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Asymptotic Regimes In Mixed-Layer Deepening, R. A. De Szoeke, P. B. Rhines Jan 1976

Asymptotic Regimes In Mixed-Layer Deepening, R. A. De Szoeke, P. B. Rhines

Journal of Marine Research

The model equation for the mixed layer proposed by Niiler (1975) combines the Kraus-Turner turbulent erosion prescription with the Pollard-Rhines-Thompson treatment of induced shear-flow deepening and limiting by Coriolis forces. We show here that both are special cases which emerge asymptotically from the model equation. Numerical solutions show the dynamics to pass through four distinct regimes, in the case of wind-mixing of an initially resting fluid.

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Transequatorial Movement Of Water Masses In The Indian Ocean, G. S. Sharma Jan 1976

Transequatorial Movement Of Water Masses In The Indian Ocean, G. S. Sharma

Journal of Marine Research

Interrelationships of potential temperature-salinity and potential temperature-oxyty are presented for 31 stations along 5°N, the equator, and 5°S during the southwest monsoon, and the volumes of water in bivariate classes of potential temperature against salinity are estimated throughout each section. The sources of different water types and their flow pattern are discussed....

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Transport Pathways Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Atlantic Water, George R. Harvey, William G. Steinhauer Jan 1976

Transport Pathways Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Atlantic Water, George R. Harvey, William G. Steinhauer

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface waters of the Atlantic shows concentration maxima in latitudes of high net precipitation and a minimum in the midlatitudes. Very low PCB concentrations are found in the South Atlantic. Since the nonvolatile inorganic radionuclide distribution in the Atlantic shows no dependence on precipitation patterns, codistillation with evaporating water must be a major factor in determining the distribution of PCBs....

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The Variance Spectrum Of Phytoplankton In A Turbulent Ocean, Kenneth L. Denman, Trevor Platt Jan 1976

The Variance Spectrum Of Phytoplankton In A Turbulent Ocean, Kenneth L. Denman, Trevor Platt

Journal of Marine Research

Spatial heterogeneity of ecological variables is recognized as an important stabilizing factor for ecosystem function, but has proved to be a difficult concept to characterize in quantitative, operational terms. In the sea, however, chlorophyll concentration can be estimated by a continuous in vivo measurement, and used to describe the spatial structure of phytoplankton populations in terms of a variance spectrum in either wavenumber or frequency space....

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Observations Of Internal Waves And Coastal Upwelling Off The Oregon Coast, Stanley P. Hayes, David Halpern Jan 1976

Observations Of Internal Waves And Coastal Upwelling Off The Oregon Coast, Stanley P. Hayes, David Halpern

Journal of Marine Research

A vertical array of moored velocity and temperature sensors was used to study the high-frequency (periods of less than 24 hr) structure during a coastal upwelling event. The upwelling event, which represents a wind-generated mesoscale response of the ocean circulation along a meridional coastline, changes the environment in which the high-frequency disturbances are produced and propagated....

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A Multiple Opening/Closing Net And Environmental Sensing System For Sampling Zooplankton, Peter H. Wiebe, Kenneth H. Burt, Steven H. Boyd, Alfred W. Morton Jan 1976

A Multiple Opening/Closing Net And Environmental Sensing System For Sampling Zooplankton, Peter H. Wiebe, Kenneth H. Burt, Steven H. Boyd, Alfred W. Morton

Journal of Marine Research

The MOCNESS is based on the Tucker Trawl principle and has nine rectangular nets (1 m × 1.4 m) which are opened and closed sequentially by commands through conducting cable from the surface. Environmental sensors to measure conductivity, temperature, and depth are attached to the net support frame. In addition, sensors to monitor flow past the net and the angle of the net assembly from the vertical, and indicators to record the electrical and mechanical function of the opening/closing mechanism are present....

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Finite Amplitude Edge Waves, R. T. Guza, A. J. Bowen Jan 1976

Finite Amplitude Edge Waves, R. T. Guza, A. J. Bowen

Journal of Marine Research

Large amplitude edge waves are shown to be modified by nonlinear effects in a way very similar to surface waves in deep water (Stokes, 1847); trapped harmonics tend to sharpen the wave crests and the natural frequency increases with wave amplitude, progressive edge waves propagating faster at large amplitude. A standing edge wave exhibits additional properties due to interaction between its two constituent progressive waves....

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Synoptic Studies Of Transients In The Florida Current, Walter Düing Jan 1975

Synoptic Studies Of Transients In The Florida Current, Walter Düing

Journal of Marine Research

The SYNOPS experiment was designed to study the changing vertical structure of the Florida Current, covering tidal and subinertial fluctuations. The emphasis in this paper is placed on the discussion of highly energetic quasi-barotropic waves with a time scale of several days. These waves are superimposed on the mean baroclinic profile of the Florida Current; thus, in the simplest case, the mean profile is just shifted parallel to itself. Since the mean downstream flow is close to zero in the lower layer, temporary deep southward flow results....

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On The Relationship Between Transport And Motional Electric Potentials In Broad, Shallow Currents, Thomas B. Sanford, Reinhard E. Flick Jan 1975

On The Relationship Between Transport And Motional Electric Potentials In Broad, Shallow Currents, Thomas B. Sanford, Reinhard E. Flick

Journal of Marine Research

Knowledge of the volume transport is of great practical importance in many studies of the flow through or within shallow channels and estuaries. However, transport measurements are often difficult to obtain because of the temporal or spatial variability of the flow. The bulk motion of a stream has been inferred from measurements which integrate the electric field induced by the motion of seawater through the earth's magnetic field....

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The Florida Current At Key West: Summer 1972, Irving H. Brooks, Pearn P. Niller Jan 1975

The Florida Current At Key West: Summer 1972, Irving H. Brooks, Pearn P. Niller

Journal of Marine Research

Sixteen dropsonde cross-sections of the Florida Straits at the Key West, Florida, longitude are used to examine the persistent features and large-scale variations of the temperature, salinity, and horizontal velocity structures of the Florida Current. A persistent counterflow was found along the northern shore of the Current, which can be interpreted from the salinity distribution as cyclonic recirculation of the Florida Current water. Analysis of the temporal variations indicate that a downstream acceleration of the Current is accompanied by a warming trend.

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The Effect Of The Non-Ideal Composition Of Sea Water On Salinity And Density, Peter G. Brewer, Alvin Bradshaw Jan 1975

The Effect Of The Non-Ideal Composition Of Sea Water On Salinity And Density, Peter G. Brewer, Alvin Bradshaw

Journal of Marine Research

We have calculated the effect of the increased alkalinity, total carbon dioxide and silica content of deep ocean waters on the conductance-salinity-density relationship….

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Morphologic Adaptations Of Benthic Invertebrates To Soft Substrata, Charles W. Thayer Jan 1975

Morphologic Adaptations Of Benthic Invertebrates To Soft Substrata, Charles W. Thayer

Journal of Marine Research

The static stress, σ (gm/cm2) which a benthic organism applies to the bottom is given by…

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Secular Variability In The Large-Scale Baroclinic Transport Of The North Pacific From 1950–1970, Warren B. White Jan 1975

Secular Variability In The Large-Scale Baroclinic Transport Of The North Pacific From 1950–1970, Warren B. White

Journal of Marine Research

A time sequence of meridional baroclinic transport (0/1000 db) across the Subtropical gyre of the North Pacific is constructed, based upon available hydrographic data collected from 1950-1970. This time sequence displays significant variability, with a maximum possible range ± 25 % about the long-term mean and a principal time scale of approximately six years. A comparison of this time sequence with that of the Kuroshio (Nitani, 1972) shows good correlation in both amplitude and phase....

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Zonation And Faunal Composition Of Epibenthic Populations On The Continental Slope South Of New England, Richard L. Haedrich, Gilbert T. Rowe, Pamela T. Polloni Jan 1975

Zonation And Faunal Composition Of Epibenthic Populations On The Continental Slope South Of New England, Richard L. Haedrich, Gilbert T. Rowe, Pamela T. Polloni

Journal of Marine Research

The epibenthic macrofauna, including demersal fishes, between 140 and 1900 m on the continental slope south of New England was found to be distributed in three zones: shallow (141-285 m), middle (393-1095 m), and deep (1270-1928 m). Fauna! boundaries were associated with the transition zones from shelf to upper continental slope and from upper to lower continental slope. The small Alvin Canyon was not faunally distinct. Fishes and echinoderms were the most abundant taxa, the former predominant in shallow and middle depths and the latter predominating deeper....

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Some Effects Of Bottom Topography On Baroclinic Stability, Roland A. De Szoeke Jan 1975

Some Effects Of Bottom Topography On Baroclinic Stability, Roland A. De Szoeke

Journal of Marine Research

The effects of Fourier components of cross-stream topographic slope are included in the classical linear theory of quasigeostrophic baroclinic instability. The effect of uniformly sloping topography is reviewed, emphasis being placed on the possibility of destabilization through interaction between long topographic baroclinic Rossby waves and short thermal baroclinic Rossby waves with the same downstream wave number and phase speed....

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Sediment - Animal - Water Interaction, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, Egbert G. Driscoll Jan 1975

Sediment - Animal - Water Interaction, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, Egbert G. Driscoll

Journal of Marine Research

Four stations in the northwestern part of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, were monitored from October, 1971 to November, 1972. Nitrogen, non-carbonate carbon, total organics and carbonate of the sediment were examined. Dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH of the bottom water were determined concurrently....

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Deepening Of The Wind-Mixed Layer, Pearn P. Niiler Jan 1975

Deepening Of The Wind-Mixed Layer, Pearn P. Niiler

Journal of Marine Research

A model is given that describes the local response of the upper ocean to an imposed surface wind stress and heat flux….

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The New Zealand Semi-Diurnal Tide, J. A.T. Bye, R. A. Heath Jan 1975

The New Zealand Semi-Diurnal Tide, J. A.T. Bye, R. A. Heath

Journal of Marine Research

Data on the semi-diurnal tide around the coast of New Zealand, and on neighbouring islands are summarized, and interpreted using World, and a large scale, numerical models, and an analytical island-shelf model. The island-shelf model consists of a circular island (representing New Zealand) surrounded by a parabolic shelf, and a deep ocean of co~stant depth....

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Statistical Observations Of The Trajectories Of Neutrally Buoyant Floats In The North Atlantic, H. J. Freeland, P. B. Rhines, T. Rossby Jan 1975

Statistical Observations Of The Trajectories Of Neutrally Buoyant Floats In The North Atlantic, H. J. Freeland, P. B. Rhines, T. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

This is a report of the statistical behavior of neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats, drifting at 1500 m depth in the Sargasso Sea where the currents are dominantly time-dependent. The float level is fairly typical of the deep ocean below the main thermocline....

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A Quasi-Lagrangian Study Of Mid-Ocean Variability Using Long Range Sofar Floats, T. Rossby, A. D. Voorhis, D. Webb Jan 1975

A Quasi-Lagrangian Study Of Mid-Ocean Variability Using Long Range Sofar Floats, T. Rossby, A. D. Voorhis, D. Webb

Journal of Marine Research

Twenty neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats were used in the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) to study the structure and variability of the deep ocean currents. The floats were clustered so that the pattern of motions could be resolved (mapping and pattern recognition). A number of float trajectories are shown and the very individual character of their signature is emphasized. Some floats remain nearly stationary for a year whereas others will cover hundreds of kilometers to the south or west in just a few months....

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Stabilization Of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns By Sea Surface Temperatures, Jerome Namias Jan 1975

Stabilization Of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns By Sea Surface Temperatures, Jerome Namias

Journal of Marine Research

Although the atmosphere and the underlying sea surface temperatures are usually well coupled so that quantitative specification of one medium by the other is quite successful, there are occasional periods when no such coupling exists. A case of this kind occurred during the cold months of 1957-58, when the atmosphere transitionally went off track, only to return later on to its original abnormal regime (negative height anomalies in the east central North Pacific). This paper describes the breakdown and restoration of the large scale coupling mechanism and poses a problem of major concern to those hoping to predict climatic fluctuations …

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Specific Gravity And Density Of Seawater At Atmospheric Pressure, N. P. Fofonoff, H. Bryden Jan 1975

Specific Gravity And Density Of Seawater At Atmospheric Pressure, N. P. Fofonoff, H. Bryden

Journal of Marine Research

Four independent sets of specific gravity measurements are intercompared relative to a least squares polynomial in temperature and salinity over the range - 2 to 30°C and 8 to 40‰. Within this range, individual measurements have a standard deviation of 7.1 ppm about the regression polynomial. Over most of the range, the polynomial formula has a standard deviation of 1 to 3 ppm. The data sets are marginal in defining specific gravity below 0°C and above 25°C and inadequate below 10‰ salinity.

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Preliminary Look At Feasibility Of Using Marine Reports Of Sea Surface Temperature For Documenting Climatic Change In The Western North Atlantic, Michèle Fieux, Henry Stommel Jan 1975

Preliminary Look At Feasibility Of Using Marine Reports Of Sea Surface Temperature For Documenting Climatic Change In The Western North Atlantic, Michèle Fieux, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The nature and quality of portions of the Marine Deck of sea-surface temperature (SST) records for Marsden Squares 114 and 78 (20°-40°N, 50°-60°W) have been examined to determine their suitability for historical analysis of SST, and for evidence of climatic variation. Apparently the data is numerous enough to demonstrate, using six-year means for individual months, a warming from 1910-1920 to a maximum in 1950-1960, and thereafter a cooling, coherent over both square (both in winter and summer), trends consistent with other sources of data.

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Flow Along The Continental Slope Off Washington, Autumn 1971, Glenn A. Cannon, Norman P. Laird, Theodore V. Ryan Jan 1975

Flow Along The Continental Slope Off Washington, Autumn 1971, Glenn A. Cannon, Norman P. Laird, Theodore V. Ryan

Journal of Marine Research

Observations of the hydrographic regime across the continental shelf and offshore to depths exceeding 2000 rn were made in Autumn 1971 to investigate the possible extension of the California Undercurrent off the coast of Washington. Closely spaced stations, positioned by depth, were made to the bottom on each crossing of the continental slope. Geostrophic calculations relative to 1000 m and extending up the slope to shallower depths indicated a broad band of northward flow above the continental slope....

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Mixing Of Renewal Water Flowing Into The Caribbean Sea, Wilton Sturges Jan 1975

Mixing Of Renewal Water Flowing Into The Caribbean Sea, Wilton Sturges

Journal of Marine Research

Observations with moored current meters and STD sections in the Jungfern Passage sill during February 1971 show inflow of 50 × 103 m3/sec; 5 km downstream, the entrainment of resident water has increased the volume flux by 40%. At times the inflow ceased; the current-meter records suggest a periodicity of ~ two weeks. The inflowing water at the sill is 0.25 to 0.3°C colder than the basin water at sill depth....

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Continuous Representation Of Wind Stress And Wind Stress Curl Over The World Ocean, Alan J. Evenson, George Veronis Jan 1975

Continuous Representation Of Wind Stress And Wind Stress Curl Over The World Ocean, Alan J. Evenson, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

A continuous wind stress distribution over the world oceans is derived by fitting a spline function representation to the values of the wind stress given by Hellerman (1968) for each season and for the annual mean. The derived wind stress is then used to obtain a representation for the curl of the wind stress over the same region, and steadystate, Sverdrup transport calculations are calculated from the curl for each set of data. The derived transports for the western boundary currents do not agree with observed estimates....

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The Propagation Of Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations From The Surface Into The Deep Ocean, John Kroll Jan 1975

The Propagation Of Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations From The Surface Into The Deep Ocean, John Kroll

Journal of Marine Research

The object of this study is to explain the occurrence of relatively large amplitude inertial motion observed at great depths in the ocean. An arbitrarily stratified, β-plane model is considered consisting of a viscous boundary layer at the surface and an inviscid interior. The forcing due to a wind stress produces Ekman suction in the boundary layer which in turn drives the interior. Ray theory is then used to describe the propagation of disturbances in the boundary layer down into the interior....

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An Oceanic Vorticity Meter, T. Rossby Jan 1975

An Oceanic Vorticity Meter, T. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

An acoustical method of determining the relative vorticity of oceanic motions is advanced. By transmitting signals in opposite directions around a closed loop, for example a 3 km triangle, one can obtain directly the circulation, which by virtue of Stoke's theorem is equivalent to the average vorticity of the "enclosed" fluid times the area....

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Sclerosponges: Primary Framework Constructors On The Jamaican Deep Fore-Reef, Judith C. Lang, Willard D. Hartman, Lynton S. Land Jan 1975

Sclerosponges: Primary Framework Constructors On The Jamaican Deep Fore-Reef, Judith C. Lang, Willard D. Hartman, Lynton S. Land

Journal of Marine Research

Sclerosponges grow on hard substrates in areas protected from high rates of sediment accumulation to depths of about 200 m at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Here they are primary framework builders on the deep fore-reef between 70 m and 105 m.

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Physical Processes In A Fringing Reef System, Harry H. Roberts, Stephen P. Murray, Joseph N. Suhayda Jan 1975

Physical Processes In A Fringing Reef System, Harry H. Roberts, Stephen P. Murray, Joseph N. Suhayda

Journal of Marine Research

Field studies primarily on Grand Cayman Island and supporting investigations on Barbados furnished data concerning the magnitudes and spatial gradients of physical processes which interact with typical Caribbean reef systems and their unusual sea floor configurations. In situ measurements from the fore-reef shelf indicate that currents and deepwater waves are significantly modified by reef morphology....

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