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Estuaries

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Thick Source Alpha Activity Of Some North Atlantic Cores, J. Laurence Kulp, Herbert L. Volchok, H. D. Holland, David B. Ericson Jan 1952

Thick Source Alpha Activity Of Some North Atlantic Cores, J. Laurence Kulp, Herbert L. Volchok, H. D. Holland, David B. Ericson

Journal of Marine Research

Six representative deep sea cores have been analyzed for their thick source alpha emission at about every 20 cm. Some correlation can be made with a calcium carbonate content but not with absolute surface area. The range of relative alpha activity is 2-3 counts/cm2/hr for sand, 2--4 for globigerina ooze, 4-6 for foraminiferal green clay, and 5-10 for fine white to red clay with low foram content. It appears that total alpha activity cannot be correlated simply with age as might be suggested from the Urry ionium vs. depth curves.

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Marine Leptopel, Its Recovery, Measurement And Distribution, Denis L. Fox, John D. Issacs, Eugene F. Corcoran Jan 1952

Marine Leptopel, Its Recovery, Measurement And Distribution, Denis L. Fox, John D. Issacs, Eugene F. Corcoran

Journal of Marine Research

Leptopel, the colloidally or otherwise finely particulate organic and inorganic detritus suspended in natural bodies of water, varies in chemical composition and in relative quantities with reference to depth, latitude and proximity to land. The leptopelic material may be quantitatively recovered by passing the water through an ultrafilter of inert, insoluble adsorptiv.e powder. Apparatus has been designed to so recover such samples in situ at various depths.

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On The Stability Of Gas Bubbles In Sea Water, Jeffries Wyman Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, L. Irving Jan 1952

On The Stability Of Gas Bubbles In Sea Water, Jeffries Wyman Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, L. Irving

Journal of Marine Research

Laboratory experiments have been performed to determine the rate of solution and the change in composition of air bubbles in stirred sea water as a function of depth (0-200 m) and temperature (1-27° C). At each depth the shrinking of the diameter is nearly linear. This rate of solution increases with increasing pressure up to a limiting value which is almost reached at a depth of 20 m. The rate of disappearance of a bubble is only imperceptibly influenced by temperature. When a bubble of air dissolves at a given depth it becomes richer in nitrogen until a final constant …

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Salinity Distribution And Circulation In The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1952

Salinity Distribution And Circulation In The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The salinity distribution in a coastal plain estuary governs the dynamic structure. In the estuaries studied, the salinity increases with depth, the salinity-depth curve having the general shape of an inverse tangent function. Though there is a layer of relatively rapid increase in salt content with depth, separating an upper less saline layer from a lower more saline layer, this halocline is still sufficiently weak to allow a downward random flux of fresh water as well as an upward random flux of salt. The longitudinal salinity gradient is approximately uniform with depth. The salinity is on the average higher on …

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Physical Oceanographic Investigations In The Eastern Bering And Chukchi Seas During The Summer Of 1947, E. C. Lafond, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1952

Physical Oceanographic Investigations In The Eastern Bering And Chukchi Seas During The Summer Of 1947, E. C. Lafond, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

New information on the physical properties of the waters in the eastern Bering and Chukchi seas is discussed. It shows that, in summer, the water masses of this area are complicated by the circulation and advective processes. In general, the southern Bering Sea water flows northward and is modified by warm low-salinity water from rivers along the Alaskan coast and from intrusions of cold high-salinity water from the western Bering Sea. This mixture of water funn els through the Bering Strait principally at the surface on the eastern side....

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The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses Ii. A Spectrophotometric Method For The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments, Francis A. Richards, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1952

The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses Ii. A Spectrophotometric Method For The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments, Francis A. Richards, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

A semimicro spectrophotometric method is described for the estimation of chlorophyll a, b, and c and of astacin and nonastacin type carotenoids in acetone extracts of plant and animal material. Developed specifically for use in estimating and characterizing plankton populations, the method is highly sensitive and practical for shipboard use. Methods of collecting, preparing and extracting plankton samples, spectrophotometric measurements, computation of results, and errors are discussed.

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Titanium In The Sea, John V. Griel, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1952

Titanium In The Sea, John V. Griel, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

Small amounts of titanium have been detected in sea water by a colorimetric procedure using a thymol reagent and also by a spectrographic method. Diatoms and sea muds were found to have larger amounts of titanium than sea water. Thus it would seem that titanium is concentrated by diatoms in their shell structures.

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Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research I. Marine Sampling With The Molecular Filter, Edward D. Goldberg, Marjorie Baker, Denis L. Fox Jan 1952

Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research I. Marine Sampling With The Molecular Filter, Edward D. Goldberg, Marjorie Baker, Denis L. Fox

Journal of Marine Research

Molecular filters, composed of cellulose acetate and nitrate membranes, may be used for the quantitative estimation of microplankton populations, for the determination of suspended organic and inorganic matter in natural waters, and in studies of photosynthetic productivity by phytoplankton cells in collected samples....

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Absorption Of Nutrients By Aquatic Plants, Walter H. Munk, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1952

Absorption Of Nutrients By Aquatic Plants, Walter H. Munk, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Formulae are derived for the rate of nutrient absorption by aquatic plants approximating the shapes of spheres, discs, cylinders, and plates. Other parameters are the size and specific gravity of the plant, the nutrient concentration of the medium, and the physical properties affecting the transfer of nutrients toward the plant surface. The formulae allow for convection, i. e., the movement of water relative to the plant. Hence absorption is aided by a current in the case of attached plants and by a rapid sinking rate in the case of plankton. The results are not materially modified by turbulence....

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The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses. I. The Absorption Spectra Of Some Pigments Occuring In Diatoms, Dinoflagellates And Brown Algae, Francis A. Richards Jan 1952

The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses. I. The Absorption Spectra Of Some Pigments Occuring In Diatoms, Dinoflagellates And Brown Algae, Francis A. Richards

Journal of Marine Research

The spectra of chlorophyll c, beta carotene, neofucoxanthin A, neofucoxanthin B, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin in 90% acetone solutions are reported. These constants are necessary for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the major plankton pigments described.

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Studies On The Production Of Underwater Sound By North Atlantic Coastal Fishes, Marie Poland Fish, Alton S. Kelsey Jr., William H. Mowbray Jan 1952

Studies On The Production Of Underwater Sound By North Atlantic Coastal Fishes, Marie Poland Fish, Alton S. Kelsey Jr., William H. Mowbray

Journal of Marine Research

Previous studies suggest that at least 42 families of Pacific Ocean fishes are potential sources of underwater sound. The present investigation has undertaken to ascertain experimentally which North Atlantic coastal species fit into that category and what stimuli are involved in sound production among fishes. Apparatus, test and analysis procedures are described....

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Abrupt Change In Width In Two-Layer Open Channel Flow, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer Jan 1952

Abrupt Change In Width In Two-Layer Open Channel Flow, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer

Journal of Marine Research

An abrupt widening in a channel can act as a control on the regime of two-layer flow immediately upstream. A simple explanation in terms of an interfacial Froude number is offered and a set of experimental verifications is described. Bernoulli's Principle is applied to an abrupt narrowing.

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Halogenated Amino Acids Of The Bath Sponge, Eva M. Low Jan 1952

Halogenated Amino Acids Of The Bath Sponge, Eva M. Low

Journal of Marine Research

The amino acid composition and halogen content of the bath sponge, Spongia officinalis obliqua (D. & M.), collected in the Gulf of Mexico, was studied to determine the nature of the halogenated amino acids present. The sponge was found to contain 1.06% tyrosine, 0.38% iodine, and 0.80% bromine. It is believed that the major halogenated amino acids are the mono- (3-) and di- (3, 5-) bromo- and iodotyrosines.

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Diaurnal Fluctations In Bathythermograms, Philip Rudnick, John D. Cochrane Jan 1952

Diaurnal Fluctations In Bathythermograms, Philip Rudnick, John D. Cochrane

Journal of Marine Research

Series of bathythermograms extending over 12- to 90-day periods from two deepsea stations in the northeastern Pacific fail to show more than indefinite or minor fluctuations of tidal period, in contrast with marked internal tides which have been observed in the Atlantic. Fluctuations of surface temperature were found to be about half random and half due to diurnal solar heating.

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The Ball-Breaker, A Deep Water Bottom Signalling Device, John D. Issacs, A. E. Maxwell Jan 1952

The Ball-Breaker, A Deep Water Bottom Signalling Device, John D. Issacs, A. E. Maxwell

Journal of Marine Research

A simple device for signalling the arrival of a deep cast on bottom has been developed and is now in routine use. The device is used either in line with corers or is suspended below as a pilot. When contact of either the ball-breaker or other apparatus is made with the bottom, a small glass sphere in the former is imploded and the resultant signal at the surface is amplified and reproduced over a loud speaker system. The device has been used successfully at depths to 2,700 fathoms.

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Determination Of Ocean Transports And Velocities By Electromagnetic Effects, W. V.R. Malkus, M. E. Stern Jan 1952

Determination Of Ocean Transports And Velocities By Electromagnetic Effects, W. V.R. Malkus, M. E. Stern

Journal of Marine Research

The electric potentials in and about an ocean current are shown to be related in a simple fashion to the total fluid transport. In many waters, surface measurements alone permit the determination of this total transport. It is also established that the local vertical potential gradient is a measure of the local velocity. Several techniques of measurement, including the "Geomagnetic electrokinetograph" method, and the errors which may be involved in each, are discussed.

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Note On The Meridional Transport Of Energy By The Oceans, Glenn H. Jung Jan 1952

Note On The Meridional Transport Of Energy By The Oceans, Glenn H. Jung

Journal of Marine Research

The role of the oceans in providing poleward energy flux within the earth's fluid envelope is re-examined in regard to effective transport mechanisms. A hypothetical model near 30 degrees north latitude is found to produce a sizeable poleward energy transport when effects of closed vertical circulations operating in meridional planes are considered. Available data for the Atlantic do not conflict with this result. It is suggested that the importance of such meridional circulations should not be disregarded in computations of the global energy balance.

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Determinations Of Free And Bound Ascorbic Acid In Fishery Products, W. H. Hastings, C. Floyd Spencer Jan 1952

Determinations Of Free And Bound Ascorbic Acid In Fishery Products, W. H. Hastings, C. Floyd Spencer

Journal of Marine Research

Asorbic acid is found in two different forms in fish tissue. One form, soluble in 95% ethanol, constitutes approximately 85% of the total vitamin C content, and the other form, which is insoluble in 95% ethanol, constitutes approximately 15% of the total. Certain fish products have sufficient ascorbic acid to be of importance as dietary sources. Retention of the vitamin on processing varies with different fish products.

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Recent Findings About The Deep Scattering Layer, J. B. Hersey, H. R. Johnson, L. C. Davis Jan 1952

Recent Findings About The Deep Scattering Layer, J. B. Hersey, H. R. Johnson, L. C. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

Sound scattering observations in deep water are reported for the frequency range from 2 to 20 kc. An explosive sound source was employed to give a sound having high acoustic pressures throughout the frequency range. The receiver was directed vertically downward in the water; the recorder allowed simultaneous recording over several frequency bands....

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A New Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, Kenneth Bendschneider, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1952

A New Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, Kenneth Bendschneider, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A spectrophotometric method, employing sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine, has been proposed for the determination of nitrite in sea water. The effect of the order of addition of reagents, acidity, reagent concentration, and temperature on the speed of color formation and maximum optical density has been discussed. It has been shown that salinity has no effect on the maximum color intensity. The color develops rapidly in either sea water or fresh water and is stable for approximately two hours. Calibration curves have been prepared which show that the concentration of nitrite is directly proportional to color intensity.

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The Determination And Distribution Of Copper In Sea Water. Part I. The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Copper In Sea Water, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1952

The Determination And Distribution Of Copper In Sea Water. Part I. The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Copper In Sea Water, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The spectrophotometric determination of copper in sea water has been studied with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as the color forming reagent. This reagent, compared with the frequently used dithizone, affords simpler operation, less interference from other metallic ions, higher sensitivity, and greater accuracy. Xylene has been found to be most desirable for extracting the copper diethyldithiocarbamate. Factors studied in some detail include the effects of varying the extracting time, concentration as it affects the coefficient of extraction, amount of reagent, hydrogen ion concentration, salinity, concentration of oxidizing and reducing agents, and the stabilities of the diethyldithiocarbamate reagent and the colored copper diethyldithiocarbamate....

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Bathypelagic Fishes As Sound Scatterers In The Ocean, Norman B. Marshall Jan 1951

Bathypelagic Fishes As Sound Scatterers In The Ocean, Norman B. Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

Investigations on the D. S. L. in oceanic waters have been considered in the light of recently acquired data on the structure of the air bladder in bathypelagic fishes. From this it has been suggested that much of the reverberation of supersonic pulses used in echo-sounding may come from layers of these oceanic fishes, particularly from those possessing an air bladder....

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The Exchanges Of Fresh And Salt Waters In Tidal Estuaries, Bostwick H. Ketchum Jan 1951

The Exchanges Of Fresh And Salt Waters In Tidal Estuaries, Bostwick H. Ketchum

Journal of Marine Research

An empirical theory is presented which describes the exchanges between various parts of an estuary as a result of tidal oscillations, and which permits the calculation of the average distribution of fresh and salt water within the estuary. The characteristics of the estuary used in the calculations are the mean range of tides, the river flow, and the topography, all readily available for most estuaries. The calculations are shown to produce results which are similar to distributions observed in three very different estuaries. The theory will permit calculation of the changes in distribution of salinity and fresh water in any …

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Etiological Studies On Oyster Mortality I. Nematopsis Ostrearum Prytherch 1940 (Sporozoa: Porosporidae), H. Malcolm Owen, Lester L. Walters, Louis A. Bregan Jan 1951

Etiological Studies On Oyster Mortality I. Nematopsis Ostrearum Prytherch 1940 (Sporozoa: Porosporidae), H. Malcolm Owen, Lester L. Walters, Louis A. Bregan

Journal of Marine Research

Oysters from the major producing area of Louisiana were found to be 100% infected with the gregarine parasite Nematopsis ostrearum; those from a check station in Pencacola Bay, Florida, were found to be 95.1 % infected. In Louisiana., the population of N. ostrearum was found to be higher in the area east of the Mississippi River. N. ostrearum infections in oysters increased significantly during summer months in areas of relatively low oyster mortality. It was concluded on indirect and negative evidence that N. ostrearum was not a controlling factor responsible for the condition of oysters or for their extensive mortalities …

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Growth And Setting Of Larvae Of Venus Mercenarid In Relation To Temperautre, V. L. Loosanoff, W. S. Miller, P. B. Smith Jan 1951

Growth And Setting Of Larvae Of Venus Mercenarid In Relation To Temperautre, V. L. Loosanoff, W. S. Miller, P. B. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

Larvae of the hard shell clam, Venus mercenaria, were grown to metamorphosis at constant temperatures of 30.0, 27.0, 24.0, 21.0 and 18.0° C ± 1.0° C. The rate of growth of the larvae was generally, but not always, more rapid at high than at low temperatures. Within this range small differences in temperature, such as 1.0 or 2.0°, were not extremely important in affecting the rate of growth....

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The Sources Of The Deep Water Of The Eastern Mediterranean Sea, M. J. Pollak Jan 1951

The Sources Of The Deep Water Of The Eastern Mediterranean Sea, M. J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

The deep water in the two basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Levant and the Ionian Sea, is identical in temperature and salinity though differing slightly in oxygen content. Contrary to Nielsen's thesis, none of this water is formed in the southern Aegean Sea....

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Notes On The Development Of A Thermistor Temperature Profile Recorder (Tpr), Ernest R. Anderson, Arthur T. Burke Jan 1951

Notes On The Development Of A Thermistor Temperature Profile Recorder (Tpr), Ernest R. Anderson, Arthur T. Burke

Journal of Marine Research

A vertical temperature profile recorder, utilizing a thermistor as the temperature sensing element, has been developed for use on lakes, bays, or other enclosed or semi-enclosed bodies of water where temperature profiles in the upper 30 m are desired. Tests of the instrument indicate that it is rugged and durable, giving easily readable records accurate to ± 0.1 ° C....

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A Plastic Envelope Substitute For Drift Bootles, F. C.W. Olson Jan 1951

A Plastic Envelope Substitute For Drift Bootles, F. C.W. Olson

Journal of Marine Research

A plastic envelope of 0.004 inch thick polyethylene is suggested as a substitute for drift bottles. The return card is sealed hermetically in the envelope, thus forming an inexpensive, compact and convenient means for studying surface currents by conventional drift bottle technique. Tests indicate that "drift cards" actually indicate surface flows and are not at the complete mercy of the winds.

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An Automatic Reagent Dispenser For Shipboard Use, Warren S. Wooster, Dayton E. Carritt, John D. Isaacs Jan 1951

An Automatic Reagent Dispenser For Shipboard Use, Warren S. Wooster, Dayton E. Carritt, John D. Isaacs

Journal of Marine Research

Recent work on modification of the molybdenum-blue method for determination of dissolved inorganic phosphate in sea water (Wooster and Rakestraw, 1951) showed the need for a simple rugged device sui table for rapid and precise delivery of small quantities of reagents at sea. The two reagents used for phosphat e determination impose addit ional requirements on this device. Molybdic acid solution must be protected from the light and must not be allowed to come in contact with rubber;·stannous chloride solution must be protected from contact with the atmosphere.

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An Attitude On "Fishery Hydrography", J. N. Carruthers Jan 1951

An Attitude On "Fishery Hydrography", J. N. Carruthers

Journal of Marine Research

An essay on the theme that the fortunes of North Sea fish broods may be determined by some factor (or by some complex of factors) resident within those broad features of water circulation which are ruled by widespread wind conditions inferable from the study of atmospheric pressure gradients, followed thereafter by an ADDENDUM (due to Günter Dietrich) dealing with month-by-month wind conditions over the northern North Sea during the half century now ending, and by an ADDENDUM NoTE briefly indicating what progress has been made along the lines concerned and what is in prospect.

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