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The Annual Cycle Of Phosphorus And Nitrogen In New England Coastal Waters, Bostwick H. Ketchum, Ralph F. Vaccaro, Nathaniel Corwin Jan 1958

The Annual Cycle Of Phosphorus And Nitrogen In New England Coastal Waters, Bostwick H. Ketchum, Ralph F. Vaccaro, Nathaniel Corwin

Journal of Marine Research

Distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen in New England coastal waters at various times of year are described. In surface waters the nitrate-nitrogen content is sometimes completely exhausted, even though small concentrations (0.2-0.5µg-at/l) of phosphorus are always available. The ratio of concentrations by atoms, N:P, varies in surface waters from maximum values of about 10: 1 to values approaching zero as the nitrate is exhausted....

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Sir C. Wyville Thomson's Letters To Staff-Commander Thomas H. Tizard, 1877-1881, Daniel Merriman, Mary Merriman Jan 1958

Sir C. Wyville Thomson's Letters To Staff-Commander Thomas H. Tizard, 1877-1881, Daniel Merriman, Mary Merriman

Journal of Marine Research

These original letters from Thomson to Tizard are concerned with the publication of the results of the CHALLENGER Expedition, as well as the study of the Faroe Channel and the eventual delineation of the Wyville Thomson Ridge with its diversity of "cold and warm area" bottom fauna. They also provide evidence of Thomson's indefatigability as well as certain historical sidelights.

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A Damped Kelvin-Wave Of General Form, Joseph Proundman Jan 1958

A Damped Kelvin-Wave Of General Form, Joseph Proundman

Journal of Marine Research

1. Abstract and Introduction. This paper is concerned with a long free progressive wave in a channel of uniform width and depth when there is no component of current transverse to the channel. The density of the water is supposed to be uniform and the rotation of the earth and friction are taken into account.

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Particulate Matter In The Oxygen-Minimum Layer, Norris W. Rakestraw Jan 1958

Particulate Matter In The Oxygen-Minimum Layer, Norris W. Rakestraw

Journal of Marine Research

In view of the interest in oxygen distribution in the ocean, it 3eems advisable to bring to light some observations which were made in the l 930's but which were never published….

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Growth And Variation In Sea Urchins Of York, Maine, Emery F. Swan Jan 1958

Growth And Variation In Sea Urchins Of York, Maine, Emery F. Swan

Journal of Marine Research

From a three square meter plot of intertidal shore on a rocky point of York, Maine, sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) were collected on June 28 and 29, 1957 for study of their size-frequency distribution. Test height, test weight, number of wedges in the spines, number of pore-pairs in the ambulacral arcs, number of ocular plates insert, and number of coronal plates have been related to test diameter....

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Some Oceanograpidc Characteristics Of A Polluted Inlet In British Columbia, Michael Waldichuk Jan 1958

Some Oceanograpidc Characteristics Of A Polluted Inlet In British Columbia, Michael Waldichuk

Journal of Marine Research

Physical and chemical characteristics of Neroutsos Inlet, British Columbia, in August 1957 are described. Moderately deep, 11 nautical miles long by 0.5 to 1 mile wide, it has been subjected to a prolonged period of waste disposal from a sulphite pulp mill near its head. The mill effluent is discharged on the surface at the shore and is largely confined to a thin surface layer about 5 m deep....

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Diurnal Study Of Phytoplankton Pigments: An In Situ Study In East Sound, Washington, Charles S. Yentsch, Robert F. Scagel Jan 1958

Diurnal Study Of Phytoplankton Pigments: An In Situ Study In East Sound, Washington, Charles S. Yentsch, Robert F. Scagel

Journal of Marine Research

The effect of light intensity on the quantities of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in a natural marine diatom community has been observed. Marked daily fluctuations in the quantities of these pigments, which showed highest concentrations around mid-day and at night, resulted from changes in quantities within the cells. Rates of synthesis and decomposition throughout the day have been computed. Highest cellular concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments corresponded to optimal light intensities for photosynthesis....

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The Use Of A Large Capacity Portable Pump For Plankton Sampling, With Notes On Plankton Patchiness, William Aron Jan 1958

The Use Of A Large Capacity Portable Pump For Plankton Sampling, With Notes On Plankton Patchiness, William Aron

Journal of Marine Research

A centrifugal pump with rated capacity of 400 gals./rnin. was used for plankton sampling in Puget Sound. With the ship under way, 50 simultaneous paired hauls were made with the pump and with a 0.5-meter nylon plankton net. The pumped water was passed through a special filtering unit with negligible damage to the plankters. Data show remarkable agreement between catches of fish eggs captured by pump and by tow net....

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Extreme Sea Water Temperatures And Densities Along The North Atlantic States During Summer 1955, C. B. Taylor Jan 1957

Extreme Sea Water Temperatures And Densities Along The North Atlantic States During Summer 1955, C. B. Taylor

Journal of Marine Research

During the summer of 1955, record high sea water temperatures were observed in harbors and coastal waters of the North Atlantic States. Record air temperatures also occurred during this period. It is concluded that high sea water temperatures were due in large part to continued high air temperatures. The record low densities (or salinities) during the same summer corresponded with the periods of hurricanes Connie and Diane, hence the high runoff following these storms was doubtless responsible. The lag between rainfall and noticeable dilution and the delay in return to normalcy depend upon several factors· including the amount of rain, …

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A Note On The Dynamic Balance In Estuarine Circulation, R. W. Stewart Jan 1957

A Note On The Dynamic Balance In Estuarine Circulation, R. W. Stewart

Journal of Marine Research

Because of the large tidal velocities and small dimensions of estuaries, it is not justified to ignore the effects of the curvature of flow when computing the dynamic balance of the current system.

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A Theory Of Upwelling Of Large Horizontal Extent, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao Jan 1957

A Theory Of Upwelling Of Large Horizontal Extent, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao

Journal of Marine Research

Based on certain hypotheses, vertical motion in the upper layers is found to be related to the poleward transport in the lower layers. Upwelling off the California coast, based on recent data, is examined; the theoretical result appears to be confirmed by comparison with other independent indications. A new method of locating regions of upwelling with the approximate velocity is proposed.

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The Bathystrophic Storm Tide, John C. Freeman Jr., Ledolph Baer, Glenn H. Jung Jan 1957

The Bathystrophic Storm Tide, John C. Freeman Jr., Ledolph Baer, Glenn H. Jung

Journal of Marine Research

The tides on a regular open coast change rapidly as a stonn approaches, and the time history of this change is important in computing dangerously rugh tides in bays; in addition, this change influences the maximum wave height offshore. Simple physfcal assumptions are used (and justified) to define a "bathystrophic" flow, and it is shown mathematically that this flow is of great importance in the computation of storm tides. Using only the traditionally accepted formulae and constants for wind stress and bottom friction, examples of the time change of the tide have been calculated. These results agree with observations as …

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An External Core Catcher For Oceanographic Work, William H. Glezen Jan 1957

An External Core Catcher For Oceanographic Work, William H. Glezen

Journal of Marine Research

A core catcher for use with short gravity-type core barrels is described. A flat plate at the foot of a pair of pivot arms is caused to swing under the bottom of the core barrel after the barrel is withdrawn from the bottom. A float-weight lever arm is employed to actuate the device.

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Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of "Secondary Instability" On Mixing Processes, Gordon W. Groves, Townsend Cromwell Jan 1957

Experimental Investigation Of The Effect Of "Secondary Instability" On Mixing Processes, Gordon W. Groves, Townsend Cromwell

Journal of Marine Research

Since specific volume in the ocean is a nonlinear function of salinity and internal energy, mixing results in a change in the total volume. There is a contribution to the change in potential energy due to mixing, which depends on this change in volume and on the pressure at which mixing takes place. Fofonoff has made use of this fact in defining a "secondary stability" parameter. It might be speculated that, under conditions of (secondary) instability, turbulent mixing could be generated spontaneously or that the quality of mixing would be different from that under stable conditions. An experiment to detect …

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Acceleration Measurements In The Deep Ocean, F. N. Spiess Jan 1957

Acceleration Measurements In The Deep Ocean, F. N. Spiess

Journal of Marine Research

The study of surface waves in the deep ocean can be carried out effectively by using a new technique: measurement of accelerations of a small water mass well below the surface. Instrumentation for carrying out such measurements is described in detail, including a special accelerometer, neutrally buoyant case, long lightweight slack wire, and data-recording equipment. Some initial results achieved with this equipment are shown and the possibility of broader applications of this technique for wave and gravity measurements at sea are discussed briefly.

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Chlorophyll A In The Phytoplankton In Coastal Waters Of The Eastern Gulf Of Mexico, Nelson Marshall Jan 1956

Chlorophyll A In The Phytoplankton In Coastal Waters Of The Eastern Gulf Of Mexico, Nelson Marshall

Journal of Marine Research

Chlorophyll a was measured about twice a month for one year at three surface stations along the axis of Alligator Harbor, Florida; additional observations were made at stations along Tampa Bay and elsewhere in the coastal waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The greatest concentrations, toward the head of the estuaries studied, were probably associated with low dispersal rates and with mixing of benthic forms into the plankton of shallow water....

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A Method For Determining Mean Longitudinal Velocities In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard, Richard E. Kent Jan 1956

A Method For Determining Mean Longitudinal Velocities In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard, Richard E. Kent

Journal of Marine Research

It is shown that the longitudinal component of the mean velocity in a coastal plain estuary may be computed by indirect methods. To do this, use is made of the lateral and longitudinal components of the equation of motion, the tidal velocity amplitudes, and a deduced relationship between the vertical and lateral eddy stresses. The method is evaluated for a station in the James River estuary. The resultant computed velocities agree quantitatively with the corresponding observed velocities.

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The Acion Of Variable Wind Stresses On A Stratified Ocean, G. Veronis, Henry Stommel Jan 1956

The Acion Of Variable Wind Stresses On A Stratified Ocean, G. Veronis, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

The forced response of a horizontally infinite ocean on a rotating earth to a transient wind system is investigated. In an equilibrium state, the ocean consists of two homogeneous layers of fluid of finite depth, the fluid in the lower layer being slightly denser than that in the upper. The wind system is periodic in space, and its time-dependence is periodic or is given by a step function....

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The Processes Of Sound Scattering At The Ocean Surface And Bottom, R. J. Urick Jan 1956

The Processes Of Sound Scattering At The Ocean Surface And Bottom, R. J. Urick

Journal of Marine Research

In order to have a firm basis for the prediction of reverberation or back-scattering of sound in the sea, field measurements leading to values for a back-scattering coefficient of the sea surface and bottom have been made. Variation of this coefficient with angle of incidence of the sound beam provides some interesting clues as to the back-scattering processes which operate....

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The Potassium-Chlorinity Ratio Of Ocean Water, Ralph E. Jentoft, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1956

The Potassium-Chlorinity Ratio Of Ocean Water, Ralph E. Jentoft, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A method for determining the amount of potassium in ocean water has been described. With this procedure, a number of ocean water samples have been analyzed for potassium, and the potassium-chlorinity ratios have been calculated. The ratio has been found to have a constant value of 0.02023 with a standard deviation of 0.000,032 or 1.6 parts per 1,000.

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On The Range Of Variation In Sea Level, J. Neumann Jan 1956

On The Range Of Variation In Sea Level, J. Neumann

Journal of Marine Research

It is inferred from statistical theory that under 'stationary' conditions, i. e., in the course of periods during which the mean sea level remains stable, the average range of sea level for intervals of time of given lengths should vary linearly with the logarithm of the length of time interval. This is an asymptotic property, so that the logarithmic law of increase in range holds only if the intervals considered are relatively long....

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Fluctuations In Populations Of Littoral Marine Invertebrates, Wesley R. Coe Jan 1956

Fluctuations In Populations Of Littoral Marine Invertebrates, Wesley R. Coe

Journal of Marine Research

Fluctuations in populations of various species of marine invertebrates, several of them over many years, are recorded. Some of the data are quantitative, but most of them are merely estimates of relative abundance at the same season in successive years....

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The Dynamic Structure Of A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1956

The Dynamic Structure Of A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

The time mean equations of motion applicable to a coa.stal plain estuary are developed and discussed. Time series observations of temperature, salinity, and current velocity from two sections in the James River are utilized to obtain the mean lateral and longitudinal components of the relative pressure field, the Coriolis force, and the field accelerations....

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The Occurrence Of Cadmium In Seawater And In Marine Organisms And Sediments, J. B. Mullin, J. P. Riley Jan 1956

The Occurrence Of Cadmium In Seawater And In Marine Organisms And Sediments, J. B. Mullin, J. P. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Methods have been developed for determining cadmium in seawater, marine organisms, and marine sediments. The procedure, based on the dithizone extraction method of Saltzman, is capable of detecting less than 10 mµg of the element and can be used for determining cadmium in silicate rocks; only thallium interferes. To confirm the presence of cadmium and to ensure freedom from contamination, the dithizone extracts were examined spectrographically.

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Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt Jan 1956

Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt

Journal of Marine Research

Inorganic phosphate and total phosphorus were determined during 1950 in Great Pond, Massachusetts. Except in deeper water during summer, the concentration of inorganic phosphate was less in Great Pond than in its sources of fresh and salt waters. In summer the total phosphorus concentration was greater in the Pond than in the Sound or River, this being particularly so in deep water of the Pond....

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Echo Traces Associated With Thermoclines, D. H. Cushing, A. J. Lee, I. D. Richardson Jan 1956

Echo Traces Associated With Thermoclines, D. H. Cushing, A. J. Lee, I. D. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Echoes received from the depth of the thermocline in Windermere, the North Sea, the Barents Sea and off Spitsbergen have been associated with aggregations of plankton organisms: zooplankton at a density of 25/litre in Windermere and phytoplankton at a density of 100,000 cells/litre (Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros sp.) in the Barents Sea.

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A Light-Scattering Diagram, Wayne V. Burt Jan 1956

A Light-Scattering Diagram, Wayne V. Burt

Journal of Marine Research

A diagram is presented which shows the light scattering effectiveness of small particles when they are suspended in water. The effective scattering is plotted as a function of the radius of the particles (0.005 to 5 µ), of the wave length of the energy being scattered (0.35 to 0.8 µ), and of the relative refractive index of the material in the particle when compared to water (1.02 to 1.40). The diagram covers the range of variables for most fine materials which are found suspended in natural waters.

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Plankton Pigment Nomographs, A. C. Duxbury, Charles S. Yentsch Jan 1956

Plankton Pigment Nomographs, A. C. Duxbury, Charles S. Yentsch

Journal of Marine Research

Nomographs for computing the amounts of plankton pigments aa determined by the spectrophotometric method have been constructed. The methods used for alignment and scaling are discUBSed. The use of the nomographs shortens computation time considerably.

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The Laminariaceae Off North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands; Changes From 1947 To 1955, F. T. Walker, W. D. Richardson Jan 1956

The Laminariaceae Off North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands; Changes From 1947 To 1955, F. T. Walker, W. D. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Changes in the crops of Laminariaceae over a number of years around Scotland have been investigated. This paper summarises the results of five surveys carried out in 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1955 in North Shapinsay, Orkney Islands. Considerable losses were found between 1947 and 1952, but thereafter recovery commenced and has continued. Some of the ecological factors are analysed and discussed.

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Quantitative Effect Of The Sun's Position On Submarine Light Polarization, Talbot H. Waterman, William E. Westell Jan 1956

Quantitative Effect Of The Sun's Position On Submarine Light Polarization, Talbot H. Waterman, William E. Westell

Journal of Marine Research

Over 1,000 measurements of the degree and plane of submarine light polarization have been made in littoral waters at depths of 3 to 41m. Using special polarimetric instruments, these parameters were visually measured mainly in horizontal lines of sight at times ranging from sunrise to sunset. Tests showed that observational errors were within ± 5° for the polarization plane, ± 5% for per cent polarization....

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