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Completion Characteristics Of Non-Hispanic Blacks With Tuberculosis And Hiv, Vernard Darrell Green

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are difficult conditions to manage, in tandem they pose even more challenges to public health programs in identifying coinfection to ensure that all TB cases are treated to completion of therapy (COT). The purpose of this study was to test variables that predicted COT among the HIV/TB coinfected population of non-Hispanic, U.S.-born Blacks alive at the time of diagnosis. Social determinants of health were the theoretical foundation used to guide the study based on data from the Report of Verified Cases of TB (RVCT) between 2009 and 2014. Relationships were tested between ethnic/racial …

Patient Predictors Of Poor Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes In Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine, Omowunmi Aibana, Andrej Slavuckij, Mariya Bachmaha, Viatcheslav Krasiuk, Natasha Rybak, Timothy P Flanigan, Vasyl Petrenko, Megan B Murray

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Ukraine has high rates of poor treatment outcomes among drug sensitive tuberculosis (DSTB) patients, while global treatment success rates for DSTB remain high.

We evaluated baseline patient factors as predictors of poor DSTB treatment outcomes.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of new drug sensitive pulmonary TB patients treated in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine between November 2012 and October 2014. We defined good treatment outcomes as cure or completion and poor outcomes as death, default (lost to follow up) or treatment failure. We performed logistic regression analyses, using routine program data, to identify baseline patient factors associated with poor outcomes. …

Predictors Of Patients’ Adherence To Public – Private Mix Dots (Ppmd) Treatment, John Carlo Divina

CNU Journal of Higher Education

This study determines predictors of adherence to PPMD treatment. Grounded on Pender’s health promotion model, the descriptive correlational method is used. Thirty five adherent and 35 non-adherent respondents are chosen through simple random sampling. A validated and reliable researcher-made tool is administered and processed using discriminant analysis of the SPSS version 16. This study finds out that quality of health services (b=0.476, p=0.007) directly influences while income (b=-0.381, p=0.030) and perceived social stigma (b=-0.376, p=0.032) both inversely affect adherence. Patients’ adherence towards PPMD treatment is an interchange of the health care services, social and economic factors.

Clinical Care Of Incarcerated People With Hiv, Viral Hepatitis, Or Tuberculosis, Josiah D. Rich, Curt G. Beckwith, Alexandria Macmadu, Brandon D L Marshall, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Joseph J. Amon, M-J Milloy, Maximilian R F King, Jorge Sanchez, Lukoye Atwoli

Internal Medicine, East Africa

The burden of HIV/AIDS and other transmissible diseases is higher in prison and jail settings than in the non-incarcerated communities that surround them. In this comprehensive review, we discuss available literature on the topic of clinical management of people infected with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and tuberculosis in incarcerated settings in addition to co-occurrence of one or more of these infections. Methods such as screening practices and provision of treatment during detainment periods are reviewed to identify the effect of community-based treatment when returning inmates into the general population. Where data are available, we describe differences in the …

Artificial Intelligence And Amikacin Exposures Predictive Of Outcomes In Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients, Chawangwa Modongo, Jotam G. Pasipanodya, Shashikant Srivastava, Nicola Zetola, Scott Williams, Giorgio Sirugo, Tawanda Gumbo

Dartmouth Scholarship

Aminoglycosides such as amikacin continue to be part of the backbone of treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- TB). We measured amikacin concentrations in 28 MDR-TB patients in Botswana receiving amikacin therapy together with oral levofloxacin, ethionamide, cycloserine, and pyrazinamide and calculated areas under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 24 h (AUC0 –24). The patients were followed monthly for sputum culture conversion based on liquid cultures. The median duration of amikacin therapy was 184 (range, 28 to 866) days, at a median dose of 17.30 (range 11.11 to 19.23) mg/kg. Only 11 (39%) pa- tients had sputum culture conversion during …

Barriers To Pediatric And Youth Tuberculosis Treatment Initiation In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review, Brittney Jayne Sullivan, Bahar Emily Esmaili, Coleen Cunningham

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Session presented on Thursday, July 21, 2016 and Friday, July 22, 2016:

Purpose: Timely initiation and correct treatment of tuberculosis (TB) are critical to reduce disease transmission and improve patient outcomes. Barriers to treatment initiation exist at the patient- and system-level for adults and children; however, barriers to treatment initiation in younger individuals are less understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine patient- and system-level barriers to treatment initiation for pediatric and youth diagnosed with TB in sub-Saharan Africa through systematic review of the literature.

Methods: This review was conducted in October 2015 in accordance with the …

Challenges To Providing Patient-Centered Care For Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (Mdr-Tb) In South Africa, Ana Maria Kelly, Barbara Ann Smith, Jason E. Farley

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Session presented on Sunday, July 24, 2016:

Purpose: The incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is on the rise globally. MDR-TB takes a minimum of 2 years to treat and the treatment regimen produces many adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for further research on the treatment of community-based MDR-TB patients as care is being decentralized to outpatient settings. In the WHO's TB progress report for 2015, they note there is a dearth of literature about anti-TB drug-induced mortality, morbidity and loss in quality of life, particularly in low-resource settings. This study directly addresses this gap …

Effectiveness Of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy On The Incidence Of Tuberuculosi In People Living With Hiv In Rwanda, Marie Claire Uwamahoro

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Session presented on Sunday, July 24, 2016:

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of primary Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) on the incidence of active Tuberculosis (TB), in adult People Living with Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (PLHIV) in selected districts of Rwanda. Specifically the study was intended to (1) compare the incidence of active TB among adult PLHIV who took Isoniazid Preventive Therapy with those who did not take Isoniazid Preventive Therapy, (2) To identify the socio-demographic and clinical factors contributing to active tuberculosis in PLHIV on Isoniazid Preventive Therapy and (3) To compare the time of …

A Survey Of Tuberculosis Infection Control Practices At The Nih/Niaid/Daids-Supported Clinical Trial Sites In Low And Middle Income Countries., Catherine Godfrey, Gail Tauscher, Sally Hunsberger, Melissa Austin, Lesley Scott, Jeffrey T. Schouten, Anne F. Luetkemeyer, Constance Benson, Robert Coombs, Susan Swindells

Journal Articles: Infectious Diseases

BACKGROUND: Health care associated transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is well described. A previous survey of infection control (IC) practices at clinical research sites in low and middle income countries (LMIC) funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) conducting HIV research identified issues with respiratory IC practices. A guideline for TB IC based on international recommendations was developed and promulgated. This paper reports on adherence to the guideline at sites conducting or planning to conduct TB studies with the intention of supporting improvement.

METHODS: A survey was developed that assessed IC activities in three domains: facility …

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate In Patients With Positive Sputum For Afb And Negative Hiv Serological Test, Ahmad Hasan Raheem

Muthanna Medical Journal

The goals of this study are detection of the prevalence of ESR elevation in patients whosuffering from pulmonary tuberculosis with positive sputum for acid fast bacilli and negative serological test for HIV, and showingthe effect of normal ESR ondiagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis. 37 patients of pulmonary TB with sputum positive for AFB and negative serological test for HIV, were involved in this retrospective study over145 days,at major TB center of Al-Hillacity, Iraq.The Westergren method used for detection of ESR for all patients. Of the total 37 patients involved in this study 21(57%) were males and 16(43%) were females. The …

Cerebral Aspergillosis And Pulmonary Tuberculosis In A Child With Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Muhammad Waqas, Sidra Zafar, Tooba Rehman, Muhammed Riyaz, Muhammad Ehsan Bari, Romana Idress

Section of Neurosurgery

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immune disorder that affects phagocytes. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent bacterial and fungal infections. Reports of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with CGD are rare. In developing countries, where TB is endemic, possibility of other chronic infections is often overlooked by physicians.
Case description: We report the case of a 4-year-old boy who had recurrent respiratory infections and episodes of headache. He was put on antituberculosis (ATT) drugs without microbiological or pathological evidence 2 months prior to presentation. The child did not improve and was brought to our hospital where a computed …

The Germ Of Death Itself: A Study Of Tuberculosis And Community Education In Ghana, Brittany T. Peterson

Graduate Theses & Dissertations

Background: Tuberculosis remains a significant threat to global public health, despite advancements in treatment and detection in recent decades. Treatment regimens are unpleasant and time-consuming, particularly when the disease-causing strain is partially or completely drug-resistant. Approximately one-third of the global population is currently infected with tuberculosis, but the majority of these cases are dormant and non-contagious. These dormant cases are more difficult to diagnose, but if the immune system is compromised, as in the case of HIV/AIDS, the individual will transition to an active and contagious case of tuberculosis. Resistant strains are increasing around the world, making treatment of a …

Pulmonary Bcg Vaccination For Uniform Protection Against Tuberculosis In Environmental Mycobacteria Endemic Regions, Dominique Nicole Price

Biomedical Sciences ETDs

Currently, over one-third of the global population is infected with tuberculosis (TB), one of the world's most deadly infectious diseases. The current vaccine against TB, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is a live attenuated vaccine that is intradermally administered in over 150 countries around the world. Despite its widespread use, the vaccine has a variable protective efficacy of 0-80%, with the lowest efficacy rates in regions of the world where TB is most prevalent. This variability is partially due to environmental mycobacteria (EM) found in soil and water sources in areas of the world where BCG efficacy is poor. The research hypothesis …

Non-Essentiality Of Alr And Muri Genes In Mycobacteria, Philion L. Hoff, Denise Zinniel, Raúl G. Barletta

UCARE: Research Products

Amino acids are the building blocks of life. If DNA is the blueprint, amino acids are the lumber that proteins are built with. Proteins are built with left-handed, L- forms of amino acids. Bacteria have an essential cell wall component that happens to be an exception: peptidoglycan. Bacteria have enzymes called racemases that convert L- amino acid forms into right-handed, D- forms. Amino acids participate in many reactions with keto acids. Transaminases allow conversion between amino acids by transfer of an amino group.

Previous reports claimed there is no D-ala transaminase activity in mycobacteria and thus alr and murI genes …

Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis In A Bcg Vaccinated Child, Sandra Cecilia Esparza-Gonzalez, Pedro Enrique Trujillo-Hernandez, Angeles Villarreal-Reyna, Mauricio Salinas

Biennial Convention (CONV)

Session presented on Saturday, November 7, 2015 and Sunday, November 8, 2015:

Objective: Our aim was to analyze the epidemiology and evaluate clinical features (symptoms) to search efficient tools helping to diagnose extra-pulmonary and pulmonary childhood tuberculosis.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients aged less than 17 years, treated for active tuberculosis (TB) from January 2000 to January 2008 at Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez.

Result: Total of 45 patients with active TB were identified. Thirty- three children (73%) had extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB); the remaining had pulmonary TB (PTB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated mainly in the central …

An Examination Of The Distribution Of Diabetes Mellitus Among Tb Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis And Drug Resistant Tuberculosis In The State Of Florida, Usa., Mandzisi Mbongeni Mkhontfo

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is considered a disease of the past but it remains a major cause of mortality among immune compromised patients and continues to be a significant threat to public health globally. Notably, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased over the years. The biological link of TB and DM has been reported in numerous literature with DM attributed to three folds increase in the risk of TB and linked to Drug Resistant TB, especially amongst aged diabetic patients. The aim of the study was to examine the distribution of DM among TB patients and explore …

Toward Earlier Inclusion Of Pregnant And Postpartum Women In Tuberculosis Drug Trials: Consensus Statements From An International Expert Panel., Amita Gupta, Jyoti S. Mathad, Susan M. Abdel-Rahman, Jessica D. Albano, Radu Botgros, Vikki Brown, Renee S. Browning, Liza Dawson, Kelly E. Dooley, Devasena Gnanashanmugam, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Sonia Hernandez-Diaz, Patrick Jean-Philippe, Peter Kim, Anne D. Lyerly, Mark Mirochnick, Lynne M. Mofenson, Grace Montepiedra, Jeanna Piper, Leyla Sahin, Radojka Savic, Betsy Smith, Hans Spiegel, Soumya Swaminathan, D Heather Watts, Amina White

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Tuberculosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women of childbearing age (15-44 years). Despite increased tuberculosis risk during pregnancy, optimal clinical treatment remains unclear: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic data for many tuberculosis drugs are lacking, and trials of promising new tuberculosis drugs exclude pregnant women. To advance inclusion of pregnant and postpartum women in tuberculosis drug trials, the US National Institutes of Health convened an international expert panel. Discussions generated consensus statements (>75% agreement among panelists) identifying high-priority research areas during pregnancy, including: (1) preventing progression of latent tuberculosis infection, especially in women coinfected with human …

Apopo Annual Report 2016, Apopo

Global CWD Repository

APOPO is a global non-profit organization registered in Belgium that researches, develops and implements detection rat technology for humanitarian purposes. Detection rats, nicknamed HeroRATs, save lives by detecting landmines and tuberculosis. APOPO is headquartered in Tanzania and clears landmines in Mozambique, Angola and Cambodia, and soon in Zimbabwe. APOPO also detects tuberculosis in Tanzania and Mozambique and soon in Ethiopia. APOPO’s research and development center is based in Tanzania.

Risk Factors For Tuberculosis And Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Complications Among Foreign-Born Persons In Houston, Texas, James N. Isaboke

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading public health problem across the world. For various reasons, TB and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have increased. Clarification on TB/HIV co-infection and homelessness as risk factors for TB and MDR-TB is required to inform policy interventions to reduce TB-related morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In this quantitative study, data from the Houston Health Department (N = 341) were analyzed to explore the relationship between TB and MDR-TB outcomes and TB/HIV co-infection and type of housing/homelessness. Foreign-born persons are disproportionately affected in the United States. The socio-ecological model provided a theoretical framework for the investigation. Multiple and …

Four Compounds Suppressing Growth Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Ronald Bartzatt, Preeti Sule, Woojung Kim, Jeffrey D. Cirillo

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Aims: To demonstrate the efficacy of several small molecular weight compounds having hydrazide groups, for inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To show these same compounds have favorable drug-likeness properties.

Study Design: To synthesize tuberculostats and test their antibacterial activity in-vitro.

Place and Duration of Study: University of Nebraska, Durham Science Center, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha NE 68182, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, 8447 State Hwy 47, Medical Research and Education Building, Room #3012, Bryan, TX 7780. From January 2015 to June 2015.

Methodology: Hydrazide groups were formed by covalently bonding hydrazine …

Differences In Treatment-Seeking And Treatment-Adherence Factors For Tuberculosis In Armenian Versus Non-Armenian Populations Of Los Angeles County, Tanya Marie Ferguson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly, yet curable, infectious disease that continues to be a global health threat. Armenia suffers from rising TB incidence and mortality rates. Armenians living in Los Angeles (LA) County, where TB incidence is higher than national averages, is the second largest Armenian community in the world; therefore implications are that many TB cases are attributed to this group. Using the social ecological model as a theoretical framework, this concurrent, mixed-methods study compared Armenians to non-Armenians in LA County about their knowledge of TB and perceived barriers to seeking and adhering to treatment. Bivariate chi-square analysis from …

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lineage 4 Comprises Globally Distributed And Geographically Restricted Sublineages, David Stucki, Daniela Brites, Leïla Jeljeli, Mireia Coscolla, Gunturu Revathi

Pathology, East Africa

Generalist and specialist species differ in the breadth of their ecological niches. Little is known about the niche width of obligate human pathogens. Here we analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 clinical isolates, the most geographically widespread cause of human tuberculosis. We show that lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages, suggesting a distinction between generalists and specialists. Population genomic analyses showed that, whereas the majority of human T cell epitopes were conserved in all sublineages, the proportion of variable epitopes was higher in generalists. Our data further support a European origin for the most …

Nutritional Status And Tuberculosis Risk In Adult And Pediatric Household Contacts, Omowunmi Aibana, Xeno Acharya, Chuan-Chin Huang, Mercedes C Becerra, Jerome T Galea, Silvia S Chiang, Carmen Contreras, Roger Calderon, Rosa Yataco, Gustavo E Velásquez, Karen Tintaya, Judith Jimenez, Leonid Lecca, Megan B Murray

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Studies show obesity decreases risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease. There is limited evidence on whether high body mass index also protects against TB infection; how very high body mass indices influence TB risk; or whether nutritional status predicts this risk in children. We assessed the impact of body mass index on incident TB infection and disease among adults and children.

METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a prospective cohort study among household contacts of pulmonary TB cases in Lima, Peru. We determined body mass index at baseline and followed participants for one year for TB infection and disease. We used …

Best Practices For Controlling Tuberculosis - Training In Correctional Facilities: A Mixed Methods Evaluation, Ellen Reynolds Murray

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

According to the literature, identifying and treating tuberculosis (TB) in correctional facilities have been problematic for the inmates and also for the communities into which inmates are released. The importance of training those who can identify this disease early into incarceration is vital to halt the transmission. Although some training has been done by public health authorities for corrections, there is little to no evaluation of such training. The aim of this mixed methods retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a training to control TB in correctional facilities. The Southeastern National Tuberculosis Center (SNTC) conducted 12 trainings between …

The Impact Of Social Determinants On Tuberculosis Incidence Trends In New Jersey, Thomas Larry Brown

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Social determinants have impacted disease states. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of social determinants on the incidence of tuberculosis over a 20-year period for the state of New Jersey to determine interventions that can be developed for the state. The epidemiological triad (host-agent-environment) served as the theoretical foundation for this study. A quantitative series of cross sectional analyses were performed using secondary data from a New Jersey Department of Health database on population tuberculosis incidence for the state. Categorical data analyses were used to describe the data. According to study results, certain social determinants; such …

Guide To Ms603 Pan American Health Organization (Paho), Carrie-Ann Chavez

Finding Aids

The ultimate goal of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and its sister institution, the United States-Mexico Border Health Association (USMBHA), was to better health education, health, and the environment in the border region. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) U.S.-Mexico Border Field Office records date from 1942 to 2014. The records consist of publications, constitution and by- laws, minutes, slides and other media, and posters. Records are in Spanish and English.

Development Of A T7 Phage Display Library To Detect Sarcoidosis And Tuberculosis By A Panel Of Novel Antigens, Harvinder Talwar, Rita Rosati, Jia Li, Dana Kissner, Samiran Ghosh, Félix Fernández-Madrid, Lobelia Samavati

Public Health Sciences Articles

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disease, diagnosed through tissue biopsy of involved organs in the absence of other causes such as tuberculosis (TB). No specific serologic test is available to diagnose and differentiate sarcoidosis from TB. Using a high throughput method, we developed a T7 phage display cDNA library derived from mRNA isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and leukocytes of sarcoidosis patients. This complex cDNA library was biopanned to obtain 1152 potential sarcoidosis antigens and a microarray was constructed to immunoscreen two different sets of sera from healthy controls and sarcoidosis. Meta-analysis identified 259 discriminating sarcoidosis antigens, and multivariate …

Masking Tuberculosis Patients, James Bowen, Austin Greenwood

Graduate Research Projects

Authors proposed a study to determine what effect a non-fit-tested patient-worn surgical mask has on inpatient tuberculosis transmission rates as compared to no mask usage.

Molecular Modeling And Insilico Characterization Of Mutations Associated With Multiple Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (Mdr-Tb) And Extensive Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (Xdr-Tb), Sravanthi Joginipelli

Theses and Dissertations

The increasing emergence of multiple and extensive drug resistant tuberculosis poses a significant threat to effective control of tuberculosis (TB) globally. Resistance is a serious threat in the battle against the treatment and eradication of Tuberculosis. The continuing rise in tuberculosis incidence and the problem of drug resistance strains have prompted the research on developing new drug candidates and understanding the mechanism of drug resistance. Highly frequent mutations in gene sequence of mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified and were used to understand the mechanism of resistance and were computationally modeled to identify potential drug candidates for the treatment of MDR-TB and …

Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Tuberculosis: Implications In Settings With Weak Healthcare Systems, Kauser Jabeen, Sadia Shakoor, Rumina Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Fluoroquinolones (FQ) play an essential role in the treatment and control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). They are also being evaluated as part of newer regimens under development for drug-sensitive TB. As newer FQ-based regimens are explored, knowledge of FQ resistance data from high TB burden countries becomes essential. We examine available FQ resistance data from high TB burden countries and demonstrate the need for comprehensive surveys to evaluate FQ resistance in these countries. The factors driving FQ resistance in such conditions and the cost of such resistance to weak healthcare systems are discussed. The need for a comprehensive policy for …