Digital Commons Network^™

Multivariate Analysis Approach To Factor-Affected Tuberculosis Disease, Zuli Agustina Gultom, Farid Akbar Siregar, Mahardika Abdi Prawira Tanjung, Al-Hamidy Hazidar

Knowledge Engineering and Data Science

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by infection with the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Tuberculosis attack organ besides the lung, such as the pleura, lining of the brain, lining of the heart, lymph gland, bones, joint, skin, intestines, kidney, urinary tract, and genital. This disease is found in densely populated settlements with poor sanitation, lack of ventilation and sunlight and lack of rest. Moreover, the factors that will be analyzed in this research are Population Density (X1), Number of HIV/AIDS (X2), number of toddlers who experience nutrition (X3), Number of toddlers who experience BCG immunization (X4), number of toddlers who get exclusive …

Emerging Bedaquiline-Resistant Tuberculosis, Christoph Lange, Anca Vasiliu, Anna M Mandalakas

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Development Of An Evidence-Based Tool To Assess The Relative Vulnerability Of Different Communities To Tuberculosis, Slamet Isworo, Sri Handayani, Reece Hinchcliff, Zainal Arifin Hasibuan

Kesmas

Identifying specific tuberculosis (TB) vulnerabilities in populations based on their geographical, demographic, and epidemiological characteristics is anessential yet challenging requirement to help reduce and eliminate TB. Assessment tools that can accurately quantify the risks associated with key factorscould be used to measure TB vulnerability efficiently and indicate the most appropriate range of interventions. This study aimed to develop TB vulnerability assessment tools based on a TB vulnerability assessment conceptual framework developed with Leximancer. Three steps to produce the tools were facetanalysis, interpreting the facet to create a list of questions, and expert judgment to confirm the suitability of the questionnaire. …

Investigation Of Electron Transfer In The Ksha-Kshb-R286a Protein Complex From Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Elyse Tavares

Honors Program Theses and Projects

With drug-resistant bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis being a serious public health problem, infected individuals have minimal treatment options. By investigating the electron transfer within 3-ketosteroid-9��-hydroxylase (KshAB), a protein involved in the energy production pathway of this bacteria, it will allow for potential inhibitors of this enzyme to be designed as antibiotics against tuberculosis. The purpose of this project is to stop the interaction between the KshA and KshB complexes to prevent the bacteria from gaining energy by breaking down steroids like cholesterol. To achieve this goal, an arginine at the 286th position of the KshB protein was mutated to …

Mechanopathology Of Biofilm-Like Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Cords, Richa Mishra, Melanie Hannebelle, Vishal P Patil, Anaëlle Dubois, Cristina Garcia-Mouton, Gabriela M Kirsch, Maxime Jan, Kunal Sharma, Nicolas Guex, Jessica Sordet-Dessimoz, Jesus Perez-Gil, Manu Prakash, Graham W Knott, Neeraj Dhar, John D Mckinney, Vivek V Thacker

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cultured axenically without detergent forms biofilm-like cords, a clinical identifier of virulence. In lung-on-chip (LoC) and mouse models, cords in alveolar cells contribute to suppression of innate immune signaling via nuclear compression. Thereafter, extracellular cords cause contact-dependent phagocyte death but grow intercellularly between epithelial cells. The absence of these mechanopathological mechanisms explains the greater proportion of alveolar lesions with increased immune infiltration and dissemination defects in cording-deficient Mtb infections. Compression of Mtb lipid monolayers induces a phase transition that enables mechanical energy storage. Agent-based simulations demonstrate that the increased energy storage capacity is sufficient for the formation …

Unmasking The Common Thief: A Rare Cause Of Isolated Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy, Abul Hasan Shadali Abdul Khader, Barath Prashanth Sivasubramanian, Diviya Bharathi Ravikumar, Nithyalakshmi Rajkumar, Gokul Rajakannu, Raghavendra Tirupathi

Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives

Multiple cranial nerve palsies frequently accompany hypoglossal nerve palsy, potentially indicating malignancy, such as lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or metastases. However, when solely the hypoglossal nerve is affected, the causes may involve Chiari malformation, arachnoid cyst, or infectious mononucleosis, suggesting a positive prognosis. Craniocervical junction tuberculosis (TB), is an uncommon cause of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy and has been reported infrequently in the literature. Craniocervical junction tuberculosis accounts for only 0.5% of TB cases overall and 6% of extra-pulmonary TB cases. We present here one such case of a 17-year-old male of Indian origin with a subacute history of tongue deviation …

Tuberculosis Screening In Migrants To The Eu/Eea And Uk, Niklas Köhler, Anca Vasiliu, Anna Maria Mandalakas, Leonardo Martinez, Christoph Lange

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Carrying The Rifampicin Drug-Resistance-Conferring Rpob Mutation H445y Is Associated With Suppressed Immunity Through Type I Interferons, Suhas Bobba, Nicole C Howard, Shibali Das, Mushtaq Ahmed, Linrui Tang, Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu, Michelle H Larsen, Barun Mathema, Maziar Divangahi, Shabaana A Khader

2020-Current year OA Pubs

This study highlights the impact of specific rifampicin-resistance-conferring mutations on the host immune response to

Tuberculosis Presentation And Outcomes In Older Hispanic Adults From Tamaulipas, Mexico, Belinda Medrano, Miryoung Lee, Gretchen L. Gemeinhardt, Javier E. Rodríguez-Herrera, Moncerrato García-Viveros, Blanca I. Restrepo

School of Medicine Publications

Older people are at high risk of developing and dying from pulmonary infections like tuberculosis (TB), but there are few studies among them, particularly in Hispanics. To address these gaps, we sought to identify host factors associated with TB and adverse treatment outcomes in older Hispanics by conducting a cross-sectional study of TB surveillance data from Tamaulipas, Mexico (2006–2013; n = 8381). Multivariable logistic regressions were assessed for older adults (OA ≥65 years) when compared to young (YA, 18–39 years) and middle-aged adults (40–64 years). We found that the OA had features associated with a less complicated TB (e.g., lower …

Tuberculosis Presentation And Outcomes In Older Hispanic Adults From Tamaulipas, Mexico, Belinda A Medrano, Miryoung Lee, Gretchen Gemeinhardt, Javier E Rodríguez-Herrera, Moncerrato García-Viveros, Blanca I Restrepo

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Older people are at high risk of developing and dying from pulmonary infections like tuberculosis (TB), but there are few studies among them, particularly in Hispanics. To address these gaps, we sought to identify host factors associated with TB and adverse treatment outcomes in older Hispanics by conducting a cross-sectional study of TB surveillance data from Tamaulipas, Mexico (2006-2013; n = 8381). Multivariable logistic regressions were assessed for older adults (OA ≥65 years) when compared to young (YA, 18-39 years) and middle-aged adults (40-64 years). We found that the OA had features associated with a less complicated TB (e.g., lower …

Metabolomic Insights Into Tuberculosis: Machine Learning Approaches For Biomarker Identification, Miftahul Khair Akbar, Arief Aulia Rahman

Indonesian Journal of Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics

The lung parenchyma is largely impacted by the infectious condition known as pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary TB) when the immune system creates a wall around the germs in the lungs, a tiny, hard bulge known as a tubercle develops, earning the disease the name tuberculosis. Although the majority of TB germs target the lungs, they can also harm other bodily organs. The identification of TB biomarkers, which are crucial for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, risk analysis, and prognosis, has been the subject of extensive research. Differences in metabolites between normal cells and tuberculosis are considered to be able to support the diagnosis …

A Validated Stability-Indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Method For The Evaluation Of Extemporaneous Compounded Formulations Prepared From Isoniazid Substances And Tablets, Sudaporn Wongwan, Nithima Kharomprat, Suporn Charumanee, Nantaka Khorana

The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objectives: The objectives of the study are to develop and validate a stability-indicating method for evaluating the stability of extemporaneous oral liquid formulations containing 50 mg/mL isoniazid (INH) prepared from INH drug substances and INH tablets. Materials and Methods: The optimized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions included a C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, a column temperature of 30°C, and a detection wavelength of 254 nm. The separations were performed using a gradient HPLC system, employing acetonitrile and water as the mobile phases. The method was validated according to …

Tuberculosis Incidence In Foreign-Born People Residing In European Countries In 2020, Anca Vasiliu, Niklas Köhler, Ekkehardt Altpeter, Tinna Rán Ægisdóttir, Marina Amerali, Wouter Arrazola De Oñate, Ágnes Bakos, Stefania D'Amato, Daniela Maria Cirillo, Reinout Van Crevel, Edita Davidaviciene, Irène Demuth, Jose Domínguez, Raquel Duarte, Gunar Günther, Jean-Paul Guthmann, Sophia Hatzianastasiou, Louise Hedevang Holm, Zaida Herrador, Urška Hribar, Conny Huberty, Elmira Ibraim, Sarah Jackson, Mogens Jensenius, Kamilla Sigridur Josefsdottir, Anders Koch, Maria Korzeniewska-Kosela, Liga Kuksa, Heinke Kunst, Christian Lienhardt, Beatrice Mahler, Mateja Janković Makek, Inge Muylle, Johan Normark, Analita Pace-Asciak, Goranka Petrović, Despo Pieridou, Giulia Russo, Olena Rzhepishevska, Helmut J F Salzer, Marta Sá Marques, Daniela Schmid, Ivan Solovic, Mariya Sukholytka, Petra Svetina, Mariya Tyufekchieva, Tuula Vasankari, Piret Viiklepp, Kersti Villand, Jiri Wallenfels, Stefan Wesolowski, Anna-Maria Mandalakas, Leonardo Martinez, Dominik Zenner, Christoph Lange, Tbnet

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background

European-specific policies for tuberculosis (TB) elimination require identification of key populations that benefit from TB screening.

Aim

We aimed to identify groups of foreign-born individuals residing in European countries that benefit most from targeted TB prevention screening.

Methods

The Tuberculosis Network European Trials group collected, by cross-sectional survey, numbers of foreign-born TB patients residing in European Union (EU) countries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 from the 10 highest ranked countries of origin in terms of TB cases in each country of residence. Tuberculosis incidence rates (IRs) in countries of residence were compared with countries …

Predicting Pediatric Tuberculosis: The Need For Age-Specific Host Biosignatures, Sara Suliman, Devan Jaganath, Andrew Dinardo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Mortality, Survivorship, And Institutionalization: Demographic Analysis Of The Mississippi State Asylum In Context, Taylor A. Emery

Theses and Dissertations

This study analyzed demographic differences and differential mortality between the Mississippi State Asylum (MSA) and the state of Mississippi. Using census records, Biennial Reports, death certificates, and vital statistics from the Mississippi State Board of Health, statistical methods including Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard analysis were employed to explore significant differences in population demographics, hazard of death, and survivorship in general and with tuberculosis. Key results include proportionally more females in the MSA, increased hazard of death/decreased survivorship within the MSA compared to the State, and increased hazard of death/decreased survivorship for Black/AA individuals compared to their White/EA …

The Challenges Of Diagnosing Tuberculous Meningitis And Importance Of Early Intervention, Alex Ashkin, David Lindner

Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives

Background: Reported is a patient found to have miliary TB seeding the lungs and brain with CNS involvement resulting in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). False security in laboratory studies that lack adequate sensitivity resulted in delay of therapy which may have negatively impacted the patient’s outcome. This case report aims to emphasize the importance of early initiation of therapy when clinical suspicion remains high despite initially negative diagnostic studies. Case presentation: 52 year old female originally from Guatemala presented headache, neck pain, vomiting and photophobia. CT of the chest showed numerous submillimeter sized bilateral lung nodules, with scattered calcifications. IGRA of …

Secondary Spontaneous Tension Pneumothorax: A Case Report Of An Uncommon Presentation Of Post-Tuberculosis Sequelae, Herick Alvenus Willim

The New Ropanasuri Journal of Surgery

Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top life-threatening infectious diseases worldwide. Even after completion of treatment, numerous patients had post-TB sequelae as a consequence of lung damage during TB infection. We reported an uncommon case of secondary spontaneous tension pneumothorax in a patient with post-TB sequelae.

Case Presentation. A 68-year-old smoker man presented with sudden shortness of breath since 2 hours ago. He had a history of pulmonary TB 15 years ago which had completed antituberculosis treatment and had been experiencing symptoms associated with post-TB sequelae for the last 1 year. Physical examinations and chest X-ray showed tension pneumothorax. …

Poly(Adp-Ribose) Polymerase 9 Mediates Early Protection Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection By Regulating Type I Ifn Production, Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu, Mushtaq Ahmed, Bruce A. Rosa, Mark Boothby, Sung Hoon Cho, Javier Rangel-Moreno, Stanley K. Mbandi, Valérie Schreiber, Ananya Gupta, Joaquin Zuniga, Makedonka Mitreva, Deepak Kaushal, Thomas J. Scriba, Shabaana A. Khader

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The ADP ribosyltransferases (PARPs 1-17) regulate diverse cellular processes, including DNA damage repair. PARPs are classified on the basis of their ability to catalyze poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) or mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation). Although PARP9 mRNA expression is significantly increased in progressive tuberculosis (TB) in humans, its participation in host immunity to TB is unknown. Here, we show that PARP9 mRNA encoding the MARylating PARP9 enzyme was upregulated during TB in humans and mice and provide evidence of a critical modulatory role for PARP9 in DNA damage, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) expression, and type I IFN production during TB. Thus, Parp9-deficient mice were susceptible …

Deficiency In Galectin-3, -8, And -9 Impairs Immunity To Chronic Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection But Not Acute Infection With Multiple Intracellular Pathogens, Huntly M. Morrison, Wandy L. Beatty, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Macrophages employ an array of pattern recognition receptors to detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens that access the cytosol. The cytosolic carbohydrate sensors Galectin-3, -8, and -9 (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) recognize damaged pathogen-containing phagosomes, and Gal-3 and Gal-8 are reported to restrict bacterial growth via autophagy in cultured cells. However, the contribution of these galectins to host resistance during bacterial infection in vivo remains unclear. We found that Gal-9 binds directly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Stm) and localizes to Mtb in macrophages. To determine the combined contribution of membrane damage-sensing galectins to immunity, we generated …

Autophagy Prevents Early Proinflammatory Responses And Neutrophil Recruitment During Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Without Affecting Pathogen Burden In Macrophages, Rachel L. Kinsella, Jacqueline M. Kimmey, Asya Smirnov, Reilly Woodson, Margaret R. Gaggioli, Sthefany M. Chavez, Darren Kreamalmeyer, Christina L. Stallings

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection determines tuberculosis disease outcomes, yet we have an incomplete understanding of what immune factors contribute to a protective immune response. Neutrophilic inflammation has been associated with poor disease prognosis in humans and in animal models during M. tuberculosis infection and, therefore, must be tightly regulated. ATG5 is an essential autophagy protein that is required in innate immune cells to control neutrophil-dominated inflammation and promote survival during M. tuberculosis infection; however, the mechanistic basis for how ATG5 regulates neutrophil recruitment is unknown. To interrogate what innate immune cells require ATG5 to control neutrophil recruitment …

A Pilot Project For Tuberculosis Education In College Students, Sarah Williams

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Manuscripts

Background: San Diego’s Tuberculosis (TB) incidence is more than double the national rate. The majority of cases of active TB are due to the progression of latent TB infection (LTBI).

Objectives: This evidence-based practice (EBP) project aimed to increase knowledge, awareness, and improve attitudes and practices regarding TB among college students.

Participants: Twenty Community College Students in San Diego participated in the project.

Methods: Students attended an in-person educational session. A pre-post knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) questionnaire measured the impact.

Results: The intervention improved knowledge and attitudes. The average post-intervention TB knowledge score was 95.8% compared to 57% …

Transmission Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis To Healthcare Personnel Resulting From Contaminated Bone Graft Material, United States, June 2021–August 2022, Ruoran Li, Molly Deutsch-Feldman, Tamasin Adams, Michelle Law, Chinpar Biak, Erika Pitcher, Marci Drees, Alfonso C Hernandez-Romieu, Thomas D Filardo, Tracina Cropper, Angelica Martinez, W Wyatt Wilson, Sandy P Althomsons, Sapna Bamrah Morris, Jonathan M Wortham, Isaac Benowitz, Noah G Schwartz, Kelly White, Maryam B Haddad, Janet B Glowicz, Bone Allograft Tuberculosis Investigators

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

A nationwide tuberculosis outbreak linked to a viable bone allograft product contaminated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in June 2021. Our subsequent investigation identified 73 healthcare personnel with new latent tuberculosis infection following exposure to the contaminated product, product recipients, surgical instruments, or medical waste.

Implementation Of Health Communication In Tb Management In Indonesia, Olih Solihin, Djuara P. Lubis, Pudji Muljono, Siti Amanah

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in Indonesia despite various efforts to combat it. TB is the leading cause of death in Indonesia and requires more comprehensive action, including in health communication. Indonesia ranks second after India in the number of TB cases and fourth in TB deaths in Asia. Efforts to address TB in Indonesia continue, including the implementation of more comprehensive prevention and treatment programs and effective health communication campaigns. However, the implementation of health communication in TB management in Indonesia still faces challenges such as infrastructure, policy, human resources, and community participation. Evaluation of the effectiveness …

Clinical Implications Of Molecular Drug Resistance Testing For Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A 2023 Tbnet/Resist-Tb Consensus Statement, José Domínguez, Martin J Boeree, Emmanuelle Cambau, Dumitru Chesov, Francesca Conradie, Vivian Cox, Keertan Dheda, Andrii Dudnyk, Maha R Farhat, Sebastien Gagneux, Martin P Grobusch, Matthias I Gröschel, Lorenzo Guglielmetti, Irina Kontsevaya, Berit Lange, Frank Van Leth, Christian Lienhardt, Anna M Mandalakas, Florian P Maurer, Matthias Merker, Paolo Miotto, Barbara Molina-Moya, Florence Morel, Stefan Niemann, Nicolas Veziris, Andrew Whitelaw, Charles R Horsburgh, Christoph Lange

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a substantial health-care concern worldwide. Despite culture-based methods being considered the gold standard for drug susceptibility testing, molecular methods provide rapid information about the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations associated with resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. This consensus document was developed on the basis of a comprehensive literature search, by the TBnet and RESIST-TB networks, about reporting standards for the clinical use of molecular drug susceptibility testing. Review and the search for evidence included hand-searching journals and searching electronic databases. The panel identified studies that linked mutations in genomic regions of M tuberculosis with treatment outcome data. Implementation of molecular …

Ferroptosis Hijacking By Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Boyi Gan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

A recent study from Nature Communications reveals that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can hijack epigenetic machinery in host cells and induce host cell ferroptosis, which promotes pathogen pathogenicity and spread. These findings also suggest new therapeutic strategies to treat tuberculosis.

Implementation Of Evidence-Based Multiple Focus Integrated Intensified Tb Screening To End Tb (Exit-Tb) Package In East Africa: A Qualitative Study, Kahabi Isangula, Doreen Philbert, Florence Ngari, Tigest Ajeme, Godfather Kimaro, Getnet Yimer, Nicholaus P. Mnyambwa, Winters Muttamba, Irene Najjingo, Aman Wilfred

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We qualitatively evaluated the implementation of an Evidence-Based Multiple Focus Integrated Intensified TB Screening package (EXIT-TB) in the East African region, aimed at increasing TB case detection and number of patients receiving care.

Objective We present the accounts of participants from Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia regarding the implementation of EXIT-TB, and suggestions for scaling up.

Methods A qualitative descriptive design was used to gather insights from purposefully selected healthcare workers, community health workers, and other stakeholders. A total of 27, 13, 14, and 19 …

Single Cell Preparations Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Damage The Mycobacterial Envelope And Disrupt Macrophage Interactions, Ekansh Mittal, Andrew T Roth, Anushree Seth, Srikanth Singamaneni, Wandy Beatty, Jennifer A Philips

2020-Current year OA Pubs

For decades, investigators have studied the interaction of

From Tuberculosis Bedside To Bench: Ube2b Splicing As A Potential Biomarker And Its Regulatory Mechanism, Mengyuan Lyu, Jian Zhou, Yanbing Zhou, Weelic Chong, Wei Xu, Hongli Lai, Lu Niu, Yang Hai, Xiaojun Yao, Sheng Gong, Qinglan Wang, Yi Chen, Yili Wang, Liyu Chen, Ganzi People's Hospital, Jiongjiong Zeng, Chengdi Wang, Binwu Ying

Student Papers, Posters & Projects

Alternative splicing (AS) is an important approach for pathogens and hosts to remodel transcriptome. However, tuberculosis (TB)-related AS has not been sufficiently explored. Here we presented the first landscape of TB-related AS by long-read sequencing, and screened four AS events (S100A8-intron1-retention intron, RPS20-exon1-alternaitve promoter, KIF13B-exon4-skipping exon (SE) and UBE2B-exon7-SE) as potential biomarkers in an in-house cohort-1. The validations in an in-house cohort-2 (2274 samples) and public datasets (1557 samples) indicated that the latter three AS events are potential promising biomarkers for TB diagnosis, but not for TB progression and prognosis. The excellent performance of classifiers further underscored the diagnostic value …

Optimizing Dna Extraction From Pediatric Stool For Diagnosis Of Tuberculosis And Use In Next-Generation Sequencing Applications, Tara E Ness, Lennard Meiwes, Alexander Kay, Rojelio Mejia, Christoph Lange, Maha Farhat, Anna Mandalakas, Andrew Dinardo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The WHO has endorsed the use of stool samples for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children, and targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) of stool has been shown to support diagnosis and provide information about drug susceptibility (DS). Optimizing extraction of DNA from stool for sequencing is critical to ensure high diagnostic sensitivity and accurate DS information. Human stool samples were spiked with various concentrations of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and DNA was extracted from the samples using four different DNA extraction kits. Each sample was subjected to quantitative PCR for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria and underwent further analysis to …

Incidence Of Registered Tuberculosis In Nineveh Governorate, A Case Study: Incidence Of Registered Tuberculosis In Nineveh Governorate, A Case Study, Rafia Alnuaim, Nabaa Al-Jawadi, Liqaa Almoosa

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine

Background After data has been sorted, statistical analysis is used to compare it. Statistical analysis was used to compare tuberculosis data from two different and distinct years in order to determine the extent of the development of this disease._x000D_ Aim This study aimed to estimate the annual incidence of registered tuberculosis cases in the Nineveh Governorate before and after the (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. These injuries were compared with data on this disease recorded in Iraq, neighboring countries, and the world. To investigate the personal characteristics and fate of diagnosed patients was yet another aim._x000D_ Methods Data on diagnosed tuberculosis patients …