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The Density Of Seawater Solutions At One Atmosphere As A Function Of Temperature And Salinity, Frank J. Millero, Agustin Gonzalez, Gary K. Ward Jan 1976

The Density Of Seawater Solutions At One Atmosphere As A Function Of Temperature And Salinity, Frank J. Millero, Agustin Gonzalez, Gary K. Ward

Journal of Marine Research

The relative density (d – d0) of diluted and evaporated standard seawater solutions have been determined at one atmosphere with a magnetic float densimeter and a suspension balance from 0.5 to 40‰ salinity and 0 to 40°C….


The Seasonal Upwelling Cycle Along The Eastern Boundary Of The North Atlantic, Warren S. Wooster, Andrew Bakun, Douglas R. Mclain Jan 1976

The Seasonal Upwelling Cycle Along The Eastern Boundary Of The North Atlantic, Warren S. Wooster, Andrew Bakun, Douglas R. Mclain

Journal of Marine Research

Merchant ship observations were summarized for one-degree squares along the eastern shore of the Atlantic between 7° and 44°N; monthly averages were prepared for several properties including sea surface temperature and its difference from mid-ocean values, offshore Ekman transport, and surface current....


Generation Of Langmuir Circulations By Surface Waves ---- A Feedback Mechanism, Christopher Garrett Jan 1976

Generation Of Langmuir Circulations By Surface Waves ---- A Feedback Mechanism, Christopher Garrett

Journal of Marine Research

Surface gravity waves propagating obliquely through a surface current pattern (U(y), V(y)) representative of Langmuir circulations exert a force on the water which tends to produce surface convergences at maxima of U(y). Moreover, the waves achieve their largest amplitude at maxima of U(y) and so are most likely to dissipate there and give up their momentum to the mean flow. A feedback mechanism thus exists...


Munk And Riley Revisited: Nutrient Diffusion Transport And Rates Of Phytoplankton Growth, Jerome Gavis Jan 1976

Munk And Riley Revisited: Nutrient Diffusion Transport And Rates Of Phytoplankton Growth, Jerome Gavis

Journal of Marine Research

Although phytoplankton nutrient uptake rates are controlled primarily by biological properties of the organism and nutrient concentration, diffusion transport of nutrient to the organism through the medium in which the organism is immersed can influence uptake rates. The original ideas of Munk and Riley on control of nutrient uptake by diffusion transport are recast in terms of present knowledge of the interaction of diffusion transport and biological control of uptake rates....


A New Large Volume Filtration System For The Sampling Of Oceanic Particulate Matter, J. K.B. Bishop, J. M. Edmond Jan 1976

A New Large Volume Filtration System For The Sampling Of Oceanic Particulate Matter, J. K.B. Bishop, J. M. Edmond

Journal of Marine Research

A large volume in situ filtration system has been developed for the extraction of material greater than one micron in diameter from several cubic meters of water. The system has worked reliably to 400 meters. The particulate matter concentrations determined in profile compare well with those found using conventional Niskin-Nuclepore techniques. By using 53µm Nitex and 1µm glass fiber filters in series, the samples are separated into two size fractions....


Model Of World Ocean Circulation: Ii. Thermally Driven, Two-Layer, George Veronis Jan 1976

Model Of World Ocean Circulation: Ii. Thermally Driven, Two-Layer, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

Oceanic motions are partly driven by thermal forces associated with differential heating of the surface waters between tropical and polar regions. In this study thermal driving is parameterized in a two-layer system by an assumed upwelling of fluid through the interface. The upwelling is steady and horizontally uniform wherever upper-layer water is present. With an assumed constant depth of the interface along the eastern boundary the transports of the upper and lower layers and the interface distribution are derived for the interior ocean....


Particulate Matter Sinking To The Deep-Sea Floor At 2000 M In The Tongue Of The Ocean, Bahamas, With A Description Of A New Sedimentation Trap, Peter H. Wiebe, Steven H. Boyd, Clifford Winget Jan 1976

Particulate Matter Sinking To The Deep-Sea Floor At 2000 M In The Tongue Of The Ocean, Bahamas, With A Description Of A New Sedimentation Trap, Peter H. Wiebe, Steven H. Boyd, Clifford Winget

Journal of Marine Research

A sedimentation trap for use just above the deep-sea floor was free-fallen to a depth of 2050 m in the Tongue of the Ocean canyon on January 3, 1974. On March 6, it was successfully recovered with the assistance of D.S.R.V. Alvin. The trap has a base 1 m square and a height of 30 cm. At the trap bottom are filters to retain falling particles. Two spring-powered sliding doors, each 1 m × 0.5 m, are used to close off the lower 2 cm of the trap during ascent to prevent disturbance of the particles collected on the filters....


A Note On Estuarine Mean Flow Estimation, Robert H. Weisberg Jan 1976

A Note On Estuarine Mean Flow Estimation, Robert H. Weisberg

Journal of Marine Research

The sampling interval required for estuarine mean flow estimation is examined. Examples drawn from the literature show that nontidal estuarine flow is highly variable and that under common everyday conditions this variance is predominantly wind-induced. Thus, record lengths sufficiently longer than the time scale of locally energetic wind fluctuations are required. A nondimensional parameter expressing the number of tidal cycles which must be averaged over to attain a given error tolerance is offered....


Baroclinic Rossby Waves As Inferred From Temperature Fluctuations In The Eastern Pacific, William J. Emery, Lorenz Magaard Jan 1976

Baroclinic Rossby Waves As Inferred From Temperature Fluctuations In The Eastern Pacific, William J. Emery, Lorenz Magaard

Journal of Marine Research

Monthly mean values of temperature from both hydrographic and XBT casts are used to compute isotherm displacements at weather station November (30N, 140W) and at six 2-degree squares between Hawaii and the weather station. A composite spectrum computed from all the isotherms in the six 2-degree squares shows significantly higher potential energy in the frequency range below the theoretical cut-off frequency (corresponding period about five months) for baroclinic Rossby waves....


The Effect Of Mean Flow During An Upwelling Event On The Rays Of Internal Waves, John Kroll Jan 1976

The Effect Of Mean Flow During An Upwelling Event On The Rays Of Internal Waves, John Kroll

Journal of Marine Research

Hayes and Halpern (1976) have calculated the rays associated with internal waves in the semidiurnal frequency range. This they do to show how the change of the trajectories of these rays, due to density changes occurring during an upwelling event, can explain the decrease of semidiumal activity observed at their mooring site. Here we consider the additional effect of the mean flow generated by an upwelling event....


The Somali Current Response To The Southwest Monsoon: The Relative Importance Of Local And Remote Forcing, David L.T. Anderson, Philip B. Rowlands Jan 1976

The Somali Current Response To The Southwest Monsoon: The Relative Importance Of Local And Remote Forcing, David L.T. Anderson, Philip B. Rowlands

Journal of Marine Research

A simple model of the Somali current is formul ated which allows both local longshore forcing and remote east-west forcing. Asymptotic solutions for the pressure perturbation and velocity fields are obtained for both cases and the sensitivity of the boundary response to changes in the shape and position of the forcing is examined. The local forcing drives a flow whose north-south velocity increases linearly with time and the remote forcing , a flow in which the north-south velocity increases quadratically....


Possible Interactions Between Plankton And Semidiurnal Internal Tides. Ii. Deep Thermoclines And Trophic Effects, Daniel Kamykowski Jan 1976

Possible Interactions Between Plankton And Semidiurnal Internal Tides. Ii. Deep Thermoclines And Trophic Effects, Daniel Kamykowski

Journal of Marine Research

Previous results of a computer model suggested a number of possible interactions between semidiurnal internal tides and phytoplankton. One extension considers a phytoplankton grid (swimming speed 1-2 m h-1) that is initially distributed at sunset in the upper layer of a water column characterized by a relatively deep mean thermocline depth (25 m) . The organisms undergo a diurnal vertical migration while the water column is simultaneously disturbed by successive semidiurnal internal tides....


A Comparison Of Upwelling Events In Two Locations: Oregon And Northwest Africa, Adriana Huyer Jan 1976

A Comparison Of Upwelling Events In Two Locations: Oregon And Northwest Africa, Adriana Huyer

Journal of Marine Research

Intensive observations of the low frequency (less than one cycle per day) response of upwelling regimes to fluctuations in the wind have been made in two locations: the Oregon coast near 45°15'N, and the Northwest African coast at 21°40'N. Both regimes show an equatorward coastal jet at the surface, quasi-barotropic fluctuations in the alongshore flow, and a poleward undercurrent....


Hadal Community Structure: Implications From The Aleutian Trench, Peter A. Jumars, Robert R. Hessler Jan 1976

Hadal Community Structure: Implications From The Aleutian Trench, Peter A. Jumars, Robert R. Hessler

Journal of Marine Research

A 0.25-m2 box core from the Aleutian Trench (50°58.0'N, 171°37.5'W) was used to generate hypotheses concerning the regulation of benthic community structure in oceanic trenches. High food supply and the concentrating effects of trench topography are suggested by the unexpectedly high standing crop (1272 individuals of macrofaunal taxa m2) and by the feeding modes of the captured polychaetes....


The Relationship Between Cupric Ion Activity And The Toxicity Of Copper To Phytoplankton, William Sunda, Robert R.L. Guillard Jan 1976

The Relationship Between Cupric Ion Activity And The Toxicity Of Copper To Phytoplankton, William Sunda, Robert R.L. Guillard

Journal of Marine Research

Culture experiments with the estuarine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (clone 3H) in highly chelated seawater media demonstrate that growth rate inhibition and copper content of cells are related to cupric ion activity, and not to total copper concentration. Cupric ion activity was altered independently of total copper concentration by varying the chelator concentration, and the pH....


Species Densities Of Macrobenthos Associated With Seagrass: A Field Experimental Study Of Predation, David K. Young, Martin A. Buzas Jan 1976

Species Densities Of Macrobenthos Associated With Seagrass: A Field Experimental Study Of Predation, David K. Young, Martin A. Buzas

Journal of Marine Research

Caging experiments in a wide variety of marine environments over a period of almost fifty years have produced dramatic density increases of macrobenthos in the absence of predators. This study utilized predator exclusion cages in seagrass areas of a subtropical estuary in east central Florida to determine if predicted increases in density would result....


Tide-Induced Residual Current, A 2-D Nonlinear Numerical Tidal Model, K. T. Tee Jan 1976

Tide-Induced Residual Current, A 2-D Nonlinear Numerical Tidal Model, K. T. Tee

Journal of Marine Research

Tide-induced residual current was studied through solution of the two-dimensional nonlinear shallow-water equation. A simple numerical method was developed and applied to Minas Channel and Minas Basin at the head of the Bay of Fundy where strong residual currents of up to 0.76 m/sec have been measured....


Forced Baroclinic Ocean Motions. I. The Linear Equatorial Unbounded Case, Mark A. Cane, E. S. Sarachik Jan 1976

Forced Baroclinic Ocean Motions. I. The Linear Equatorial Unbounded Case, Mark A. Cane, E. S. Sarachik

Journal of Marine Research

A method is developed for calculating the response of an unbounded inviscid ocean to wind stress and thermal forcings. Although emphasis is on equatorial baroclinic motions, the mathematical technique is first illustrated in detail for the motions described by the similar but simpler barotropic vorticity equation. This serves to clarify the significance of the asymptotic approximations made for the baroclinic planetary modes....


The Limits Of Shelf Water South Of Cape Cod, 1941 To 1972, W. R. Wright Jan 1976

The Limits Of Shelf Water South Of Cape Cod, 1941 To 1972, W. R. Wright

Journal of Marine Research

Some 19,000 batbythermograms and 1,600 oceanographic stations in the region 39° to 41°N, 69° to 72° W have been examined for evidence of changes in the character and position of the shelf water/slope water boundary. Results show a) the boundary, identified by the 10° isotherm, intersects the bottom within 16 km of the 100-m curve about 80 percent of the time, with a seasonal progression from the south in the winter to north in the foll;...


The Effect Of Dissolved Air And Natural Isotopic Distributions On The Density Of Water, Frank J. Millero, Robert T. Emmet Jan 1976

The Effect Of Dissolved Air And Natural Isotopic Distributions On The Density Of Water, Frank J. Millero, Robert T. Emmet

Journal of Marine Research

The effects of dissolved air and of natural isotopic distributions on the density of water have been determined at 1 atm by using a magnetic float densimeter. Dissolved gases were found to decrease the density by 3.0 ± 0.2 × 10-6 g cm-3 at 4°C. The apparent molal volumes of air were found to be nearly independent of saturation concentration and temperatures between 0° and 30°C....


Objective Analysis Of The Upwelling Ecosystem Off Baja California, Dong-Ping Wang, John J. Walsh Jan 1976

Objective Analysis Of The Upwelling Ecosystem Off Baja California, Dong-Ping Wang, John J. Walsh

Journal of Marine Research

The method of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to nutrient data of hydrostations and surface m aps to study the temporal and spatial structures of the major processes in the upwelling ecosystem off Baja California, during the 1972 MESCAL I experiment. It is demonstrated that the EOF analysis leads to a meaningful separation of the uptake process from the dominant conservative processes....


Maximum Buoyancy Flux Across A Salt Finger Interface, Melvin Stern Jan 1976

Maximum Buoyancy Flux Across A Salt Finger Interface, Melvin Stern

Journal of Marine Research

A quantitative theory is presented for the flux of salt FS and heat FT between two semiinfinite layers having temperature difference…


Deep-Sea Species Diversity: Does It Have A Characteristic Scale?, Peter A. Jumars Jan 1976

Deep-Sea Species Diversity: Does It Have A Characteristic Scale?, Peter A. Jumars

Journal of Marine Research

Dispersion patterns and species diversities of deep-sea macrobenthos were examined for evidence that diversity-controlling processes operate predominantly on any one of several spatial scales. Identification of such scales, if any, would aid in the identification of the diversity-regulating processes themselves. The specific hypothesis that species diversity is independent of scale and location within the deep sea was tested with replicated...


The Role Of Inertia-Gravity And Planetary Waves In The Response Of A Tropical Ocean To The Incidence Of An Equatorial Kelvin Wave On A Meridional Boundary, D. L.T. Anderson, P. B. Rowlands Jan 1976

The Role Of Inertia-Gravity And Planetary Waves In The Response Of A Tropical Ocean To The Incidence Of An Equatorial Kelvin Wave On A Meridional Boundary, D. L.T. Anderson, P. B. Rowlands

Journal of Marine Research

The problem of an equatorial Kelvin wave of step-function form incident on an eastern meridional boundary is solved on an equatorial beta-plane. The nature of the transient planetary and inertia-gravity waves is examined and the way in which they combine to produce a coastally trapped Kelvin wave evaluated....


Anomalous Navifacial Salinities In The Tropical Pacific Ocean, J. R. Donguy, C. Henin Jan 1976

Anomalous Navifacial Salinities In The Tropical Pacific Ocean, J. R. Donguy, C. Henin

Journal of Marine Research

All available navifacial data from 1956 to 1974 have been compiled to produce two charts per year of surface salinity between 150°E and 130°W and between 10°N and 25°S. On each chart, the following m ain features are observed: south of 10°S and east of 160°W the tropical salinity maximum extending westward south of the equator; and a salinity minimum from 5°S to 20°S and west of 170°W. The oscillations of the position and intensity of these features are not all seasonal....


Doppler Effects Of Inertial Currents On Subsurface Temperature Measurements, T. H. Bell Jr. Jan 1976

Doppler Effects Of Inertial Currents On Subsurface Temperature Measurements, T. H. Bell Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In the presence of inertial oscillations, temperature measurements from a moored sensor will be contaminated by advected spatial structure. The degree of contamination is comparable to that induced by steady currents of the same magnitude, and its effect resembles that of a discrete linear filter acting on the spectrum...


Large Scale Inhomogeneities And Mesoscale Ocean Waves: A Single, Stable Wave Field, James C. Mcwilliams Jan 1976

Large Scale Inhomogeneities And Mesoscale Ocean Waves: A Single, Stable Wave Field, James C. Mcwilliams

Journal of Marine Research

Horizontally propagating wave solution forms are assumed for mid-ocean mesoscale currents (i.e., those with spatial and temporal cycles of a few hundred kilometers and several months). The wave environment-defined to include the Coriolis parameter, bottom topography, and mean currents-is assumed to be inhomogeneous, but only on much larger scales. Mutual compatibility between these assumptions is derived....


Diffraction And Refraction Calculations For Waves Incident On An Island, Ivar G. Jonsson, Ove Skovgaard, Ole Brink-Kjaer Jan 1976

Diffraction And Refraction Calculations For Waves Incident On An Island, Ivar G. Jonsson, Ove Skovgaard, Ole Brink-Kjaer

Journal of Marine Research

An island of circular cylindrical shape, situated on a paraboloidal shoal (Fig. 1 and Table 1) in an infinite ocean of constant depth is attacked by small regular waves of long period and of plane incidence. The wave field around the island is calculated according to two different approaches, viz. a diffraction theory and a refraction theory (i.e. geometrical optics). The solutions are compared for those (tsunami) periods, where the Coriolis force can be neglected.


On The Uncertainty Of Wind Stress Curl Calculations, Peter M. Saunders Jan 1976

On The Uncertainty Of Wind Stress Curl Calculations, Peter M. Saunders

Journal of Marine Research

In a 10° square test area of the North Atlantic the annual wind stress is estimated in 1° squares from volunteer ship reports. The curl of the wind stress is deduced therefrom and is shown significantly different from that recently published based on 5° square wind stress data of Hellerman. The coarse resolution of the latter underestimates maxima and minima in the curl by as much as 50%....


Dissolved Copper, Nickel, And Cadmium In The Sargasso Sea, Michael L. Bender, Christine Gagner Jan 1976

Dissolved Copper, Nickel, And Cadmium In The Sargasso Sea, Michael L. Bender, Christine Gagner

Journal of Marine Research

Concentrations of dissolved Cu, Ni, and Cd were determined in surface water samples and 25 deep water samples from two stations in the Sargasso Sea. Analyses were performed using a modified version of the APDC coprecipitation technique of Boyle and Edmond (1975a)....