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A Theory Of Upwelling Of Large Horizontal Extent, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao Jan 1957

A Theory Of Upwelling Of Large Horizontal Extent, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao

Journal of Marine Research

Based on certain hypotheses, vertical motion in the upper layers is found to be related to the poleward transport in the lower layers. Upwelling off the California coast, based on recent data, is examined; the theoretical result appears to be confirmed by comparison with other independent indications. A new method of locating regions of upwelling with the approximate velocity is proposed.

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The Bathystrophic Storm Tide, John C. Freeman Jr., Ledolph Baer, Glenn H. Jung Jan 1957

The Bathystrophic Storm Tide, John C. Freeman Jr., Ledolph Baer, Glenn H. Jung

Journal of Marine Research

The tides on a regular open coast change rapidly as a stonn approaches, and the time history of this change is important in computing dangerously rugh tides in bays; in addition, this change influences the maximum wave height offshore. Simple physfcal assumptions are used (and justified) to define a "bathystrophic" flow, and it is shown mathematically that this flow is of great importance in the computation of storm tides. Using only the traditionally accepted formulae and constants for wind stress and bottom friction, examples of the time change of the tide have been calculated. These results agree with observations as …

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An External Core Catcher For Oceanographic Work, William H. Glezen Jan 1957

An External Core Catcher For Oceanographic Work, William H. Glezen

Journal of Marine Research

A core catcher for use with short gravity-type core barrels is described. A flat plate at the foot of a pair of pivot arms is caused to swing under the bottom of the core barrel after the barrel is withdrawn from the bottom. A float-weight lever arm is employed to actuate the device.

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Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of "Secondary Instability" On Mixing Processes, Gordon W. Groves, Townsend Cromwell Jan 1957

Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of "Secondary Instability" On Mixing Processes, Gordon W. Groves, Townsend Cromwell

Journal of Marine Research

Since specific volume in the ocean is a nonlinear function of salinity and internal energy, mixing results in a change in the total volume. There is a contribution to the change in potential energy due to mixing, which depends on this change in volume and on the pressure at which mixing takes place. Fofonoff has made use of this fact in defining a "secondary stability" parameter. It might be speculated that, under conditions of (secondary) instability, turbulent mixing could be generated spontaneously or that the quality of mixing would be different from that under stable conditions. An experiment to detect …

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Acceleration Measurements In The Deep Ocean, F. N. Spiess Jan 1957

Acceleration Measurements In The Deep Ocean, F. N. Spiess

Journal of Marine Research

The study of surface waves in the deep ocean can be carried out effectively by using a new technique: measurement of accelerations of a small water mass well below the surface. Instrumentation for carrying out such measurements is described in detail, including a special accelerometer, neutrally buoyant case, long lightweight slack wire, and data-recording equipment. Some initial results achieved with this equipment are shown and the possibility of broader applications of this technique for wave and gravity measurements at sea are discussed briefly.

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Chlorophyll A In The Phytoplankton In Coastal Waters Of The Eastern Gulf Of Mexico, Nelson Marshall Jan 1956

Chlorophyll A In The Phytoplankton In Coastal Waters Of The Eastern Gulf Of Mexico, Nelson Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

Chlorophyll a was measured about twice a month for one year at three surface stations along the axis of Alligator Harbor, Florida; additional observations were made at stations along Tampa Bay and elsewhere in the coastal waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The greatest concentrations, toward the head of the estuaries studied, were probably associated with low dispersal rates and with mixing of benthic forms into the plankton of shallow water....

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A Method For Determining Mean Longitudinal Velocities In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard, Richard E. Kent Jan 1956

A Method For Determining Mean Longitudinal Velocities In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard, Richard E. Kent

Journal of Marine Research

It is shown that the longitudinal component of the mean velocity in a coastal plain estuary may be computed by indirect methods. To do this, use is made of the lateral and longitudinal components of the equation of motion, the tidal velocity amplitudes, and a deduced relationship between the vertical and lateral eddy stresses. The method is evaluated for a station in the James River estuary. The resultant computed velocities agree quantitatively with the corresponding observed velocities.

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The Acion Of Variable Wind Stresses On A Stratified Ocean, G. Veronis, Henry Stommel Jan 1956

The Acion Of Variable Wind Stresses On A Stratified Ocean, G. Veronis, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The forced response of a horizontally infinite ocean on a rotating earth to a transient wind system is investigated. In an equilibrium state, the ocean consists of two homogeneous layers of fluid of finite depth, the fluid in the lower layer being slightly denser than that in the upper. The wind system is periodic in space, and its time-dependence is periodic or is given by a step function....

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The Processes Of Sound Scattering At The Ocean Surface And Bottom, R. J. Urick Jan 1956

The Processes Of Sound Scattering At The Ocean Surface And Bottom, R. J. Urick

Journal of Marine Research

In order to have a firm basis for the prediction of reverberation or back-scattering of sound in the sea, field measurements leading to values for a back-scattering coefficient of the sea surface and bottom have been made. Variation of this coefficient with angle of incidence of the sound beam provides some interesting clues as to the back-scattering processes which operate....

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The Potassium-Chlorinity Ratio Of Ocean Water, Ralph E. Jentoft, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1956

The Potassium-Chlorinity Ratio Of Ocean Water, Ralph E. Jentoft, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A method for determining the amount of potassium in ocean water has been described. With this procedure, a number of ocean water samples have been analyzed for potassium, and the potassium-chlorinity ratios have been calculated. The ratio has been found to have a constant value of 0.02023 with a standard deviation of 0.000,032 or 1.6 parts per 1,000.

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On The Range Of Variation In Sea Level, J. Neumann Jan 1956

On The Range Of Variation In Sea Level, J. Neumann

Journal of Marine Research

It is inferred from statistical theory that under 'stationary' conditions, i. e., in the course of periods during which the mean sea level remains stable, the average range of sea level for intervals of time of given lengths should vary linearly with the logarithm of the length of time interval. This is an asymptotic property, so that the logarithmic law of increase in range holds only if the intervals considered are relatively long....

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Fluctuations In Populations Of Littoral Marine Invertebrates, Wesley R. Coe Jan 1956

Fluctuations In Populations Of Littoral Marine Invertebrates, Wesley R. Coe

Journal of Marine Research

Fluctuations in populations of various species of marine invertebrates, several of them over many years, are recorded. Some of the data are quantitative, but most of them are merely estimates of relative abundance at the same season in successive years....

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The Dynamic Structure Of A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1956

The Dynamic Structure Of A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The time mean equations of motion applicable to a coa.stal plain estuary are developed and discussed. Time series observations of temperature, salinity, and current velocity from two sections in the James River are utilized to obtain the mean lateral and longitudinal components of the relative pressure field, the Coriolis force, and the field accelerations....

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The Occurrence Of Cadmium In Seawater And In Marine Organisms And Sediments, J. B. Mullin, J. P. Riley Jan 1956

The Occurrence Of Cadmium In Seawater And In Marine Organisms And Sediments, J. B. Mullin, J. P. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Methods have been developed for determining cadmium in seawater, marine organisms, and marine sediments. The procedure, based on the dithizone extraction method of Saltzman, is capable of detecting less than 10 mµg of the element and can be used for determining cadmium in silicate rocks; only thallium interferes. To confirm the presence of cadmium and to ensure freedom from contamination, the dithizone extracts were examined spectrographically.

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Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt Jan 1956

Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt

Journal of Marine Research

Inorganic phosphate and total phosphorus were determined during 1950 in Great Pond, Massachusetts. Except in deeper water during summer, the concentration of inorganic phosphate was less in Great Pond than in its sources of fresh and salt waters. In summer the total phosphorus concentration was greater in the Pond than in the Sound or River, this being particularly so in deep water of the Pond....

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Echo Traces Associated With Thermoclines, D. H. Cushing, A. J. Lee, I. D. Richardson Jan 1956

Echo Traces Associated With Thermoclines, D. H. Cushing, A. J. Lee, I. D. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Echoes received from the depth of the thermocline in Windermere, the North Sea, the Barents Sea and off Spitsbergen have been associated with aggregations of plankton organisms: zooplankton at a density of 25/litre in Windermere and phytoplankton at a density of 100,000 cells/litre (Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros sp.) in the Barents Sea.

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A Light-Scattering Diagram, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1956

A Light-Scattering Diagram, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

A diagram is presented which shows the light scattering effectiveness of small particles when they are suspended in water. The effective scattering is plotted as a function of the radius of the particles (0.005 to 5 µ), of the wave length of the energy being scattered (0.35 to 0.8 µ), and of the relative refractive index of the material in the particle when compared to water (1.02 to 1.40). The diagram covers the range of variables for most fine materials which are found suspended in natural waters.

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Plankton Pigment Nomographs, A. C. Duxbury, Charles S. Yentsch Jan 1956

Plankton Pigment Nomographs, A. C. Duxbury, Charles S. Yentsch

Journal of Marine Research

Nomographs for computing the amounts of plankton pigments aa determined by the spectrophotometric method have been constructed. The methods used for alignment and scaling are discUBSed. The use of the nomographs shortens computation time considerably.

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The Laminariaceae Off North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands; Changes From 1947 To 1955, F. T. Walker, W. D. Richardson Jan 1956

The Laminariaceae Off North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands; Changes From 1947 To 1955, F. T. Walker, W. D. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Changes in the crops of Laminariaceae over a number of years around Scotland have been investigated. This paper summarises the results of five surveys carried out in 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1955 in North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands. Considerable losses were found between 1947 and 1952, but thereafter recovery commenced and has continued. Some of the ecological factors are analysed and discussed.

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Quantitative Effect Of The Sun's Position On Submarine Light Polarization, Talbot H. Waterman, William E. Westell Jan 1956

Quantitative Effect Of The Sun's Position On Submarine Light Polarization, Talbot H. Waterman, William E. Westell

Journal of Marine Research

Over 1,000 measurements of the degree and plane of submarine light polarization have been made in littoral waters at depths of 3 to 41m. Using special polarimetric instruments, these parameters were visually measured mainly in horizontal lines of sight at times ranging from sunrise to sunset. Tests showed that observational errors were within ± 5° for the polarization plane, ± 5% for per cent polarization....

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Effect Of Wind On Salinity Distribution In An Estuary, John P. Barlow Jan 1956

Effect Of Wind On Salinity Distribution In An Estuary, John P. Barlow

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution of salinity in a small tidal estuary, Great Pond, through a period of over a year is described. The numerous important variations in salinity, both seasonal and short-term, cannot be attributed to tides or to day-to-day changes in the supply of fresh water. It is shown that they are related to day-to-day changes in wind force and direction and that the general seasonal change in average salinity is related to a general seasonal change in prevailing winds.

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Substandard Reference Solutions In Chlorinity Determinations By The Knudsen Method, James W. Mcgary Jan 1955

Substandard Reference Solutions In Chlorinity Determinations By The Knudsen Method, James W. Mcgary

Journal of Marine Research

It is shown that natural sea water of any chlorinity may be used as a reference solution in the Knudsen method. The proper correction to apply to burette readings of samples can be obtained by means of the fundamental stoichiometric relationship used in computing the "Table of Titration." A table of values for the construction of graphs from which the corrections can be obtained and a sample graph are included.

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Salt Budget In The Lake Washington Ship Canal System, Maurice Rattray Jr., G. R. Seckel, C. A. Barnes Jan 1955

Salt Budget In The Lake Washington Ship Canal System, Maurice Rattray Jr., G. R. Seckel, C. A. Barnes

Journal of Marine Research

Salt water enters the freshwater system of Lake Washington, Montlake Canal, Lake Union, Fremont Canal, and Salmon Bay through the U.S. Government Locks at Ballard….

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Notes On The Precision Of A Modified Routine Nitrate-Nitrite Analysis, Kenneth T. Marvin Jan 1955

Notes On The Precision Of A Modified Routine Nitrate-Nitrite Analysis, Kenneth T. Marvin

Journal of Marine Research

Factors responsible for difficulties in using the strychnidine method for an analysis of nitrate-nitrite content of sea water have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that their effects can be minimized and that the ease of analysis is materially increased by certain modifications, one of which is the adjustment of the concentration of nitrate by dilution to bring the optical density withln the best working range of the photometer used....

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Interpretation Of Spectrophotometer Readings On Chesapeake Bay Waters, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1955

Interpretation Of Spectrophotometer Readings On Chesapeake Bay Waters, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

Numerical results of the Mie theory of scattering of light energy by suspended particles have been applied to light extinction measurements obtained from waters of Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries. A Beckman Model DU Quartz Prism Spectrophotometer with 10 and 50 cm liquid absorption cells was used on raw and filtered samples to determine the extinction as a function of wave length. Extinction in these waters is primarily due to absorption and scattering by suspended materials....

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Osmotic Pressures Of Sea Water Solutions Computed From Experimental Vapor Pressure Lowering, K. G. Wilson, A. B. Arons Jan 1955

Osmotic Pressures Of Sea Water Solutions Computed From Experimental Vapor Pressure Lowering, K. G. Wilson, A. B. Arons

Journal of Marine Research

Osmotic pressures of sea water solutions for temperatures between O and 35°C and for chlorinities between 5 and 100 ‰ have been computed from experimental vapor pressure measurements.

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Studies On Some Chemical Constituents Of Diatoms, Eva M. Low Jan 1955

Studies On Some Chemical Constituents Of Diatoms, Eva M. Low

Journal of Marine Research

In five species of diatoms 19 amino acids have been found. There was no qualitative difference between marine and freshwater species. Free amino acids were absent in aqueous and alcoholic extracts….

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A Theory Of Tidal Mixing In A "Vertically Homogeneous" Estuary, L. C. Maximon, G. W. Morgan Jan 1955

A Theory Of Tidal Mixing In A "Vertically Homogeneous" Estuary, L. C. Maximon, G. W. Morgan

Journal of Marine Research

An equation is derived for the distribution of a solute in an estuary where river flow and tides are predominant factors and where the dynamics and mixing can be described by a simple physical model. This model is subsequently generalized in various ways and it is found that the basic form of the diffusion equation is unchanged. An equation is derived which allows for time dependence of the varioUB quantities involved and for introduction of a solute into the estuary by an external agent. Some solutions of this equation are studied.

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The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analysis. Iii. A Note On The Use Of "Millipore" Membrane Filters In The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments., Grace I. Creitz, Francis A. Richards Jan 1955

The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analysis. Iii. A Note On The Use Of "Millipore" Membrane Filters In The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments., Grace I. Creitz, Francis A. Richards

Journal of Marine Research

Collection of plankton samples on "AA" (aerosol assay) type "Millipore" membrane filters has been substituted for centrifugation in the method of Richards with Thompson for estimating plankton pigments. Although the filter dissolves in the 90% acetone that is subsequently used for extracting the pigments, its solution does not interfere with the spectrophotometric determination of the chlorophyll and carotenoid components.

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The Seasonal Oscillation In Sea Level, June Pattullo, Walter Munk, Roger Revelle, Elizabeth Strong Jan 1955

The Seasonal Oscillation In Sea Level, June Pattullo, Walter Munk, Roger Revelle, Elizabeth Strong

Journal of Marine Research

On the basis of all available tide gauge records, bathythermograma, and Nansen bottle casts, we have compiled, on a global scale, monthly departures of recorded and steric sea levels from their annual means. The steric fluctuation is defined in terms of the seasonal fluctuation in specific volume. The results are given in the appendices and in three charts, together with error estimates. In general, the departures are comfortably above the uncertainties introduced by year to year variations and by the effects of local topography....

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