva Sangam Ayikudy to children with disabilities in a rural Southern Indian setting. Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was utilized. Quantitative data was collected from 187 participants using a SDM measure …

Performance Characteristics Of National Club Baseball Association Athletes Completing In-Season Elastic Resistance Training, Scott K. Harnden, Dawson M. Maxlow, Gena D. Guerin, Merrick A. Lincoln

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess in-season physical performance metrics of National Club Baseball Association Athletes (NCBA) baseball players before and after a 6-week field-based elastic tubing resistance training intervention. Performance metrics included throwing velocity, isometric shoulder rotation strength, dynamic stability, muscular endurance, and range of motion (ROM). Method: A cohort of adult male NCBA athletes (n=13; 20.1±1.1years; 171.4±24.1cm; 77.0±10.5kg; all right hand dominant) enrolled in the 6-week biweekly intervention of seven upper extremity exercises. All exercises were completed with wrist-affixed elastic tubing prior to sport practices. Pre- and post-intervention testing included throwing velocity measured via pocket …

The Effectiveness Of Virtual Reality And Augmented Reality-Based Simulation On Healthcare Students' Learning-A Review Of The Literature, Matthew Mills

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Simulation is increasingly used to supplement authentic clinical experiences in preparation for future healthcare students. However, the most realistic simulation experiences are frequently costly, time-intensive, and difficult to scale, especially for programs with budgetary restrictions. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have been proposed as easily scalable tools to provide students with a realistic simulated environment. However, as technology is rapidly evolving, there is a need to understand the evidence surrounding VR and AR's impact on healthcare student learning to optimize the deployment of these technologies and justify the costs associated with implementation. Methods: A review of the …

Evidence To Support Certification In Online Nursing Teaching Excellence: A Systematic Review, Ellen Vorbeck, Louisa Krueger, Ellen Johnson

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Abstract

A systematic review of the literature following PRISMA© (2020) was conducted to determine the evidence within nursing and higher education literature to support certification in online teaching and to determine the value of additional certification for nurse educators in higher education nursing programs. Data from CINAHL, ERIC, EBSCO, COCHRANE, AND PUBMED databases were collected following inclusion and exclusion criteria. An independent review by two authors was conducted with twenty-seven articles and one report identified. Bias was examined, followed by deductive analysis, which identified common themes and subthemes within the research. The results suggest that high-quality online courses require instructors …

Agreement Of Chatgpt With Clinical Practice Guidelines For Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment, Alessandra N. Garcia, Brian Neville, Bradley Myers, Lori Leineke, Karlyn Green

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: This cross-sectional study evaluated whether Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) GPT-3.5 and GPT-4O provide treatment information consistent with high-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: High-quality CPGs published in the past decade were identified via PubMed and PEDro, with the search updated on November 11, 2024. Guidelines were appraised using the AGREE II tool. GPT-3.5 and GPT-4O were queried with common treatment-related questions, and their responses were compared to CPG recommendations. Two independent reviewers conducted a thematic content analysis of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4O responses using a deductive–inductive codebook, iteratively refined through consensus, to identify major themes/subthemes, …

National Physical Therapy Examination Scores From 2023 And 2024 Cohorts In The United States, Richard Cahanin, James W. Farris, Tara Andrews, Preston Warren, Jennifer Patterson, Shawn Drake, Barry Dale

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: This study aimed to determine which student academic performance variables within physical therapy education programs most strongly predicted NPTE scores. Methods: A prospective, multi-institutional cohort study with 228 doctoral physical therapy students representing the 2023 and 2024 cohorts was conducted. Hierarchical multiple linear regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to evaluate research hypotheses. Results: No significant difference in NPTE scores between the 2023 and 2024 cohorts was found (p = .936). A streamlined model identified 2-year DPT GPA (p < .001), total PEAT score (p = .004), and total GRE score (p = .046) as the most significant …

Health Professional Students' Experiences With Gender-Identity Inclusive Content In The Classroom And Supervised Clinical Learning, Perry Xinyi Zhang, Aria Grabowski, Olivia S. Anderson

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Gender-identity diverse populations have unique healthcare needs, but they experience stigmatization leading to negative health outcomes. Healthcare professionals have reported obstacles to delivering affirming care to gender-identity diverse patients due to limited training. We assessed how health profession students encounter gender-identity content and how students’ perceived preparedness to provide care for gender-identity diverse populations. Methods: A survey distributed to students enrolled in health professional programs at a large mid-western university included close-ended questions about exposure to gender-identity diverse curricular content in didactic and supervised clinical settings and perceived preparedness to work with gender-identity diverse populations. Open-ended questions asked what …

A Mixed Method Approach To Assessing The Feasibility Of Implementing The Ottawa Paramedic Physical Abilities Test (Tm) In The Australian Context, Samantha Sheridan, Rodney Pope, Renee S. Macphee, Alexander Macquarrie, Steven Fischer, Gavin Buzza, Hannah Stack, Lyndal Bolton, Jacob Grevell, Christopher Tony Sheridan, Jacinta Buckman, Russell Rayner

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Introduction: There is a need for evidence-based pre-employment physical fitness test standards in paramedic organisations. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing an existing, international, standardised pre-employment paramedic physical capacity test, the Ottawa Paramedic Physical Abilities Test (OPPAT^TM), in the Australian context. Methods: In this mixed-method feasibility study, 12 undergraduate paramedicine students completed two generic predictive tests - a three-minute step test (3MST₂₀) and a grip strength test - and two physical employment tests: the Ottawa Paramedic Physical Abilities Test (OPPAT^TM) and the New South Wales Ambulance Test (NSWAT) – and a …

Does Relevant Work Experience Influence Academic Success? A Retrospective Study Of Doctor Of Physical Therapy Students, Nicole Tombers, Kate Corrigan, Rylee Kwiatkowski, Gwinna Remillard, Morgan Scanlon, Maddy Soderberg

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Relevant work experience is a factor considered in holistic admissions practices of many health profession education programs. The benefits of observation hours on student career choice and subsequent academic success have been explored. Many programs additionally consider paid work experience as a factor in admissions decisions; however the influence of relevant work experience on academic outcomes is unknown. This study examined relationships between paid physical therapy related work experience and performance in a DPT program. Method: Data from 945 applicants resulting in 191 matriculants to a single DPT program were included. Employment history for all applicants was coded as …

The Effect Of Debriefing Following A Computer-Based Low-Fidelity Simulation On The Self-Efficacy Of Health Professions Students: A Randomized Cross-Over Control Study, Matthew Mills, Enrico Gandolfi, Richard E. Ferdig, Kimberly Peer

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Simulations have been increasingly used in health science education to supplement clinical experience. There is evidence of the benefits of high-fidelity simulation (HFS) with debriefing, but HFS is costly and time-intensive to administer. Low-fidelity simulation (LFS) has been proposed as an alternative that is easier to scale and more cost-effective; however, the evidence surrounding its impact on students is mixed, possibly because debriefing is frequently omitted in LFS. Methods: A randomized experimental mixed methods cross-over control study was performed to evaluate the impact of a structured debriefing session following an interactive computer-based low-fidelity simulation on the self-efficacy and anxiety …

What Numbers Don't Tell Us: Can Sociodemographic Factors Identify Grit, Resilience, And Imposter Phenomenon In Hybrid Doctor Of Physical Therapy Students?, Benton Lindaman, Marlena Calo, Brandon Ness, James Smoliga, Moyo B. Tillery, Suzanne Trotter, Liana Wooten, Shefali Christopher

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: To determine whether routinely collected sociodemographic admissions criteria (e.g., first-generation status, race, government assistance, youth employment) could serve as proxies for non-cognitive traits such as grit, resilience, and imposter phenomenon in hybrid Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among first-year students (N=100) across three accelerated, hybrid DPT programs. Students completed validated instruments measuring grit (Grit-O), general resilience (Brief Resilience Scale), academic resilience (Academic Resilience Scale), and imposter phenomenon (Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale) during their first semester. Sociodemographic data were obtained from admissions applications. Between-group comparisons were analyzed using independent t-tests and …

Acquisition Of Basic Clinical Skills Among Japanese Novice Rehabilitation Therapists: A Retrospective Study, Kenta Fujimura, Hiroaki Sakurai, Soichiro Koyama, Kenji Kawakami, Kazuya Takeda, Takuma Ii, Shota Suzumura, Shigeo Tanabe, Yoshikiyo Kanada

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between basic clinical skills and clinical experience among novice rehabilitation therapists in Japan. Methods: Twenty-one novice rehabilitation therapists who joined a general hospital and underwent annual practical examinations during each of their three years of clinical experience were included. This retrospective longitudinal single-center study followed the same novice therapists throughout the study period. The practical examination was based on the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and included exercises for joint range of motion (ROM), muscle strengthening (MS), getting up (Getting Up), standing up and sitting down (Standing/Sitting), and transferring from a wheelchair to a …

The Effect Of A Mindfulness-Based Program On Musculoskeletal Pain And Function, Christine Conroy, Kent E. Irwin, Paige Dougherty, Teresa Elliott-Burke

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a structured therapeutic tool that was developed in the 1980s by Kabat-Zinn and colleagues. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been developed based on the fundamental principles of MBSR and are an emerging area of research. These programs are used to decrease pain levels and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic disease and pain. The purpose of this case study is to describe the effects of MBIs on function and pain for a middle-aged patient, two-month post-proximal humerus fracture. Method: A 53-year-old woman presented status post closed fracture of the proximal right humerus resulting from a …

Institutional Prestige And Prerequisite Performance As Predictors Of Academic Success In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Programs: A Pilot Retrospective Cohort Study, Margaret Wicinski, Tamala Marcin

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: This pilot study examined relationships between Carnegie Classification levels of undergraduate institutions, prerequisite anatomy and physiology (AP) performance, and academic success in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) education. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed records from 83 students who graduated from a single DPT program in 2019. Data included Carnegie Classifications of prerequisite institutions, undergraduate anatomy and physiology grade point average (UGPA AP 1&2 GPA), first-term pathophysiology course grade (Patho GPA), and Doctor of Physical Therapy program grade point average (DPT GPA). Statistical analyses included Spearman rank order correlation (rs) and Kruskal-Wallis tests with effect size calculations. Power analysis …

Effectiveness Of Core Strengthening In The Treatment Of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Literature Review, Khalid G. Attia

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. High levels of functional impairment, mental stress, and socioeconomic burdens usually accompany it. With the shift in paradigm to a non-pharmacological approach to management, core strengthening exercises have assumed a central role in the conservative approach to CLBP rehabilitation. Moreover, there is also the inclusion of complementary practices of yoga and Pilates, as well as new technologies in digital health, which has expanded the field of therapy The goals of this literature review are to review evidence of the effectiveness of core stabilization, …

Face And Content Validity Of A Survey Tool To Measure Perceived Barriers And Facilitators To Diabetes Management In Rural Veterans: Perspectives Of Registered Dietitians, Jameson Tade, Mary Shotwell, Ronette Lategan-Potgieter, Marty R. Jacobson

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major health challenge in the United States, affecting over 36 million Americans exceeding $105 billion annually in treatment-related costs.^1,2 Type 2 diabetes affects some populations more than others, including rural and veteran populations.^1,3 Registered dietitians (RDs) are an integral part of the diabetes management team, but limited literature is available to identify perceived barriers to T2DM management in military veterans who preside in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to explore face and content validity of a survey tool distributed to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) dietitians in a …

Exploring Hydration Strategies: A Preliminary Comparison Of Fluid Administration Methods In Collegiate Football Players, Emily E. Lodge, Gillian Romanchok, Isabella M. Farmer, Kimberly Schwabenbauer, Rich Patterson

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Introduction: Maintaining optimal hydration is critical for athletic performance and preventing heat-related illness, particularly among football players who face elevated risk due to heavy protective equipment and intense physical demands. As core body temperature and heart rate increases, physiological strain causes are directly correlated with the severity of body water deficit. Dehydration levels exceeding 2% of body weight significantly impair both aerobic performance capacity and cognitive ability. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate whether fluid consumption among collegiate football players differs based on administration methods (self-administration versus athletic trainer administration) during practice sessions. Methods: Twenty male …

The Phases Of Variation In Physiotherapy Management Of Organophosphate Poisoning Patients: A Case Series, Manish P. Shukla, Sachin A. Chaudhary, Hemant Deshpande, Nikita Gupta

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Organophosphate (OP) poisoning presents a significant challenge in healthcare, with varying severities requiring adaptive management strategies. This case series examines the physiotherapy management of three patients with different levels of OP poisoning severity: mild, moderate and severe. The study highlights the crucial role of physiotherapy in the multidisciplinary care of OP poisoning patients and demonstrates the need for phase-specific interventions tailored to individual patient needs. Method: The severe case required prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care, with physiotherapy progressing from passive techniques to active mobilization over 15 days. The moderate case showed faster recovery, allowing for earlier initiation of …

Firearm Violence Prevention: Analysis Of Physical Therapy Political Action Committee Financial Contributions And Congressional Voting, Kim D. Dao, Edward P. Mulligan, Michael Siegel, Liana Wooten

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) declared firearm violence a public health crisis in 2019. This investigation aimed to understand relationships between the amount of APTA political action committee (PTPAC) donations received by a federal candidate and (1) their voting records on FV prevention legislation; and (2) their voting records on other APTA-supported legislation. Methods. Data pertaining to the identification and amount of PTPAC donations to federal Congressional candidates during the 2020 and 2022 election cycles were gathered from the public resource, Open Secrets. Public voting records were compiled on firearm and other APTA-supported legislation. Results. 222 candidates received …

The Sympathetic And Clinical Effects Of Dry Needling To The Thoracolumbar Junction Multifidi: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Nicole Clark, Cheryl J. Hill, Joshua Cleland, Thomas Massie, Shane Koppenhaver

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the neurophysiological effects of dry needling (DN) to the thoracolumbar junction multifidi when compared with a placebo. The secondary objective was to determine if there is a relationship between post-treatment pain and disability and the magnitude of sympathetic nervous system activity. Methods: Participants were eligible if they had low back pain, limited flexibility in at least one hamstring, and had not previously received DN. Participants completed the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and Oswestry Disability Index, underwent pressure pain threshold testing, and were randomized to a DN or sham …

Preemptive Re-Seeding Of A Deterministic Random Bit Generator For Reduced Wake-Up Latency, Rohit Kumar Sinha, Nicolas Van Den Berghe

Defensive Publications Series

Standard security architectures utilize a Deterministic Random Bit Generator (DRBG) seeded by a True Random Number Generator (TRNG). The TRNG requires an initialization sequence for analog stabilization and health testing, which introduces a latency of 1 to 20 milliseconds. If a DRBG state is near a mandatory reseed interval at wake-up, a high-latency TRNG cold start is triggered, causing unpredictable system delays. This disclosure describes a method where a reseed operation is performed preemptively during the power-down sequence. A finite state machine evaluates the DRBG state upon a sleep request. If a reseed is required based on a configurable freshness …

Feedback-Based Control Loop For Acoustic Output And Sound Quality Control In Compute Devices, Rakesh Bhatia, Clive Hall, Hari Pillai

Defensive Publications Series

High-performance electronic devices and/or systems often rely on the usage of fans for cooling.  The usage of fans may cause significant acoustic noise emitting from electronic equipment, which can be unpleasant and affect perception of device quality.  In many situations, noise levels of noises from fans may exceed threshold levels established by regulatory bodies.  Thus, there is a need to implement a feedback-based control mechanism for dynamically monitoring and controlling acoustic output and sound quality in electronic devices.

Enhancing Village Health Volunteers' Capacity In Health Promotion For Ncd Risk Groups Via Digital Technology: An Action Research Study In Sing Buri, Thailand¬, Worayuth Nak-Ai, Ngamjit Phranetr, Phatt Thaitrong, Uten Sutin, Pinkamon Sompeewong

Journal of Health Research

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a major public health challenge in Sing Buri Province, Thailand. This action research examined the effectiveness of digital health communication innovations delivered through Village Health Volunteers (VHVs) to support NCDs management among at-risk populations.

Methods: Employing the Plan-Act-Observe-Reflect cycle (PAOR), the study engaged 8 VHVs, 40 at-risk individuals, and 6 public health officers at Pikhun Thong Health Promotion Hospital, Sing Buri Province from February to September 2024. Digital interventions included pedometer apps, LINE-based dietary tracking, and peer learning groups with competitions and rewards. Quantitative data were analyzed using z-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, while …

Multiple Q-Dqn Algorithm Based Rumor Control In Social Networks, Zainab Hasan, Huda Naji Nawaf

Journal of Intelligent Informatics, Networking, and Cybersecurity

Malicious rumours on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and others can be widely disseminated because of social problems. It is challenging to manage a rumour once it gains growth and quickly moves throughout a network. One of the main issues with information dissemination is figuring out how to reduce the propagation of rumours within a social network. A deep reinforcement learning technique might be an effective strategy to manage the rumour issue. Deep Q learning network (DQN) has been used in the literature to mitigate rumors by selecting a blocker at each time step. In this work, the proposed …

In Memory Of Dr. Sharon D. Loury, Office Of The President, East Tennessee State University

ETSU Obituaries

Dear ETSU Community,

It is with great sadness that I share the news of the passing of Dr. Sharon D. Loury, a valued member of the East Tennessee State University community. Dr. Loury joined ETSU in 2008 and devoted her career to advancing nursing scholarship, preserving nursing history, and improving health outcomes for underserved populations.

Dr. Loury was widely recognized for her community-engaged research focused on Hispanic and migrant populations in rural Appalachia, particularly in East Tennessee. Her work addressed critical issues, including migrant farmworker health, access to care, culturally responsive health education, occupational and environmental exposures, postpartum depression risk, …

Proteomic Profiling Of Pulmonary Function And Cardiovascular Disease Risk In The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study, Yura Lee, Astrid M Manuel, Ngoc Quynh H Nguyen, Christine Ladd-Acosta, Alanna C Morrison, Kari E North, Eric Boerwinkle, Amil M Shah, Zhongming Zhao, Stephanie J London, Bing Yu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Pulmonary function is linked to cardiovascular disease risk; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to identify protein biomarkers associated with pulmonary function and examine their impact on incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and all-cause mortality.

Methods: Data from White and Black Americans in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (visit 2: N=11 354, mean age=57 years; visit 5: N=3517, mean age=75 years), a prospective cohort, were analyzed. Linear regression assessed associations between protein levels and pulmonary function measures, including forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity. The impact of …