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The Generation Of Oceanic Currents By Wind, J. G. Charney Jan 1955

The Generation Of Oceanic Currents By Wind, J. G. Charney

Journal of Marine Research

1. Introduction. In 1937 and 1938, C.-G. Rossby published results of investigations into the manner in which velocity and pressure adjust themselves in ocean currents. He showed that an initially unbalanced rectilinear current would execute transverse inertial oscillations in the process of creating the pressure field that is necessary to balance the Coriolis forces associated with its momentum....

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The Transient Development Of A Lee Wave, M. G. Wurtele Jan 1955

The Transient Development Of A Lee Wave, M. G. Wurtele

Journal of Marine Research

A stream with an initially undisturbed free surface is set impulsively in motion and a (small) pressure perturbation is applied to the surface. The form of the free surface as a function of time is examined in detail up to the point where the disturbance is sensibly that of a steady-state lee wave.

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On Convective Instability Of A Rotatiing Fluid With A Horizontal Temperature Contrast, H. L. Kuo Jan 1955

On Convective Instability Of A Rotatiing Fluid With A Horizontal Temperature Contrast, H. L. Kuo

Journal of Marine Research

A simple expression of the criterion for the onset of symmetrical therm.al convection of a rotating fluid subject to a horizontal temperature contrast is obtained. It is shown that both the rotation and a positive static stability act to inhibit convection....

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Note On Wire-Angle In Oceanography, Håkon Mosby Jan 1955

Note On Wire-Angle In Oceanography, Håkon Mosby

Journal of Marine Research

Recently Watson made known an interesting experiment performed at the David Taylor Model Basin of the U. S. Navy. His experiment showed that a cable inclined to a horizontal stream experiences mainly a force which is normal to the cable. This agrees with experiments performed in the laboratory of the Oceanographic Institute, Gothenburg.

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Research On The Complexity Of H2o, Augustus B. Kinzel Jan 1955

Research On The Complexity Of H2o, Augustus B. Kinzel

Journal of Marine Research

It is truly a privilege and an honor to be here on behalf of the Naval Research Advisory Committee and to help in some small way in encouraging those of the expanded group who will work in the new building. It is my understanding that a talk at this time should be in the nature of an appetizer, since there is plenty of meat in the program proper.

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Steady Flow In A Frictionless Homogeneous Ocean, N. P. Fofonoff Jan 1955

Steady Flow In A Frictionless Homogeneous Ocean, N. P. Fofonoff

Journal of Marine Research

A mathematical model is developed to study the free (frictionless) steady horizontal flow which can occur in a homogeneous ocean of constant depth. The flow satisfies the dynamic constraint that the vertical component of absolute vorticity is constant along a streamline....

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Distridution Of Suspended Materials In Chesapeake Bay, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1955

Distridution Of Suspended Materials In Chesapeake Bay, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution of suspended materials in Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, discussed in terms of light extinction, is characterized by marked variability. There are large local time changes, seasonal and tidal, as well as large horizontal gradients....

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An Ultrasonic Current Meter For Estuarine Research, Foster H. Middleton Jan 1955

An Ultrasonic Current Meter For Estuarine Research, Foster H. Middleton

Journal of Marine Research

An instrument that measures the velocity and direction of water fl.ow in estuaries is described. The magnitude is obtained by measuring the phase lag or advance, caused by motion of the water, in an ultrasonic wave. The instrument can be towed or suspended from a vessel or operated unattended at a remote station for a week.

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A Depth Telerecording Unit For Marine Biology, Brian P. Boden, Elizabeth M. Kampa, James M. Snodgrass, Robert F. Devereux Jan 1955

A Depth Telerecording Unit For Marine Biology, Brian P. Boden, Elizabeth M. Kampa, James M. Snodgrass, Robert F. Devereux

Journal of Marine Research

A serious obstacle to critical examination of stratification and diurnal migration of plankton has been the lack of instruments that enable the biologist to ascertain accurately the depth of his collecting net at the time of opening, fishing and closing....

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Direct Measurement Of The Hemispheric Poleward Flux Of Water Vapor, Victor P. Starr, Rober M. White Jan 1955

Direct Measurement Of The Hemispheric Poleward Flux Of Water Vapor, Victor P. Starr, Rober M. White

Journal of Marine Research

The average meridional flux of water vapor in the atmosphere is evaluated for the northern hemisphere from suitably distributed daily observations of wind and moisture during the year 1950. Zonal averages for five latitude circles are presented, and these are compared with the corresponding requirements calculated from estimates of zonally averaged precipitation and evaporation given in climatological literature. Considering the nature and scope of the work, the extent of the agreement obtained is considered noteworthy.

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Carbohydrate In Sea Water, George J. Lewis Jr., Norris W. Rakestraw Jan 1955

Carbohydrate In Sea Water, George J. Lewis Jr., Norris W. Rakestraw

Journal of Marine Research

Substances which respond to analytical tests for carbohydrate (with anthrone or N-ethyl carbazole) were found in Pacific Coast water in quantities of from 0.1--0.4 mg/L. In coastal lagoons, however, concentrations as high as 8 mg/L were observed. Normally, most of this is in a dissolved rather than suspended state.

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Recent Advances In Our Understanding Of The Circulation Problem And Their Implications, C. O'D. Iselin Jan 1955

Recent Advances In Our Understanding Of The Circulation Problem And Their Implications, C. O'D. Iselin

Journal of Marine Research

When I was first asked to prepare a paper for this program, although it was obviously an honor, I hesitated to accept, for it seemed to me doubtful that a regular staff member of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution should be asked to express his views. After all, one of the chief purposes of this Convocation was to gain the benefit of your collective advice as to future scientific policy....

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The Impact Of Oceanography On Other Sciences, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1955

The Impact Of Oceanography On Other Sciences, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

"Unity is perhaps the keynote of modern science. This means unity in time, for the present is but the outgrowth of the past, and the future of the present. It means of process, for there seems to be no sharp dividing line between organic and inorganic, physical and mental, mental and spiritual. . And the unity of modern science means also a growing tendency towards cooperation, so that by working together scientists discover much that would else have remained hid."

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Photosynthesis And Productivity Of Littoral Marine Algae, L. R. Blinks Jan 1955

Photosynthesis And Productivity Of Littoral Marine Algae, L. R. Blinks

Journal of Marine Research

With the exception of Enteromorpha, the high seas traveller, and floating Enteromorpha, which occurs on quieter waters, practically all larger algae are anchored to the shore or shallow bottoms. The oceanographer would probably call them "land weeds" instead of "sea weeds." Nevertheless, they are bathed with sea water most or all of the time and so they partake of the ocean, even though the zone may be only a narrow one. While their total productivity is small compared to that of the entire ocean, yet, area for area, it can be very high.

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Production Of Organic Matter In The Oceans, E. Steemann Nielsen Jan 1955

Production Of Organic Matter In The Oceans, E. Steemann Nielsen

Journal of Marine Research

As on land, so in the sea, autotrophic plants are the basis of all life. ii Sessile plants live on a narrow fringe along coasts only, so, if we wish m to consider the amount of matter produced by plants of the sea, we II must confine our attention to planktonic algae, which are found everywhere in the upper oceanic water masses. It is the organic matter synthesized by phytoplankton out of purely inorganic substances by means of light which directly and indirectly serves as food for all organisms in the sea, from the smallest bacteria to the largest whale.

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Recent And Ancient Sedimentation; Two Aspects Of One Subject, Ph. H. Kuenen Jan 1955

Recent And Ancient Sedimentation; Two Aspects Of One Subject, Ph. H. Kuenen

Journal of Marine Research

Geology has thrived on the application of the maxim, the present is the key to the past. Investigation of the phenomena and active processes of the surrounding world has proved to supply the most trustworthy foundation for interpreting the features of ancient rocks and unravelling the geological history of the earth's crust. But one chapter of geology has formed an exception, that of ancient marine sediments. Considering the extent as well as the economic and paleontologic importance of these rocks, it is a huge chapter. In this domain geologists have attempted the opposite procedure, namely to deduce the submarine processes …

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On The Exchange Of Momentum Between The Atmosphere, The Oceans And The Solid Earth, Erik Palmén Jan 1955

On The Exchange Of Momentum Between The Atmosphere, The Oceans And The Solid Earth, Erik Palmén

Journal of Marine Research

There is general agreement now among oceanographers that the large ocean currents are essentially maintained by the stress exerted by planetary wind systems on ocean surfaces. Therefore it is of primary importance for oceanography to know the distribution of the wind stress on oceans and its variation in time.

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Some Problems In Optical Oceanography, Charles Cox, Walter Munk Jan 1955

Some Problems In Optical Oceanography, Charles Cox, Walter Munk

Journal of Marine Research

Problems involving the refraction and reflection of light from sun and sky by a roughened sea surface have been made accessible to numerical treatment by measurements of the probability distribution of sea surface slopes.

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Current Measuring In Shallow Waters By Towed Electrodes, David Vaux Jan 1955

Current Measuring In Shallow Waters By Towed Electrodes, David Vaux

Journal of Marine Research

The e.m.f. produced in the sea by water movement has been measured over two tidal periods in shallow water. Simultaneous measurements of the drift of the ship towing the electrodes provide a means of calibrating the apparatus. The results are compared with existing tidal stream data.

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Deep Water Movements In The North Atlantic As A Link Between Climatic Changes Around Iceland And Biological Productivity Of The English Channel And Celtic Sea, L. H.N. Cooper Jan 1955

Deep Water Movements In The North Atlantic As A Link Between Climatic Changes Around Iceland And Biological Productivity Of The English Channel And Celtic Sea, L. H.N. Cooper

Journal of Marine Research

Since World War II, a major investigation has been pursued at Plymouth to establish the cause of the great changes which have taken place in the waters of the English Channel in the last 30 years. About 1930 a productive water, relatively rich in nutrients and macroplankton, was replaced by a poorer one. We sought the cause in the neighbouring shelf waters and found none. Whatever the cause, it was transmitted through the Atlantic Ocean. Today a level of nutrients similar to that found in the Channel in the 1920's occurs only at 700 m, from which no known mechanism …

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Discussions On The Relationships Between Meteorology And Oceanography, G. E.R. Deacon, H. U. Sverdrup, Henry Stommel, C. W. Thornthwaite Jan 1955

Discussions On The Relationships Between Meteorology And Oceanography, G. E.R. Deacon, H. U. Sverdrup, Henry Stommel, C. W. Thornthwaite

Journal of Marine Research

G. E. R. DEACON: There must be some of you who, like me, did most of their seagoing 20 to 30 years ago and find it difficult to keep pace with the present urgency of introducing more precise reasoning into oceanography. This afternoon's session dealing mainly with such precise arguments has not been easy to follow, and it is clear that there is much serious hard work ahead....

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An Experiment To Determine The Hydrodynamic Forces On A Cable Inclined To The Direction Of Flow, E. E. Watson Jan 1954

An Experiment To Determine The Hydrodynamic Forces On A Cable Inclined To The Direction Of Flow, E. E. Watson

Journal of Marine Research

The hydrodynamic force on a cable inclined to the direction of flow, though derived previously, is not widely known. A simple experiment is described which verifies the magnitude and direction of this force, showing that it is normal to the cable, not parallel to the flow.

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Source Of Water In Basins Off Southern California, K. O. Emery Jan 1954

Source Of Water In Basins Off Southern California, K. O. Emery

Journal of Marine Research

Water temperature and salinity measurements from most of the 14 basins off southern California, when compared with older data, show no detectable changes. The water in each basin is nearly isothermal and isohaline from the bottom to near the sill depth....

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Wind Stress On An Artificial Pond, William G. Van Dorn Jan 1954

Wind Stress On An Artificial Pond, William G. Van Dorn

Journal of Marine Research

The wind-induced slope of the surface in an 800-foot model-yacht pond has been measured to a relative accuracy of 5 x 10-7. This slope is proportional to the sum of the surface and bottom stresses….

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The Role Of Organic Matter In Determining The Distribution Of Pelecypods In Marine Sediments, Richard G. Bader Jan 1954

The Role Of Organic Matter In Determining The Distribution Of Pelecypods In Marine Sediments, Richard G. Bader

Journal of Marine Research

Sediments in the region of Mt. Desert Island, Maine, indicate that their organic content and its state of decomposition…

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Oceanographic Features Of A Submarine Eruption That Destroyed The Kaiyo-Maru No. 5, Masito Nakano, Sanae Unoki, Masao Hanzawa, Ryuzo Marumo, Jiro Fukuoka Jan 1954

Oceanographic Features Of A Submarine Eruption That Destroyed The Kaiyo-Maru No. 5, Masito Nakano, Sanae Unoki, Masao Hanzawa, Ryuzo Marumo, Jiro Fukuoka

Journal of Marine Research

When Myojinsho Reef erupted in September 1952, tsunami waves were recorded several times by a. self-registering wave gauge installed on the southwestern coast of Hachijo Island about 130 km from that Reef. The largest one of these tsunamis appeared on 24 September, and it is presumed that this wave ca.used the destruction of the KAIYO-MARU No. 5. Results of investigation of these recorded tsunami waves and other phenomena are reported.

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Analysis Of A Hugh M. Smith Oceanographic Section From Honolulu Southward Across The Equator, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1954

Analysis Of A Hugh M. Smith Oceanographic Section From Honolulu Southward Across The Equator, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

Observations from a line of stations made in February-March 1950 ext.ending from 5° S to 21° N along meridian 158° W are analyzed, and the results are presented as distributions of sigma-t, salinity, oxygen, and phosphate in the vertical section. The method of analysis is partly new and is designed to achieve consistency among the several variables. This section is one of a number made in the central Pacific by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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The Statistical Analysis Of A Seiche Record, P. Whittle Jan 1954

The Statistical Analysis Of A Seiche Record, P. Whittle

Journal of Marine Research

The series analysed consists of 660 15 sec observations of the water level in a rock channel on the Wellington coast. Both correlogram and periodogram were employed in an attempt to isolate possible discrete components of the spectrum and to characterise the continuous component....

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A Study Of The Salt Balance In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1954

A Study Of The Salt Balance In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

Observations of salinity and current velocity taken in the James River estuary are used in this investigation. Time means are taken over several tidal cycles and the nonadvective motions and nonadvective salt flux are related to these means. The analysis shows that in the James River estuary the horizontal advective flux and the vertical nonadvective flux of salt are the most important factors in maintaining the salt balance. The vertical advective flux is of secondary importance but is still significant. The horizontal nonadvective flux of salt is small. In addition, the vertical nonadvective flux of salt is partly related to …

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Observations Of The Structure Of Red Tides In New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, Shirley A. Macmillan Conover Jan 1954

Observations Of The Structure Of Red Tides In New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, Shirley A. Macmillan Conover

Journal of Marine Research

Observations were made on nonoatastrophic red tides in New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, in the summers of 1952 and 1953. Hydrographic, chemical, and biological factors were measured and weather conditions were ta.ken into account. Oxygen production-consumption experiments and nutrient enrichment experiments were also carried out....

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