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Origin Of The Mediterranean Outflow, Harry L. Bryden, Henry M. Stommel Jan 1982

Origin Of The Mediterranean Outflow, Harry L. Bryden, Henry M. Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

Toe origin of the Mediterranean outflow is one of oceanography's oldest problems. In this work, the flow of western Mediterranean deep water up and over the sill at Gibraltar is investigated from hydrographic observations and current measurements. The deep water is found to flow westward along the Moroccan continental slope in the western Mediterranean or Alboran Sea and to rise as it approaches the Strait of Gibraltar....

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The Antarctic Circumpolar Current And The Oceanic Heat And Freshwater Budgets, Daniel T. Georgi, John M. Toole Jan 1982

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current And The Oceanic Heat And Freshwater Budgets, Daniel T. Georgi, John M. Toole

Journal of Marine Research

Hydrographic sections that span the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are used to estimate the zonal heat and freshwater transports south of Africa, New Zealand and America. These in tum are used to calculate the exchanges of heat and freshwater between the three major oceans....

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On The Transport And Modification Of Antarctic Bottom Water In The Vema Channel, Nelson Hogg, Pierre Biscaye, Wilford Gardner, William J. Schmitz Jr. Jan 1982

On The Transport And Modification Of Antarctic Bottom Water In The Vema Channel, Nelson Hogg, Pierre Biscaye, Wilford Gardner, William J. Schmitz Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

The Verna Channel is a deep passage across the Rio Grande Rise in the South Atlantic through which Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) must flow on its way northward from the Argentine Basin to the Brazil Basin and eventuafly into the North Atlantic….

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Response Of The Western Equatorial Atlantic Ocean To An Annual Wind Cycle, Eli Joel Katz, Silvia Garzoli Jan 1982

Response Of The Western Equatorial Atlantic Ocean To An Annual Wind Cycle, Eli Joel Katz, Silvia Garzoli

Journal of Marine Research

From the Global Weather Experiment in 1979, four one-year data records are juxtaposed which simultaneously describe the wind stress, thermocline depth, surface current and transport of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the western equatorial Atlantic….

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Seasonal Variability Of Temperature And Salinity In The Labrador Current, John R.N. Lazier Jan 1982

Seasonal Variability Of Temperature And Salinity In The Labrador Current, John R.N. Lazier

Journal of Marine Research

Most of the available temperature and salinity data from the waters above the Labrador continental shelf and slope are assembled and analyzed for seasonal variations. It is first demonstrated that the horizontal temperature and salinity gradients are small in the waters over the shelf relative to the gradients across the slope where the strongest part of the Labrador Current is trapped....

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The Subtropical Recirculation Of Mode Waters, Michael S. Mccartney Jan 1982

The Subtropical Recirculation Of Mode Waters, Michael S. Mccartney

Journal of Marine Research

A "Mode Water" is a particular type of water mass characterized by its vertical homogeneity. There are two general varieties in the world ocean: Subtropical Mode Waters and Subpolar Mode Waters. The vertical homogeneity of a Mode Water is acquired by the process of deep vertical convection in winter. The low vertical density gradient imparted to the water column by convection persists laterally as the general circulation carries the Mode Water away from the formation zone....

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Walter Hoxton's 1735 Description Of The Gulf Stream, P. L. Richardson Jan 1982

Walter Hoxton's 1735 Description Of The Gulf Stream, P. L. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

In 1735 Walter Hoxton, on his chart of Chesapeake Bay, gave an early and accurate description of the western Gulf Stream. Hoxton's pioneering measurements by ship-drift of the mean limits, direction and speed of the Gulf Stream were the first to show that the Stream is a narrow, swift boundary current which leaves the coast near Cape Hatteras. and turns eastward near 38N latitude. The Hoxton description of the Stream antedates by 35 years the Franklin-Folger chart of the Stream.

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The Kinematic And Thermohaline Zonation Of The Antarctic Circumpolar Current At Drake Passage, Worth D. Nowlin Jr., Melody Clifford Jan 1982

The Kinematic And Thermohaline Zonation Of The Antarctic Circumpolar Current At Drake Passage, Worth D. Nowlin Jr., Melody Clifford

Journal of Marine Research

The waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at Drake Passage show mesoscale horizontal zonation into four water mass regimes horizontally separated by three fronts. Vertical profiles of T, S and O2 on opposite sides of each front are described and compared. Although the surface waters are significantly different across fronts, the vertical profiles from the same side of a specific front are remarkably uniform from year to year and from cruise to cruise....

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Finestructure And Microstructure In The North Atlantic Current, Raymond W. Schmitt, Daniel T. Georgi Jan 1982

Finestructure And Microstructure In The North Atlantic Current, Raymond W. Schmitt, Daniel T. Georgi

Journal of Marine Research

The relationship between intrusive finestructure and optical microstructure was studied by simultaneous CTD Tow-yos and deployments of the shadowgraph profiler SCIMP. Strong thermohaline intrusions, 5 to 50 m thick, were tracked laterally for 5 to 10 km in the front associated with the North Atlantic Current....

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Eighteen Degree Water Variability, L. D. Talley, M. E. Raymer Jan 1982

Eighteen Degree Water Variability, L. D. Talley, M. E. Raymer

Journal of Marine Research

The Eighteen Degree Water of the western North Atlantic is formed by deep convection in winter. The circulation and changing properties of Eighteen Degree Water are studied using hydrographic data from a long time series at the Panulirus station (32°10'N, 64°30'W) and from the Gulf Stream '60 experiment....

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The Deep Water Of The Central Indian Basin, Bruce A. Warren Jan 1982

The Deep Water Of The Central Indian Basin, Bruce A. Warren

Journal of Marine Research

Two deep CTD sections were occupied by U.S.N.S. Wilkes in the Central Indian Basin during April 1979, one across the basin along Lat. 12S, and the other from Lat. 12S to 1N along Longs. 88-89E. These observations, in combination with other (mostly recent) data, demonstrate a two-layer structure in the deep water of the basin. The upper deep water (2000-3800 m) is supplied from a mid-depth western-boundary current flowing directly northward from the Antarctic along the eastern flank of the Central Indian Ridge....

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On The Structure Of The Deep Gulf Stream, R. M. Hendry Jan 1982

On The Structure Of The Deep Gulf Stream, R. M. Hendry

Journal of Marine Research

Tlk zonal and temporal structure of the mean and low-frequency flow beneath the Gulf Stream at 55W is explored in an analysis of 17 months of current and temperature measurements at 4000 m depth….

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Variability In The Central Equatorial Indian Ocean Part I: Ocean Dynamics, Michael J. Mcphaden Jan 1982

Variability In The Central Equatorial Indian Ocean Part I: Ocean Dynamics, Michael J. Mcphaden

Journal of Marine Research

Time series of simultaneous wind stress, ocean temperature and velocity from the Island of Gan (00°41'S, 73°10'E) in the equatorial Indian Ocean are examined for the period January 1973-May 1975. Means, trends, and variance at 1 and 2 cycles per year are removed by regression techniques and compared to existing equatorial ocean theories....

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Is There A Seasonal Variation In The Agulhas Current?, Alan F. Pearce, Marten L. Gründlingh Jan 1982

Is There A Seasonal Variation In The Agulhas Current?, Alan F. Pearce, Marten L. Gründlingh

Journal of Marine Research

Historical results are critically re-examined for indications of seasonal variability in the surface core speed of the Agulhas Current. Defining the Current core as water flowing southwestward at more than 1 m s-1, it is found that there is no major seasonal variation in mean flow. This is confirmed by more recent direct current measurements.

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Variability In The Central Equatorial Indian Ocean, Part Ii: Oceanic Heat And Turbulent Energy Balances, Michael J. Mcphaden Jan 1982

Variability In The Central Equatorial Indian Ocean, Part Ii: Oceanic Heat And Turbulent Energy Balances, Michael J. Mcphaden

Journal of Marine Research

Heat and turbulent energy balances in the central equatorial Indian Ocean are examined using over two years (January 1973-May 1975) of simultaneous oceanic and atmospheric measurements from the island of Gan (00°41S, 73°10'E)….

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The Influence Of The Meandering Guiana Current And Amazon River Discharge On Surface Salinity Near Barbados, Gary A. Borstad Jan 1982

The Influence Of The Meandering Guiana Current And Amazon River Discharge On Surface Salinity Near Barbados, Gary A. Borstad

Journal of Marine Research

The seasonal surface salinity regime near Barbados, West Indies is explained in terms of the oceanography of the area. Because of its position relative to the complex and meandering Guiana Current along the northeast coast of South America, the island of Barbados receives mixtures of two fundamentally different surface water types....

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Growth And Predation Activity At Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Along The Galápagos Rift, Donald C. Rhoads, Richard A. Lutz, Robert M. Cerrato, Eugene C. Revelas Jan 1982

Growth And Predation Activity At Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Along The Galápagos Rift, Donald C. Rhoads, Richard A. Lutz, Robert M. Cerrato, Eugene C. Revelas

Journal of Marine Research

Growth rates of unclassified mussels collected from hydrothermal vents on the Pacific Ocean (2500 m) are among the highest recorded for deep-sea species. Mature mussels have mean growth rates of about 1 cm yr-1 which are comparable to growth rates of shallow water mussels....

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18o Fractionation In Barnacle Calcite: A Barnacle Paleotemperature Equation, J. S. Killingley, W. A. Newman Jan 1982

18o Fractionation In Barnacle Calcite: A Barnacle Paleotemperature Equation, J. S. Killingley, W. A. Newman

Journal of Marine Research

The calcitic shells of sessile barnacles (Balanomorpha) taken from ocean waters ranging in temperature from -2° to 26°C have a near constant 18O enrichment compared with mollusk values assumed to be at thermodynamic equilibrium….

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Sources Of Eddy Energy In The Gulf Stream Recirculation Region, Harry L. Bryden Jan 1982

Sources Of Eddy Energy In The Gulf Stream Recirculation Region, Harry L. Bryden

Journal of Marine Research

Array measurements of current and temperature made for 15 months in the main thermodine of the Gulf Stream recirculation region near 31N, 69° 30'W are analyzed to determine the energy sources for low-frequency fluctuations or eddies and the effect of these eddies on the mean circulation in the region....

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Oceanic Distribution Of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria Determined By Immunofluorescent Assay, B. B. Ward Jan 1982

Oceanic Distribution Of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria Determined By Immunofluorescent Assay, B. B. Ward

Journal of Marine Research

Marine ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in seawater were enumerated by means of immunofluorescent assays developed for Nitrosococcus oceanus and Nitrosomonas marina. Samples were collected from the coastal waters off the states of Washington and California, from the central North Atlantic and northeast Pacific Oceans, and from Chesapeake Bay....

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North Atlantic Circulation And Water Mass Formation, Valentine Worthington Jan 1982

North Atlantic Circulation And Water Mass Formation, Valentine Worthington

Journal of Marine Research

When I returned to Woods Hole after serving in the Navy from 1943 to 1946, I worked as a technician for F. C. Fuglister during his classic descriptions of Gulf Stream meanders and Gulf Stream ring formation. Our work resulted in a joint paper (Fuglister and Worthington, 1951) on a multiple ship survey of the Gulf Stream. It also resulted in my promotion to the scientific staff in September 1951....

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Mesopelagic Fishes In Gulf Stream Cold-Core Rings, Richard H. Backus, James E. Craddock Jan 1982

Mesopelagic Fishes In Gulf Stream Cold-Core Rings, Richard H. Backus, James E. Craddock

Journal of Marine Research

Calculations of abundance of midwater fishes in the families Myctophidae, Gonostomatidae, Photichthyidae, and Stemoptychidae for the 1000 m water column were made in cold-core rings and in the nearby Sargasso Sea and Slope Water….

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A Note On Sverdrup Balance In The Southern Ocean, D. James Baker Jr. Jan 1982

A Note On Sverdrup Balance In The Southern Ocean, D. James Baker Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Three sets of recent data from the Southern Ocean, on mass transport through the Drake Passage (Whitworth et al., 1982), on surface winds (Jenne et al., 1971; Han and Lee, 1981) and on density (Gordon et al., 1978) allow an instructive look at the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. These new data suggest that the simple Sverdrup balance of wind stress curl driving a poleward flow south of about 50S as first proposed by Stommel (1957) is consistent with the observed transport within experimental uncertainties....

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Observations Of A Barotropic Planetary Wave In The Western North Atlantic, James F. Price, H. Thomas Rossby Jan 1982

Observations Of A Barotropic Planetary Wave In The Western North Atlantic, James F. Price, H. Thomas Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

SOFAR float observations from 1300 m depth are used to describe a major feature of the large-scale, subthermocline velocity field observed in the western North Atlantic (31 N, 70W), during the 1978 POLYMODE Local Dynamics Experiment (LDE). The two-month-long intensive phase of the LDE was dominated by a highly polarized, oscillatory flow which had many of the characteristics of a barotropic planetary wave....

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A Theory Of Wind-Driven Circulation. I. Mid-Ocean Gyres, Peter B. Rhines, William R. Young Jan 1982

A Theory Of Wind-Driven Circulation. I. Mid-Ocean Gyres, Peter B. Rhines, William R. Young

Journal of Marine Research

A theory of the wind-driven ocean circulation is presented in which the key feature is strong deformation of interior density layers and consequent production of closed geostrophic-contours by the flow itself. The constraint imposed on the subsurface flow by the imposition of a no flux condition where a geostrophic contour strikes a coastal boundary is thus removed. Within regions where the geostrophic contours close the potential vorticity is uniform....

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The Influence Of The Meandering Guiana Current On Surface Conditions Near Barbados - Temporal Variations Of Trichodesmium (Cyanophyta) And Other Plankton, Gary A. Borstad Jan 1982

The Influence Of The Meandering Guiana Current On Surface Conditions Near Barbados - Temporal Variations Of Trichodesmium (Cyanophyta) And Other Plankton, Gary A. Borstad

Journal of Marine Research

The temporal fluctuations of the surface layer Trichodesmium (Cyanophyta) populations off Barbados which occur at roughly three-month intervals are shown to be accompanied by in-phase fluctuations of both the numbers and species composition of other phytoplankton and surface dwelling zooplankton....

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Seasonal Variation In Meridional Overturning And Poleward Heat Transport In The Atlantic And Pacific Oceans: A Model Study, Kirk Bryan Jan 1982

Seasonal Variation In Meridional Overturning And Poleward Heat Transport In The Atlantic And Pacific Oceans: A Model Study, Kirk Bryan

Journal of Marine Research

Numerical solutions for a model of the World Ocean are analyzed to illustrate the important changes in the meridional circulation of the ocean induced by seasonal changes in wind stress. Seasonal variations of meridional circulation and associated changes in poleward heat transport predicted by the model are most important in the Pacific where the background thermohaline circulation is relatively weak....

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A Preliminary Comparison Of Selected Numerical Eddy-Resolving General Circulation Experiments With Observations, William J. Schmitz Jr., William R. Holland Jan 1982

A Preliminary Comparison Of Selected Numerical Eddy-Resolving General Circulation Experiments With Observations, William J. Schmitz Jr., William R. Holland

Journal of Marine Research

Results from several numerical experiments based on one class of eddy-resolving gyre-scale models have been compared kinematically with observations. The model oceans are forced by a simplified steady wind stress distribution in basins with idealized coastlines and bottom topography....

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On The Dynamics Of Equatorial Outflows With Application To The Amazon's Basin, Doron Nof Jan 1981

On The Dynamics Of Equatorial Outflows With Application To The Amazon's Basin, Doron Nof

Journal of Marine Research

A simplified model is considered in order to describe the dynamics of outflows of rivers or sea straits located at or near the equator. The model is steady, frictionless aod nondiffusive but the motions are not constrained to be quasigeostrophic. The geometry of the oceanic basin into which the outflow debouches is approximated by a wedge and the vertical structure of the flow is represented by two layers of different densities. Approximate solutions to the potential vorticity equation and the Bernoulli integral are obtained analytically....

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Dynamic Topography Of The Sea Surface In The Equatorial Atlantic, Eli Joel Katz Jan 1981

Dynamic Topography Of The Sea Surface In The Equatorial Atlantic, Eli Joel Katz

Journal of Marine Research

From historic meridional sections of the central equatorial Atlantic it is shown that the dynamic sea surface topography varies extensively during the year….

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