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Looking Into Law And Development: Pedagogies And Politics Of The Frame, Ruth Buchanan Feb 2022

Looking Into Law And Development: Pedagogies And Politics Of The Frame, Ruth Buchanan

Osgoode Hall Law Journal

International development can be understood as a particular way of seeing the world that is both a pedagogical and a political project. It frames the citizens of “underdeveloped” states as subjects, available to be both “seen” and “known” in particular ways that have important implications for governance and law. This Special Issue approaches development as a discourse and as a set of practices that encompass a “way of seeing” and operate as a “frame” through which the subjects of development are apprehended and acted upon.


Seeing Like A Clinic, Adrian A. Smith Feb 2022

Seeing Like A Clinic, Adrian A. Smith

Osgoode Hall Law Journal

The prevailing commitment in clinical law programs like the Intensive Program in Poverty Law at Osgoode Hall Law School is to an engaged-contextualism, which serves to see law in action. It has provided participating students with some insight into the everyday life of ordinary people, approaching—but not necessarily fully perceptive to—certain socio-legal perspectives. But what does clinical legal education vision and envision? How precisely do clinics see? And from what source or place is that visual authority derived? Here, by attending to the prevailing “pedagogy of seeing” in contemporary poverty law clinical practice, I engage with teaching, learning, and praxis …


“Making Up” With Law In Development, Kerry Rittich Feb 2022

“Making Up” With Law In Development, Kerry Rittich

Osgoode Hall Law Journal

This article draws on Ian Hacking’s idea of “making up people” to reflect on the relationship between development knowledge, practice, and expertise. Using Hacking’s five-part model as a counterpoint to mainstream accounts of development and its tasks, it (re)describes the manner in which development vision informs practice, while practice itself reconstructs the horizon of possibilities for developing states and their populations. The picture that emerges is one of tight interconnections between expertise-driven institutional practice and what we come to see and therefore to “know” about development. It is also one in which iconic figures such as the entrepreneurial woman emerge …


Educational Policies Committee Minutes, February 3, 2022, Utah State University Feb 2022

Educational Policies Committee Minutes, February 3, 2022, Utah State University

Educational Policies Committee

Minutes


  • Approval of 6 January 2022 Minutes Minutes approved as distributed.
  • Subcommittee Reports
  • Curriculum Subcommittee (Matthew Sanders Course Approvals – 280
  • Academic Standards Subcommittee (Renee Galliher)
  • General Education Subcommittee (Lee Rickords)
  • Other Business


Ambient Air Pollution Exposure And Increasing Depressive Symptoms In Older Women: The Mediating Role Of The Prefrontal Cortex And Insula, Andrew J. Petkus, Susan M. Resnick, Xinhui Wang, Daniel P. Beavers, Mark A. Espeland, Margaret Gatz, Tara Gruenewald, Joshua Millstein, Helena C. Chui, Joel D. Kaufman, Joann E. Manson, Gregory A. Wellenius, Eric A. Whitsel, Keith Widaman, Diana Younan, Jiu-Chiuan Chen Feb 2022

Ambient Air Pollution Exposure And Increasing Depressive Symptoms In Older Women: The Mediating Role Of The Prefrontal Cortex And Insula, Andrew J. Petkus, Susan M. Resnick, Xinhui Wang, Daniel P. Beavers, Mark A. Espeland, Margaret Gatz, Tara Gruenewald, Joshua Millstein, Helena C. Chui, Joel D. Kaufman, Joann E. Manson, Gregory A. Wellenius, Eric A. Whitsel, Keith Widaman, Diana Younan, Jiu-Chiuan Chen

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been associated with the emergence of depressive symptoms in older adulthood, although most studies used cross-sectional outcome measures. Elucidating the brain structures mediating the adverse effects can strengthen the causal role between air pollution and increasing depressive symptoms. We evaluated whether smaller volumes of brain structures implicated in late-life depression mediate associations between ambient air pollution exposure and changes in depressive symptoms. This prospective study included 764 community-dwelling older women (aged 81.6 ± 3.6 in 2008–2010) from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) Magnetic …


Genetically Stable Crispr-Based Kill Switches For Engineered Microbes, Austin G Rottinghaus, Aura Ferreiro, Skye R S Fishbein, Gautam Dantas, Tae Seok Moon Feb 2022

Genetically Stable Crispr-Based Kill Switches For Engineered Microbes, Austin G Rottinghaus, Aura Ferreiro, Skye R S Fishbein, Gautam Dantas, Tae Seok Moon

Open Access Publications

Microbial biocontainment is an essential goal for engineering safe, next-generation living therapeutics. However, the genetic stability of biocontainment circuits, including kill switches, is a challenge that must be addressed. Kill switches are among the most difficult circuits to maintain due to the strong selection pressure they impart, leading to high potential for evolution of escape mutant populations. Here we engineer two CRISPR-based kill switches in the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, a single-input chemical-responsive switch and a 2-input chemical- and temperature-responsive switch. We employ parallel strategies to address kill switch stability, including functional redundancy within the circuit, modulation of the …


Myeloid Cell Interferon Responses Correlate With Clearance Of Sars-Cov-2, Dhiraj K Singh, Ekaterina Aladyeva, Shibali Das, Bindu Singh, Ekaterina Esaulova, Amanda Swain, Mushtaq Ahmed, Journey Cole, Chivonne Moodley, Smriti Mehra, Larry S Schlesinger, Maxim N Artyomov, Shabaana A Khader, Deepak Kaushal Feb 2022

Myeloid Cell Interferon Responses Correlate With Clearance Of Sars-Cov-2, Dhiraj K Singh, Ekaterina Aladyeva, Shibali Das, Bindu Singh, Ekaterina Esaulova, Amanda Swain, Mushtaq Ahmed, Journey Cole, Chivonne Moodley, Smriti Mehra, Larry S Schlesinger, Maxim N Artyomov, Shabaana A Khader, Deepak Kaushal

Open Access Publications

Emergence of mutant SARS-CoV-2 strains associated with an increased risk of COVID-19-related death necessitates better understanding of the early viral dynamics, host responses and immunopathology. Single cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) allows for the study of individual cells, uncovering heterogeneous and variable responses to environment, infection and inflammation. While studies have reported immune profiling using scRNAseq in terminal human COVID-19 patients, performing longitudinal immune cell dynamics in humans is challenging. Macaques are a suitable model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our longitudinal scRNAseq of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell suspensions from young rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 6) demonstrates dynamic changes in transcriptional …


New Opportunities And Untapped Scientific Potential In The Abyssal Ocean, Jeffrey J. Marlowe, Rika E. Anderson, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Jeffrey S. Seewald, Timothy M. Shank, Andreas P. Teske, V. Dorsey Wanless, S. Adam Soule Feb 2022

New Opportunities And Untapped Scientific Potential In The Abyssal Ocean, Jeffrey J. Marlowe, Rika E. Anderson, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Jeffrey S. Seewald, Timothy M. Shank, Andreas P. Teske, V. Dorsey Wanless, S. Adam Soule

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

The abyssal ocean covers more than half of the Earth’s surface, yet remains understudied and underappreciated. In this Perspectives article, we mark the occasion of the Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin’s increased depth range (from 4500 to 6500 m) to highlight the scientific potential of the abyssal seafloor. From a geologic perspective, ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, Petit Spot volcanism, transform faults, and subduction zones put the full life cycle of oceanic crust on display in the abyss, revealing constructive and destructive forces over wide ranges in time and space. Geochemically, the abyssal pressure regime influences the solubility of constituents such as …


Population-Based Incidence Of Guillain-Barré Syndrome During Mass Immunization With Viral Vaccines: A Pooled Analysis, Fengge Wang, Donglan Wang, Yingjie Wang, Cancan Li, Yulu Zheng, Zheng Guo, Pengcheng Liu, Yichun Zhang, Wei Wang, Youxin Wang, Haifeng Hou Feb 2022

Population-Based Incidence Of Guillain-Barré Syndrome During Mass Immunization With Viral Vaccines: A Pooled Analysis, Fengge Wang, Donglan Wang, Yingjie Wang, Cancan Li, Yulu Zheng, Zheng Guo, Pengcheng Liu, Yichun Zhang, Wei Wang, Youxin Wang, Haifeng Hou

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Misunderstanding temporal coincidence of adverse events during mass vaccination and invalid assessment of possible safety concerns have negative effects on immunization programs, leading to low immunization coverage. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the incidence rates of GBS that are temporally associated with viral vaccine administration but might not be attributable to the vaccines. By literature search in Embase and PubMed, we included 48 publications and 2,110,441,600 participants. The pooled incidence rate of GBS was 3.09 per million persons (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.67 to 3.51) within six weeks of vaccination, equally 2.47 per 100,000 person-year (95%CI: …


The Comic And The Absurd: On Colonial Law In Revolutionary Palestine, Mai Taha Feb 2022

The Comic And The Absurd: On Colonial Law In Revolutionary Palestine, Mai Taha

Osgoode Hall Law Journal

As part of the Special Issue, this article adopts a methodological orientation that works through and with international law’s cultural legal archive. It focuses on one colonial literary artifact that shows the historical tension between colonization and revolution and examines the traces of those constitutive relations in the present. The artifact in question is an intriguing literary excursion by a British colonial-era judge in Palestine entitled Palestine Parodies. It mocks the legal life of Mandate Palestine through the use of comics, puns, and riddles. This raises a number of provocative themes relating to Mandate law, revolution, humor, and humiliation. The …


Nutritive Evaluation Of Mulberry Leaves Based Apple Pomace Silage, Ngahanyui Kengoo, Rohit Bishist Feb 2022

Nutritive Evaluation Of Mulberry Leaves Based Apple Pomace Silage, Ngahanyui Kengoo, Rohit Bishist

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of mulberry leaves based apple pomace silage in Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. In the study, the silage was prepared by mixing of maize, apple pomace (AP) and mulberry leaves in ratios of 80:10:10 (T1), 70:20:10(T2) and 60:30:10 (T3), and mixing of apple pomace with wheat straw in the ratio of 85:15(T4), and the silage prepared by using 100 per cent chopped maize was taken as control. Silage bags were opened after a period of three months and the proportionate samples …


Dairy Cattle Genetics By Environment Interaction Mismatch Contributes To Poor Mitigation And Adaptation Of Grazing Systems To Climate Change Actions In The Peruvian High Andes: A Review, V. M. Velez Marroquin, J. Manhire, R. Garcia Ticllacuri, J. L. Bernal Madrid, C. S. Pinares-Patino Feb 2022

Dairy Cattle Genetics By Environment Interaction Mismatch Contributes To Poor Mitigation And Adaptation Of Grazing Systems To Climate Change Actions In The Peruvian High Andes: A Review, V. M. Velez Marroquin, J. Manhire, R. Garcia Ticllacuri, J. L. Bernal Madrid, C. S. Pinares-Patino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The high Andes of Peru includes fragile ecosystems. Nevertheless, it plays important ecosystem functions (e.g., biodiversity, water supply for the lowlands, CO2 sinks in soil, etc). More than 80% of the livestock population of Peru is farmed in this area, supporting the livelihood of approximately 1’400,000 poor families, who are vulnerable to climate change (CC). Climate change in the high Andes is occurring at accelerated rates, compared to lowlands regions. Prevalent factors in the high Andes, such as hypoxia, high UV radiation, climatic extremes, large variation between maximum and minimum temperatures, seasonality in rainfall (determining highly seasonal forage growth) …


Exploring The Variation In Spatial Landscape Utilisation By Cows In The Pre- And Post-Partum Period Using Gnss Technology, A Z. Chang, M. G. Trotter Feb 2022

Exploring The Variation In Spatial Landscape Utilisation By Cows In The Pre- And Post-Partum Period Using Gnss Technology, A Z. Chang, M. G. Trotter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On-animal sensors refer to systems that monitor the location, behaviour, or physiological characteristics of livestock. These technologies provide a method to overcome many of the challenges that are associated with monitoring livestock within an extensive grazing system. A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) could be used to detect the changes in spatial utilisation associated with when a cow has a calf at foot. In this study, forty pregnant Belmont Red heifers were fitted with GNSS collars programmed to provide a location reading at 5 minute intervals. The data was cleaned and mapped in ArcGIS to identify changes in paddock area …


Sustainable Intensification Of Livestock Systems Using Forage Legumes, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., Lynn E. Sollenberger Feb 2022

Sustainable Intensification Of Livestock Systems Using Forage Legumes, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., Lynn E. Sollenberger

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Global human population is increasing and expected to reach 9.7 billion people by 2050. Sustainable intensification (SI) of agricultural systems is key to increase food production while minimizing impact on global natural resources. Forage legumes provide a myriad of ecosystem services (ES) and represent an important tool for promoting SI in livestock systems. Forage legumes associate with soil microorganisms to reduce atmospheric N2. This N input represents a valuable contribution to increase net primary productivity with reduced C footprint. In addition, forage nutritive value generally increases, resulting in greater animal performance. When forage legumes are integrated into livestock …


Decision In Art. 78 Proceeding - Cutting, Rosalie (2015-04-07) Feb 2022

Decision In Art. 78 Proceeding - Cutting, Rosalie (2015-04-07)

Decisions in Art. 78 Proceedings

No abstract provided.


From Aristotle To Wunderkammer: The Development Of Entomology And Insect Collections, Erica E. Fischer Feb 2022

From Aristotle To Wunderkammer: The Development Of Entomology And Insect Collections, Erica E. Fischer

Grand Valley Journal of History

This paper analyzes the development of insect classification and the shift from the realm of the amateur naturalist to professional scientific pursuit. While earlier historians of science have explored the field of entomology in specific eras, this paper explores continuity and change in the study of insects and natural history collections from the ancient world to the 20th century. Period entomology texts, modern entomology and history of science journals, entomological displays and preserved specimens, and histories of entomology reveal that, though entomology developed as a private pursuit for the wealthy, it came to represent an ideal starting place for …


The Identity Of The Cattle Herdsman A Study In The Scenes Of Ancient Egyptian Private Tombs, Dr. Naglaa Fathy Fathy Shehab Feb 2022

The Identity Of The Cattle Herdsman A Study In The Scenes Of Ancient Egyptian Private Tombs, Dr. Naglaa Fathy Fathy Shehab

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

[Ar]

هُوية راعى الأبقار: دراسة فى مناظر المقابر المصرية القديمة الخاصة

ذخرت مقابرالمصريون القدماء برسوم ونقوش توثق تفاصيل حياتهم اليومية التى يرغبون فى أن يحيوها فى الحياة الأخرى. وهكذا، أضحت مقابر المصريين القدماء بمحتوياتها ونقوشها الجدارية بمثابة ديوان لحضارة وادى النيل، نتعرف منها على ملامح الحياة اليومية فى مصر القديمة. احتلت مناظر رعى الأبقار، من خلال مشاهد الزراعة والرعى والمناظر الجنائزية، مكانة بارزة بكافة تفاصيلها الحياتية التى عاشها المصرى القديم. لم يقتصر دور راعى الأبقار على قيادة القطيع فقط بل امتد عمله ليشمل العديد من الجوانب الأخرى، والتى من شأنها المحافظة على سلامة القطيع البدنية والصحية، كتوجيه القطيع …


Analytic Study Of Two Stelae Of Imn-M-Hat-Snb*, Mohsen Adel Eltoukhy Feb 2022

Analytic Study Of Two Stelae Of Imn-M-Hat-Snb*, Mohsen Adel Eltoukhy

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

دراسة تحليلية للوحتين لـ آمون-إم-حات-سنب [Ar]

يتناول البحث نشر ودراسة لوحتين من عصر الأسرة 13 لرجل يدعى آمون-إم-حات-سنب، نمتى-إم-وسخت، والذى تقلد الألقاب: الأمير الوراثى، الأمير، الرفيق العظيم المحبوب، حامل أختام ملك مصر السفلى، والمشرف على البيت العظيم. عُثر على اللوحتين فى الجبانة الشمالية بأبيدوس واللوحتان محفوظتان الآن فى المتحف المصرى بالقاهرة تحت أرقام CG 20100 و CG 20087، فى الدور الأرضى قاعة رقم R 22. البحث يقدم وصف مفصل لتصوير الأفراد على اللوحتين وكذلك النصوص المسجلة عليهما. ومع ذلك، فإن التركيز على علم الانساب تسمح بإعادة بناء شجرة العائلة الخاصة بـ آمون-إم-حات-سنب، نمتى-إم-وسخت، وكذلك محاولة ربط بعض من …


A New View On The Monuments Of The Rajajil Site, Mohamed Mahmoud Kacem Feb 2022

A New View On The Monuments Of The Rajajil Site, Mohamed Mahmoud Kacem

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

[Ar]

رؤية جديدة لآثار موقع الرجاجيل

يقع موقع الرجاجيل الغامض على بعد 10 كيلومترات جنوب غرب سكاكا في منطقة الجوف بالمملكة العربية السعودية. تضم آثار الموقع 54 مجموعة منفصلة من أعمدة الحجر الرملي المحلية التي تتكون من أكوام دائرية بسيطة من الصخور المهشمة. ترتبط هذه المجموعات بدائرة ممتدة وغير منتظمة يبلغ قطرها حوالي ثمانمائة متر. إنهم يحملون بعض العلامات الثمودية التي تجعل هذا الموقع غامضًا. لا يُعرف سوى القليل عن آثار الرجاجيل، التي تعود إلى العصر الحجري الحديث والعصر النحاسي (حوالي 6500 إلى 2800 قبل الميلاد)، لأن البحث في ثقافات الرجاجيل لا يزال في مراحله الأولى. نظرًا لندرة …


A Counter-Plea From Oxyrhynchite Nome, Mohamed Abdou Elsaid Feb 2022

A Counter-Plea From Oxyrhynchite Nome, Mohamed Abdou Elsaid

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

معارضة حكم قضائى من إقليم أوكسيرينخوس [AR]

الورقة البحثية الحالية هى عبارة عن نشر بردية وثائقية يونانية غير منشورة من متحف المصرى بالقاهرة، رقم الزجاجة 102 للسجل الخاص 3049 تحت رقم الجرد 238. هذه البردية تأتى من سينيبطا (إقليم أوكسيرينخوس) وتعود إلى النصف الأول من القرن الثالث الميلادي. نص هذه البردية هو معارضة حكم قضائى. كانت معارضة حكم قضائى عبارة عن رداً على التماس، أو على الإجراءات القانونية التى أعقبت الالتماس، وفي العصر الرومانى عادة ما يتخذ شكل بيان مضاد، والذي كان مطلوبًا قانونيًا من المدعى عليه أنه ينوى الطعن فى القضية. كان نظام الميراث المطبق فى مصر الرومانية معقداً، …


Representation Modes Of Dwarf Animal-Keeper, Ola Fouad Elaboudy Feb 2022

Representation Modes Of Dwarf Animal-Keeper, Ola Fouad Elaboudy

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

[Ar]
دراسة فنية لتصوير القزم كحارس للحيوانات الاليفة
هذه الورقة عبارة عن دراسة تحليلية فنية لأنماط تمثيل القزم كحارس للحيوانات الاليفة في مناظر الدولة القديمة. والالقاب المصاحبة له، وملابسه، والاشياء التي يقوم بحملها، وموقعه بالنسبة لسيده النبيل من خلال فحص واحد وثلاثين منظرا في مقابر اشراف الدولة القديمة (بالاضافة الي منظر فريد يؤرخ بعصر الانتقال الأول). يمكن تقسيم مناظر القزم المصاحب للحيوان الاليف إلى خمس مجموعات: قزم يصطحب قرد فقط/ قزم بصحبة قرد والكلب «Tsm»؛ قزم بصحبة كلبًا فقط؛ قزم يقود حيوانات الزراعة: ثيران/ ابقار؛ مناظر نادرة لقزم يقود نمر/ غزال. ثم تحليل تأثير وظيفة القزم هذه على المكانة …


On Becoming A Bi-Petual White House, Allia Zobel Nolan Feb 2022

On Becoming A Bi-Petual White House, Allia Zobel Nolan

Erma Bombeck Writers' Workshop Blog

Cat lover Allia Zobel Nolan writes to the First Lady about the addition of the First Feline to the White House.


Coping With Grief And Loneliness: The Healing Power Of Green Spaces, Jasmin Tahmaseb Mcconatha, Georgina Hanna, Katherine Ford, Carolyn Cusmano, Nicole Lyman Feb 2022

Coping With Grief And Loneliness: The Healing Power Of Green Spaces, Jasmin Tahmaseb Mcconatha, Georgina Hanna, Katherine Ford, Carolyn Cusmano, Nicole Lyman

Sustainability Research & Practice Seminar Presentations

Professor Jasmin Tahmaseb McConatha, Psychology, with Georgina Hanna, Katherine Ford, Carolyn Cusmano, and Nicole Lyman - Coping with Grief and Loneliness: The Healing Power of Green Spaces


The Comment, February 2, 2022, Bridgewater State University Feb 2022

The Comment, February 2, 2022, Bridgewater State University

The Comment

No abstract provided.


Future Of Winter: Unh Researchers Find Low Emissions Vital To Slow Warming, Robbin Ray Feb 2022

Future Of Winter: Unh Researchers Find Low Emissions Vital To Slow Warming, Robbin Ray

Media Relations

No abstract provided.


Clemson Trustees Minutes, 2022 February 2, Clemson University Board Of Trustees Feb 2022

Clemson Trustees Minutes, 2022 February 2, Clemson University Board Of Trustees

Minutes

No abstract provided.


The Lumberjack, February 02, 2022 Feb 2022

The Lumberjack, February 02, 2022

Cal Poly Humboldt's Student Newspaper

The student newspaper of Humboldt State University.


Daily Eastern News: February 02, 2022, Eastern Illinois University Feb 2022

Daily Eastern News: February 02, 2022, Eastern Illinois University

February

No abstract provided.


Optimization Of Silicon Nitride Waveguide Platform For On-Chip Virus Detection, Raghi S. El El Shamy, Mohamed A. Swillam, Xun Li Feb 2022

Optimization Of Silicon Nitride Waveguide Platform For On-Chip Virus Detection, Raghi S. El El Shamy, Mohamed A. Swillam, Xun Li

Faculty Journal Articles

This work presents a rigorous and generic sensitivity analysis of silicon nitride on silicon dioxide strip waveguide for virus detection. In general, by functionalizing the waveguide surface with a specific antibodies layer, we make the optical sensor sensitive only to a particular virus. Unlike conventional virus detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), integrated refractive index (RI) optical sensors offer cheap and mass-scale fabrication of compact devices for fast and straightforward detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. Our numerical analysis includes a wide range of wavelengths from visible to mid-infrared. We determined the strip waveguide’s single-mode dimensions and the …


Moral Disengagement Mechanisms Predict Cyber Aggression Among Emerging Adults, Taylor R. Nocera, Eric R. Dahlen, Alison Poor, Jacqueline Strowd, Amanda Dortch, Erica C. Van Overloop Feb 2022

Moral Disengagement Mechanisms Predict Cyber Aggression Among Emerging Adults, Taylor R. Nocera, Eric R. Dahlen, Alison Poor, Jacqueline Strowd, Amanda Dortch, Erica C. Van Overloop

Faculty Publications

The Internet has given rise to many new communication tools (e.g., social media, text messaging), which, while beneficial in many respects, have become a means for aggressing against others. As evidence of the adverse correlates of cyber aggression mounts, improved understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate electronic aggression is needed. Moral disengagement (i.e., cognitive processes through which individuals disengage from their moral values) has been shown to predict cyber aggression when assessed as a unitary construct. The present study investigated the eight moral disengagement mechanisms measured by the Moral Disengagement Measure (Detert et al., 2008) and their relationships to four …