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The Occurrence Of Cadmium In Seawater And In Marine Organisms And Sediments, J. B. Mullin, J. P. Riley Jan 1956

The Occurrence Of Cadmium In Seawater And In Marine Organisms And Sediments, J. B. Mullin, J. P. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Methods have been developed for determining cadmium in seawater, marine organisms, and marine sediments. The procedure, based on the dithizone extraction method of Saltzman, is capable of detecting less than 10 mµg of the element and can be used for determining cadmium in silicate rocks; only thallium interferes. To confirm the presence of cadmium and to ensure freedom from contamination, the dithizone extracts were examined spectrographically.

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Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt Jan 1956

Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt

Journal of Marine Research

Inorganic phosphate and total phosphorus were determined during 1950 in Great Pond, Massachusetts. Except in deeper water during summer, the concentration of inorganic phosphate was less in Great Pond than in its sources of fresh and salt waters. In summer the total phosphorus concentration was greater in the Pond than in the Sound or River, this being particularly so in deep water of the Pond....

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Echo Traces Associated With Thermoclines, D. H. Cushing, A. J. Lee, I. D. Richardson Jan 1956

Echo Traces Associated With Thermoclines, D. H. Cushing, A. J. Lee, I. D. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Echoes received from the depth of the thermocline in Windermere, the North Sea, the Barents Sea and off Spitsbergen have been associated with aggregations of plankton organisms: zooplankton at a density of 25/litre in Windermere and phytoplankton at a density of 100,000 cells/litre (Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros sp.) in the Barents Sea.

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A Light-Scattering Diagram, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1956

A Light-Scattering Diagram, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

A diagram is presented which shows the light scattering effectiveness of small particles when they are suspended in water. The effective scattering is plotted as a function of the radius of the particles (0.005 to 5 µ), of the wave length of the energy being scattered (0.35 to 0.8 µ), and of the relative refractive index of the material in the particle when compared to water (1.02 to 1.40). The diagram covers the range of variables for most fine materials which are found suspended in natural waters.

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Plankton Pigment Nomographs, A. C. Duxbury, Charles S. Yentsch Jan 1956

Plankton Pigment Nomographs, A. C. Duxbury, Charles S. Yentsch

Journal of Marine Research

Nomographs for computing the amounts of plankton pigments aa determined by the spectrophotometric method have been constructed. The methods used for alignment and scaling are discUBSed. The use of the nomographs shortens computation time considerably.

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The Laminariaceae Off North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands; Changes From 1947 To 1955, F. T. Walker, W. D. Richardson Jan 1956

The Laminariaceae Off North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands; Changes From 1947 To 1955, F. T. Walker, W. D. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Changes in the crops of Laminariaceae over a number of years around Scotland have been investigated. This paper summarises the results of five surveys carried out in 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1955 in North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands. Considerable losses were found between 1947 and 1952, but thereafter recovery commenced and has continued. Some of the ecological factors are analysed and discussed.

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Quantitative Effect Of The Sun's Position On Submarine Light Polarization, Talbot H. Waterman, William E. Westell Jan 1956

Quantitative Effect Of The Sun's Position On Submarine Light Polarization, Talbot H. Waterman, William E. Westell

Journal of Marine Research

Over 1,000 measurements of the degree and plane of submarine light polarization have been made in littoral waters at depths of 3 to 41m. Using special polarimetric instruments, these parameters were visually measured mainly in horizontal lines of sight at times ranging from sunrise to sunset. Tests showed that observational errors were within ± 5° for the polarization plane, ± 5% for per cent polarization....

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Effect Of Wind On Salinity Distribution In An Estuary, John P. Barlow Jan 1956

Effect Of Wind On Salinity Distribution In An Estuary, John P. Barlow

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution of salinity in a small tidal estuary, Great Pond, through a period of over a year is described. The numerous important variations in salinity, both seasonal and short-term, cannot be attributed to tides or to day-to-day changes in the supply of fresh water. It is shown that they are related to day-to-day changes in wind force and direction and that the general seasonal change in average salinity is related to a general seasonal change in prevailing winds.

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Substandard Reference Solutions In Chlorinity Determinations By The Knudsen Method, James W. Mcgary Jan 1955

Substandard Reference Solutions In Chlorinity Determinations By The Knudsen Method, James W. Mcgary

Journal of Marine Research

It is shown that natural sea water of any chlorinity may be used as a reference solution in the Knudsen method. The proper correction to apply to burette readings of samples can be obtained by means of the fundamental stoichiometric relationship used in computing the "Table of Titration." A table of values for the construction of graphs from which the corrections can be obtained and a sample graph are included.

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Salt Budget In The Lake Washington Ship Canal System, Maurice Rattray Jr., G. R. Seckel, C. A. Barnes Jan 1955

Salt Budget In The Lake Washington Ship Canal System, Maurice Rattray Jr., G. R. Seckel, C. A. Barnes

Journal of Marine Research

Salt water enters the freshwater system of Lake Washington, Montlake Canal, Lake Union, Fremont Canal, and Salmon Bay through the U.S. Government Locks at Ballard….

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Notes On The Precision Of A Modified Routine Nitrate-Nitrite Analysis, Kenneth T. Marvin Jan 1955

Notes On The Precision Of A Modified Routine Nitrate-Nitrite Analysis, Kenneth T. Marvin

Journal of Marine Research

Factors responsible for difficulties in using the strychnidine method for an analysis of nitrate-nitrite content of sea water have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that their effects can be minimized and that the ease of analysis is materially increased by certain modifications, one of which is the adjustment of the concentration of nitrate by dilution to bring the optical density withln the best working range of the photometer used....

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Interpretation Of Spectrophotometer Readings On Chesapeake Bay Waters, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1955

Interpretation Of Spectrophotometer Readings On Chesapeake Bay Waters, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

Numerical results of the Mie theory of scattering of light energy by suspended particles have been applied to light extinction measurements obtained from waters of Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries. A Beckman Model DU Quartz Prism Spectrophotometer with 10 and 50 cm liquid absorption cells was used on raw and filtered samples to determine the extinction as a function of wave length. Extinction in these waters is primarily due to absorption and scattering by suspended materials....

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Osmotic Pressures Of Sea Water Solutions Computed From Experimental Vapor Pressure Lowering, K. G. Wilson, A. B. Arons Jan 1955

Osmotic Pressures Of Sea Water Solutions Computed From Experimental Vapor Pressure Lowering, K. G. Wilson, A. B. Arons

Journal of Marine Research

Osmotic pressures of sea water solutions for temperatures between O and 35°C and for chlorinities between 5 and 100 ‰ have been computed from experimental vapor pressure measurements.

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Studies On Some Chemical Constituents Of Diatoms, Eva M. Low Jan 1955

Studies On Some Chemical Constituents Of Diatoms, Eva M. Low

Journal of Marine Research

In five species of diatoms 19 amino acids have been found. There was no qualitative difference between marine and freshwater species. Free amino acids were absent in aqueous and alcoholic extracts….

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A Theory Of Tidal Mixing In A "Vertically Homogeneous" Estuary, L. C. Maximon, G. W. Morgan Jan 1955

A Theory Of Tidal Mixing In A "Vertically Homogeneous" Estuary, L. C. Maximon, G. W. Morgan

Journal of Marine Research

An equation is derived for the distribution of a solute in an estuary where river flow and tides are predominant factors and where the dynamics and mixing can be described by a simple physical model. This model is subsequently generalized in various ways and it is found that the basic form of the diffusion equation is unchanged. An equation is derived which allows for time dependence of the varioUB quantities involved and for introduction of a solute into the estuary by an external agent. Some solutions of this equation are studied.

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The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analysis. Iii. A Note On The Use Of "Millipore" Membrane Filters In The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments., Grace I. Creitz, Francis A. Richards Jan 1955

The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analysis. Iii. A Note On The Use Of "Millipore" Membrane Filters In The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments., Grace I. Creitz, Francis A. Richards

Journal of Marine Research

Collection of plankton samples on "AA" (aerosol assay) type "Millipore" membrane filters has been substituted for centrifugation in the method of Richards with Thompson for estimating plankton pigments. Although the filter dissolves in the 90% acetone that is subsequently used for extracting the pigments, its solution does not interfere with the spectrophotometric determination of the chlorophyll and carotenoid components.

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The Seasonal Oscillation In Sea Level, June Pattullo, Walter Munk, Roger Revelle, Elizabeth Strong Jan 1955

The Seasonal Oscillation In Sea Level, June Pattullo, Walter Munk, Roger Revelle, Elizabeth Strong

Journal of Marine Research

On the basis of all available tide gauge records, bathythermograma, and Nansen bottle casts, we have compiled, on a global scale, monthly departures of recorded and steric sea levels from their annual means. The steric fluctuation is defined in terms of the seasonal fluctuation in specific volume. The results are given in the appendices and in three charts, together with error estimates. In general, the departures are comfortably above the uncertainties introduced by year to year variations and by the effects of local topography....

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Sea Temperature Variations Associated With Tidal Currents In Stratified Shallow Water Over An Irregular Bottom, Dale F. Leipper Jan 1955

Sea Temperature Variations Associated With Tidal Currents In Stratified Shallow Water Over An Irregular Bottom, Dale F. Leipper

Journal of Marine Research

Unusual features of the large and nearly periodic variations in sea temperature which are observed in shallow stratified water along the coast of southern California may be caused by tidal stirring over an irregular bottom and by subsequent horizontal and vertical oscillating movements associated with tides.

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On The Amino Acids Of Sponges, Lois Wiley Inskip, Harold G. Cassidy Jan 1955

On The Amino Acids Of Sponges, Lois Wiley Inskip, Harold G. Cassidy

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution of amino acids in 14 sponges was surveyed qualitatively by paper chromatography. Dried acetone-extracted sponge material was treated with 95% alcohol to remove soluble amino acids and peptides. From two sponges this material consisted largely of peptides, five of which were hydrolyzed and examined. From the present data it appears doubtful that any significant correlation exists between the amino acid distribution in sponges and the biological classification of these organisms.

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The Enchanted Voyage: A Study Of The Effects Of The Ocean On Some Aspects Of Human Culture, G. Evelyn Hutchinson Jan 1955

The Enchanted Voyage: A Study Of The Effects Of The Ocean On Some Aspects Of Human Culture, G. Evelyn Hutchinson

Journal of Marine Research

The symbolic and allegorical aspects of the sea and of the ship have been treated so fully and recently by Mr. W. H. Auden in his illuminating study The Enchaféd Flood, that it would be presumptuous to attempt to say anything new about them from a literary point of view. Mr. Auden has considered his themes morally, religiously and tragically; what he has left to explore may at first seem frivolous or at best merely decorative, but when the exploration has yielded its results, some hint of a serious purpose may be apparent.

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Statistical Hydrodynamics, Carl Eckart Jan 1955

Statistical Hydrodynamics, Carl Eckart

Journal of Marine Research

There are two major problems in the theory of hydrodynamics. One is its nonlinear equations. If a fluid motion is specified by giving its velocity at every point, one may inquire whether there is a second possible motion in which the fluid everywhere has just twice the previous velocity.

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The Place Of Physical Oceanography In Oceanographic Research, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1955

The Place Of Physical Oceanography In Oceanographic Research, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

Talking here at Woods Hole about the place of physical oceanography in oceanographic research is comparable to carrying coals to Newcastle. In no other locality are gathered so many institutions engaged in marine research, and nowhere exist such unique opportunities for integrated oceanographic research.

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High Frequency Spectrum Of Ocean Waves, Walter H. Munk Jan 1955

High Frequency Spectrum Of Ocean Waves, Walter H. Munk

Journal of Marine Research

The subject "Motion in the Ocean," assigned to me by President Bronk, includes fish, Aqua-lung divers and density flows. For a very good reason I must confine myself to motion of the water itself. Further, I will limit myself by considering only that part of the motion of ocean water that can be associated with surface waves. It is nearly, but not quite, the irrotational component of the motion....

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Oceanography And Engineering, John D. Issacs Jan 1955

Oceanography And Engineering, John D. Issacs

Journal of Marine Research

I have been greatly honored by the invitation to this gathering and to the dedication of this newest and most impressive implement to the study of the province of oceanography.

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Applications Of Oceanography To Navigation, G. E.R. Deacon Jan 1955

Applications Of Oceanography To Navigation, G. E.R. Deacon

Journal of Marine Research

Navigators, concerned with the task of maintaining safe and efficient sea communications and faced with everyday difficulties of wind and weather, have to maintain a more practical outlook than oceanographers, who want to understand everything that goes on in the oceans however long they are about it....

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Modern Aspects Of Marine Level-Bottom Animal Communities, Gunnar Thorson Jan 1955

Modern Aspects Of Marine Level-Bottom Animal Communities, Gunnar Thorson

Journal of Marine Research

Modern biologists are entangled in such numerous problems that their total staff is far too small to tackle but a fraction of them. It seems reasonable, therefore, that we should concentrate on the solution of those problems which may help most to widen our general view. This is the reason why I propose to call your attention to the advantage of studying marine level-bottom communities in the sense described by C. G. Joh. Petersen (1911, 1913, 1918). It is a field which now seems to be ripe for world-wide teamwork and which at the same time has economic implications, since …

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Consideration Of Midocean Fish Production As Related To Oceanic Circulatory Systems, Oscar E. Sette Jan 1955

Consideration Of Midocean Fish Production As Related To Oceanic Circulatory Systems, Oscar E. Sette

Journal of Marine Research

The sea receives most of the radiant energy reaching the earth simply because there is more sea than land, especially in middle and low latitudes where the angle of incidence is greatest and the loss by reflection is least….

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Seismic Measurements In Ocean Basins, Maurice Ewing, Frank Press Jan 1955

Seismic Measurements In Ocean Basins, Maurice Ewing, Frank Press

Journal of Marine Research

This paper will include a discussion of seismic effects and measurements in ocean basins as determined from natural earthquakes and from explosions. Earthquake seismology has been related to problems of the oceans since its beginning. In fact, establishment of the international network of seismograph stations, suggested by John Milne in 1897, was due in large part to the correlation of submarine cable breaks with oceanic earthquakes. Much of the great destruction of life and property caused by earthquakes at the borders of oceans results from the great sea waves or tsunamis occasionally generated by them. Recently it has become possible …

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The Oceanic Crust, H. H. Hess Jan 1955

The Oceanic Crust, H. H. Hess

Journal of Marine Research

In the last half dozen years the nature of the crust under the oceans has been determined by seismic refraction work (Ewing, Worzel, Raitt, Hill, Hersey, Gaskell, and others). The Mohorovicic discontinuity is near 10 km in depth, and above this there are approximately 4 km of rock having the properties of basalt which are overlain by sediments of perhaps ¾ km thickness.

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On The History Of The Oceans, Roger Revelle Jan 1955

On The History Of The Oceans, Roger Revelle

Journal of Marine Research

I shall discuss two problems concerning the history of the ocean: {1) The volume of water on the earth's surface at different times in the past. (2) Former conditions in the water and in the overlying atmosphere compared with those existing today. Specifically, we may ask whether the waters were acid, or slightly alkaline as at present, and whether conditions were oxidizing or reducing, that is, whether or not free oxygen was present.

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