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Spirit, Breath, And Air, Chloe Crawford

Taproot: A Journal of Outdoor Education

Early settler views toward wilderness differed from Natives encountered in the New World. While Native Americans advocated balance and respect for their wilderness surroundings, European immigrants felt fear and repulsion toward it. However, their views on wilderness changed so much by the late 1800s that sanitariums were built in remote climates promoting outdoor air as a cure for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Just as the concept of wilderness emerged in opposition to civilization, fresh or pure air cannot be defined or appreciated until pollution takes hold. The success of climatic cures for respiratory disorders was pushed aside as western …

Predictors And Outcomes Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacteremia Among Patients With Hiv And Tuberculosis Co-Infection Enrolled In The Actg A5221 Stride Study., John A. Crump, Xingye Wu, Michelle A. Kendall, Prudence D. Ive, Johnstone J. Kumwenda, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Ute Jentsch, Susan Swindells

Journal Articles: Infectious Diseases

BACKGROUND: We evaluated predictors and outcomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia among participants undergoing baseline mycobacterial blood culture in the ACTG A5221 STRIDE study, a randomized clinical trial comparing earlier with later ART among HIV-infected patients suspected of having tuberculosis with CD4-positive T-lymphocyte counts (CD4 counts)/mm(3). We conducted a secondary analysis comparing participants with respect to presence or absence of M. tuberculosis bacteremia.

METHODS: Participants with a baseline mycobacterial blood culture were compared with respect to the presence or absence of M. tuberculosis bacteremia. Baseline predictors of M. tuberculosis bacteremia were identified and participant outcomes were compared by mycobacteremia status.

RESULTS: …

Apopo Annual Report 2015, Apopo

Global CWD Repository

I first met the amazing HeroRATs in 2008 when I was an APOPO deminer detecting landmines in Mozambique. I had been invited to APOPO’s HQ and Training & Research Center in Tanzania and was about to embark on my new career as a Mine Detection Rat Handler. Although I had worked with trained dogs before I was still amazed at the rat’s abilities; their speed and accuracy. The Tanzania team taught me about scent detection theory and technology, as well as animal welfare and veterinary skills. In return I told them about the suffering in my country. At that time, …

The Impact Of Immigration Variables On Tuberculosis Rates In South Carolina, Lisa J. Dimitriadis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

After HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) is the deadliest single infectious agent worldwide; globally in 2013, 1.5 million people died of the disease. Although TB infection rates in the United States are low compared to that of other countries, TB still remains a threat to public health in the U.S., especially among immigrant populations. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between the independent variables of immigration status, years of residence, and race/ethnicity and the dependent variable of TB infection within South Carolina between 2006 and 2012. To examine these possible relationships, this quantitative study employed the ecological …

Acute Tuberculosis In The Intensive Care Unit, Kazim Rollas, Ati̇la Kara, Nazmi̇ye Ebru Ortaç Ersoy, Kezban Özmen Süner, Mehmet Nezi̇r Güllü, Serpi̇l Öcal, Arzu Topeli̇

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to determine mortality rates and to evaluate clinical features of patients with active tuberculosis (TB) requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Materials and methods: The medical records of active TB patients requiring ICU admission were retrospectively reviewed over a 5-year period. Results: Sixteen patients with active TB admitted to the ICU were included in the study. Seven (43.8%) patients died in the ICU. The cause of mortality was septic shock in 5 patients and respiratory failure in 2 patients. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure …

Tuberculosis As A Metaphor For Isolation: An Interdisciplinary Examination Of Tuberculosis, Stefanie Pavlick 15

Honor Scholar Theses

No abstract provided.

A Staff Development Program: Diabetes And Tb Education And Screening, Relyndo Manalo Salcedo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is a growing body of evidence on the positive association between diabetes and tuberculosis (TB), especially in populations with low socioeconomic status. According to the CDC and the WHO, diabetes is increasingly seen as a global epidemic, one that poses a threat to global TB control. The goal of this DNP project was to develop a program to educate clinical staff on the importance of early identification of diabetic and TB patients. The logic model was chosen as the framework for this project because it allows the planner to rationally observe each stage of a project's development. The program …

Global Health Challenges At The Point Of Care: A Review Of Tuberculosis Needs Assessment, Inna Tounkel

Scripps Senior Theses

Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest communicable diseases in the world, and consequently remains one of the biggest global healthcare challenges. Tuberculosis is treatable and curable. However, within many low resource settings, underdeveloped medical infrastructure limits the effectiveness and accuracy of existing diagnostics. These limitations severely impede the timely diagnosis of the disease, and thus contribute to the disease spreading, developing drug resistance, and killing more individuals. There is an urgent need for an inexpensive, portable, rapid, easy-to-use point of care diagnostic that can function outside of the laboratory at the community level. Currently, there is a wide range of …

Social Network Analysis (Sna) Of Clark County, Nevada Tuberculosis (Tb) Case And Contact Investigation Data To Determine Pediatric Risk Factors For Disease Transmission, Darin Michael Cozatt

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Within the spectrum of childhood (infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence), TB is a priority disease, and preventive care is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)/Bright Futures initiative (AAP, 2008). Within the early childhood stage (15 months to 4 years), TB is classified as "HR2" (high risk 2), behind lead poisoning, which is "HR1" (AAP, 2008), the highest risk within this age range. Within the middle childhood stage (5 to 10 years), TB becomes an HR1. TB is preventable, and targeted screening is the best prevention method. The AAP/Bright Futures initiative further specifies the risk based on …

Low Molecular Weight Glucosamine/L-Lactide Copolymers As Potential Carriers For The Development Of A Sustained Rifampicin Release System: Mycobacterium Smegmatis As A Tuberculosis Model, Jorge Ragusa

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Tuberculosis, a highly contagious disease, ranks as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease, and remains a major global health problem. In 2013, 9 million new cases were diagnosed and 1.5 million people died worldwide from tuberculosis. This dissertation aims at developing a new, ultrafine particle-based efficient antibiotic delivery system for the treatment of tuberculosis. The carrier material to make the rifampicin (RIF)-loaded particles is a low molecular weight star-shaped polymer produced from glucosamine (molecular core building unit) and L-lactide (GluN-LLA). Stable particles with a very high 50% drug loading capacity were made via electrohydrodynamic atomization. Prolonged …

Clinical Vignette: A Case Of Tb-Induced Hypersensitivity, Shira Amdur, Charles Pizanis

Hospital Medicine

Erythema induratum (EI), or nodular vasculitis, is a hypersensitivity reaction often, but not exclusively, associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. It presents clinically as painful, recurrent violaceous nodules and plaques on the lower extremities that then leave a scar hyperpigmentation. It can closely resemble erythema nodosum and is distinguished histopathologically. A 53-year-old man who immigrated to the United States from Vietnam approximately 1 year prior presented to his primary care physician with a rash on his lower legs. He described a 1-month history of painful, red bumps initially on his calves, which spread anteriorly. He rated the pain 9/10 and complained …

Successful Mdr-Tb Treatment Regimens Including Amikacin Are Associated With High Rates Of Hearing Loss, Chawangwa Modongo, Rafal S. Sobota, Boikobo Kesenogile, Ronald Ncube

Dartmouth Scholarship

Aminoglycosides are a critical component of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment but data on their efficacy and adverse effects in Botswana is scarce. We determined the effect of amikacin on treatment outcomes and development of hearing loss in MDR-TB patients. Patients started on MDR-TB treatment between 2006 and 2012 were included. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the effect of amikacin on treatment outcomes and development of hearing loss.

Neglected Or Non-Compliant? Assessing The Difficulties Of Tuberculosis Patients In Salvador-Ba, Brazil, Erin Slatery

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze how Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose (IBIT), a philanthropic tuberculosis clinic in Salvador, Brazil, maintains treatment abandonment rates much lower than those of surrounding public clinics. This study also aims to evaluate how professionals conceptualize and address the difficulties faced by patients.

Methods: Interviews were conducted with 8 IBIT professionals and 16 patients in treatment for tuberculosis in the aforementioned institution via semi-structured and structured questionnaires, respectively. Participant observation guided the analysis of relationships between patients and professionals.

Results: Patients found varying aspects of treatment difficult depending on personal circumstances, …

Diagnosis Dini Tuberkulosis Pada Kontak Serumah Dengan Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru Melalui Deteksi Kadar Ifn-Γ, Sri Andarini Indreswari, Suharyo Suharyo

Kesmas

Tuberkulosis paru masih merupakan masalah dunia. Indonesia menempati peringkat ke tiga di dunia pada tahun 2012. Target nasional Case Detection Rate tahun 2012 adalah 70%, sedangkan pencapaian Jawa Tengah sebesar 58,48%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh batas kadar interferon (IFN) γ pada orang kontak serumah dengan penderita tuberkulosis paru sebagai dasar diagnosis dini penyakit tuberkulosis. Penelitian dilakukan secara kohort selama dua tahun (2011 - 2013) di Balai Kesehatan Masyarakat Paru Semarang. Pada akhir penelitian, terdapat 12 responden kontak dan 13 tidak kontak serumah. Uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna rerata kadar IFN-γ antara kelompok kontak dengan kelompok tidak kontak serumah (nilai …

Trends And Disparities In Tb Among U.S.-Born Black And White Chicago Residents, 1998-2008, Susan A. Lippold, Lori Armstrong, Jennifer M. Carter, Xiomara Hardison

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the decline of tuberculosis (TB) cases among U.S.-born non-Hispanic (NH) black and white Chicago residents.

METHODS: Data from the National TB Surveillance System was used to analyze trends and characteristics of reported TB cases among U.S.-born NH black and U.S.-born NH white Chicago residents from 1998-2008.

RESULTS: Chicago reported a total of 3,821 TB cases over the 11-year time period. Of these, 1,916 were U.S.-born NH black and 235 were U.S.-born NH white. The proportion of cases attributable to U.S.-born NH blacks was 63% (294/469) in 1998 and 34% in 2008 (72/213). Analysis for trends from …

Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: Challenges Of Urbanization, Rumina Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

No abstract provided.

Interventions To Improve Delivery Of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy: An Overview Of Systematic Reviews, Lisa V. Adams, Elizabeth A. Talbot, Karen Odato, Heather Blunt, Karen R. Steingart

Dartmouth Scholarship

Background:

Uptake of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) to prevent tuberculosis has been poor, particularly in the highest risk populations. Interventions to improve IPT delivery could promote implementation. The large number of existing systematic reviews on treatment adherence has made drawing conclusions a challenge. To provide decision makers with the evidence they need, we performed an overview of systematic reviews to compare different organizational interventions to improve IPT delivery as measured by treatment completion among those at highest risk for the development of TB disease, namely child contacts or HIV-infected individuals.

Methods:

We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the …

Treatment Practices, Outcomes, And Costs Of Multidrug-Resistant And Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, United States, 2005-2007, Suzanne M. Marks, Jennifer Flood, Barbara Seaworth, Yael Hirsch-Moverman, Lori Armstrong, Sundari Mase, Katya Salcedo, Peter Oh, Edward A. Graviss, Paul W. Colson, Lisa Armitige, Manuel Revuelta, Kathryn Sheeran, Tb Epidemiologic Studies Consortium

School of Medicine Faculty Publications and Presentations

To describe factors associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR), including extensively-drug-resistant (XDR), tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, we abstracted inpatient, laboratory, and public health clinic records of a sample of MDR TB patients reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from California, New York City, and Texas during 2005–2007. At initial diagnosis, MDR TB was detected in 94% of 130 MDR TB patients and XDR TB in 80% of 5 XDR TB patients. Mutually exclusive resistance was 4% XDR, 17% pre-XDR, 24% total first-line resistance, 43% isoniazid/rifampin/rifabutin-plus-other resistance, and 13% isoniazid/rifampin/rifabutin-only resistance. Nearly three-quarters of patients were hospitalized, 78% …

N-Substituted 5-Amino-6-Methylpyrazine-2,3-Dicarbonitriles: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis And Biological Properties, Aidan Coffey, Jiahui Guo, Et. Al.

Department of Biological Sciences Publications

In this work a series of 15 N-benzylamine substituted 5-amino-6-methyl-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles was prepared by the aminodehalogenation reactions using microwave assisted synthesis with experimentally set and proven conditions. This approach for the aminodehalogenation reaction was chosen due to its higher yields and shorter reaction times. The products of this reaction were characterized by IR, NMR and other analytical data. The compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal and herbicidal activity. Compounds 3 (R = 3,4-Cl), 9 (R = 2-Cl) and 11 (R = 4-CF3) showed good antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 6.25 µg/mL). It was found that the lipophilicity is …

Tuberculosis Of The Ankle: A Case Report, Drew Newhoff, Richard A. Miller

UNM Orthopaedic Research Journal

No abstract provided.

Millennium Developmental Goal 6 And The Trifecta Of Hiv/Aids, Malaria, And Tuberculosis In Africa: A Human Rights Analysis, Obiajulu Nnamuchi

Denver Journal of International Law & Policy

No abstract provided.

Apopo Annual Report 2014, Apopo

Global CWD Repository

APOPO is an organization geared for positive social impact through the energy and dedication of our people. In 2014, with over 800 staff we nurtured and supported new, diverse and passionate talent from all over the world. As Chairwoman of APOPO I am pleased to introduce you to them, as well as share with you the news of our successes and challenges.

Sustainability is integral to our work and we aim to improve people’s lives by breaking down the barriers to development. Testament to this is almost two and half million square meters of mine-free land we handed back in …

Novel Tuberculostatic Agents Suitable For Treatment Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections Of The Central Nervous System, Ronald Bartzatt, Preeti Sule, Suat L.G. Cirillo, Jeffrey D. Cirillo

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Aims: To demonstrate the efficacy of five small molecule compounds for inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To present evidence that these compounds will penetrate into the central nervous system.

Study Design: Five small molecule compounds bearing a hydrazide group were synthesized utilizing microwave excitation. These compounds were then placed into tissue culture with Mycobacterium tuberculosis at various concentrations for evaluation of bacterial growth inhibition.

Place and Duration of Study: The compounds to be tested were prepared at the University of Nebraska Chemistry Department August 2013. The evaluation of antibacterial activity was determined at the Texas A&M Health Science …

Role Of The Pkna And Pknb Kinases In Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Tripti Anandan

Wayne State University Dissertations

To respond to environmental changes, M. tuberculosis possesses eleven "eukaryotic-type" Ser/Thr protein kinases. The aim of the study described in this dissertation was to identify role of two of these kinases; PknA and PknB that are essential in M. tuberculosis. Two approaches are described to screen for potential in vivo substrates of PknA/PknB. First approach is based on proteomic search by over-expressing PknA/PknB in M. tuberculosis. Proteomic search led to identification of proteasome to be a substrate of PknA and PknB in M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the phosphorylation of PrcA and PrcB by PknA regulates processing of Pre-PrcB. …

Community Based Interventions For The Prevention And Control Of Tuberculosis, Ahmed Arshad, Rehana A. Salam, Zohra S. Lassi, Jai K. Das, Imama Naqvi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million people developed tuberculosis (TB) and 1.3 million died from the disease. With its recent resurgence with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); TB prevention and management has become further challenging. We systematically evaluated the effectiveness of community based interventions (CBI) for the prevention and treatment of TB and a total of 41 studies were identified for inclusion. Findings suggest that CBI for TB prevention and case detection showed significant increase in TB detection rates (RR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.92, 3.28) with non-significant impact on TB incidence. CBI for treating patients with active TB showed an …

Pentingnya Analisis Cluster Berbasis Spasial Dalam Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis Di Indonesia, Dyah Wulan Sumekar Rengganis Wardani, Lutfan Lazuardi, Hari Kusnanto

Kesmas

Pengendalian tuberkulosis telah meningkatkan angka kesembuhan dan menyelamatkan banyak jiwa, tetapi kurang berhasil menurunkan insiden tuberkulosis. Oleh karena itu, pengendalian tuberkulosis menekankan pada kebijakan determinan sosial karena determinan sosial secara langsung dan melalui faktor risiko tuberkulosis berpengaruh terhadap tuberkulosis. Hasil telaah literatur menunjukkan bahwa stratifikasi determinan sosial menyebabkan clustering tuberkulosis, berupa pengelompokkan penderita tuberkulosis menurut lokasi geografis yang secara statistik signifikan. Pengetahuan tentang clustering sangat bermanfaat dalam pengendalian tuberkulosis, khususnya untuk menurunkan insiden tuberkulosis karena dapat memberikan informasi tentang lokasi populasi yang berisiko. Selain itu, telaah literatur menunjukkan bahwa implementasi analisis spasial memerlukan dukungan sumber daya yang tidak sedikit. Oleh …

Tuberculosis In Nunavut: One Community's Initiative To Promote Awareness Through An Organized Community Health Fair, Dora Maria Carbonu

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Session presented on: Thursday, July 25, 2013:

Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, with a profound impact on the health of the population of Nunavut, where the highest number of 101 new active cases, were documented in 2010, a population rate 62 times the Canadian average, and involved adolescents and young adults. About 50% of the recorded cases were located in the capital city, placing a high demand on all sectors to enhance public health measures.

Methods: Evidence from one community's efforts to promote TB awareness, with related health behaviors, attitudes, and life styles, suggested that stigmatization …

An Epidemic Model Structured By The Time Since Last Infection, Jorge Alturo Alfaro Murillo

Open Access Dissertations

Epidemiological models structured by time since infection have their origin in the seminal work of 1927 by Kermack and McKendrick. Compared to ordinary differential equations (ODE) models, they are able to capture differences in infectivity of the individuals in a more suitable manner. Their use declined in the second half of the 20th century, probably because the theory for ODE models is more robust, complete and has proved successful in providing insights and predictions for many epidemiological problems. Nevertheless, it is important to understand in what occasions the inclusion of time since infection may alter the outcomes in a significant …

A Massive Tuberculosis Abscess At The Erector Spinae Muscles And Subcutaneous Tissues In A Young Man, Kawther T. Elshafie, Mustafa M. Al-Hinai, Hamdan A. Al-Hattali, Mohammed S., Osama Hassan, Rashid Al-Sukaiti

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous infection which can present in an atypical form. Isolated muscle involvement is very rare. We report a 25-year-old man who presented with a massive cystic swelling on the right side of his back, extending from the lower thoracic to the gluteal region. He had a history of contact with a friend who was suspected of having TB. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the origin of the cyst was from the erector spinae muscles. The result of a fluid aspirate showed acid fast bacilli. The swelling disappeared after treatment with anti-tuberculous medications. Muscular involvement …

Microbes, Individuals, And Medical Charity: Tuberculosis And The Remaking Of Liberal Individualism In Late 19th-Century Philadelphia, Carson Metzger

American Studies ETDs

For most of Western history, tuberculosis was an incurable disease--its victims, destined to die. However, in late-19th century Philadelphia, changes in science, public health, and medical charity contributed to a remaking of the disease. Through the experiments of the bacteriological laboratory, and the commitment of governmental and private resources to tuberculosis treatment, scientists and physicians would come to tout the disease's curability. By the beginning of the 20th century, the disease was transformed into a curable entity caused, not by an uncontrollable force of nature, but by an ostensibly containable microbe, the tubercle bacillus. This dissertation argues that this transformation …