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Articles 1921 - 1950 of 2567

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An Underwater Spectral Irradiance Collector, Raymond C. Smith Jan 1969

An Underwater Spectral Irradiance Collector, Raymond C. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

The design, testing, and evaluation of the accuracy of a collector for measuring underwater spectral irradiance is the subject of this paper. A successful underwater irradiance collector is described. Emphasis is placed on the experimental techniques employed in testing its collecting properties and in measuring the immersion effect so that its accuracy can be estimated....

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Naviface, Oxyty, And Epichthon: Words Versus Terms, John Lyman Jan 1969

Naviface, Oxyty, And Epichthon: Words Versus Terms, John Lyman

Journal of Marine Research

The suggestions by R. B. Mongomery (1969) concerning the need for new words in marine research raise in my mind the question of whether in fact it is new words or new terms that are necessary. By coining new words, are we not in danger of surrounding our discipline with a jargon that, while it may facilitate slightly communication among insiders, restricts to a greater extent communication with those in other fields?....

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Redefinition Of Salinity, Warren S. Wooster, Arthur J. Lee, Gunter Dietrich Jan 1969

Redefinition Of Salinity, Warren S. Wooster, Arthur J. Lee, Gunter Dietrich

Journal of Marine Research

Two definitions of salinity have been in use since the early part of the present century (Knudsen 1901, Forch et al. 1902). According to the procedural definition, salinity is the amount (in grams) of dissolved solid material in a kilogram of seawater after all the bromine has been replaced by an equivalent quantity of chlorine, after all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, and after all of the organic matter has been destroyed....

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The Use Of Moire Fringes In Laboratory Oceanography, D. James Baker Jr. Jan 1969

The Use Of Moire Fringes In Laboratory Oceanography, D. James Baker Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

The purpose of this note is to present a sketch of the inexpensive Moire fringe technique, which provides a quick and easy visualization of concentration gradients and which can be used for quantitative measurements….

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Influence Of The Amazon River Outflow On The Ecology Of The Western Tropical Atlantic. Iii. The Planktonic Flora Between The Amazon River And The Windward Island, E. M. Hulburt, Nathaniel Corwin Jan 1969

Influence Of The Amazon River Outflow On The Ecology Of The Western Tropical Atlantic. Iii. The Planktonic Flora Between The Amazon River And The Windward Island, E. M. Hulburt, Nathaniel Corwin

Journal of Marine Research

An abundant diatomaceous flora was observed in shallow waters along the coasts of French Guiana and Dutch Guiana during the fall of 1964 and the spring of 1965. In the fall, these diatoms were apparently carried far beyond the continental shelf by the Amazon effluent, which crossed the northwestward Guiana Current and became entrained in a southeastward countercurrent....

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Description Of A Freely Dropped Instrument For Measuring Current Velocity, William S. Richardson, Allan R. Carr, Henry J. White Jan 1969

Description Of A Freely Dropped Instrument For Measuring Current Velocity, William S. Richardson, Allan R. Carr, Henry J. White

Journal of Marine Research

A new form of freely dropped instrument for current-velocity measurements is described. Operational procedures for using the instrument and its auxiliary equipment are given.

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Comparison Between Wind Waves At Sea And In The Laboratory, G. D. Hess, G. M. Hidy, E. J. Plate Jan 1969

Comparison Between Wind Waves At Sea And In The Laboratory, G. D. Hess, G. M. Hidy, E. J. Plate

Journal of Marine Research

Correlations between laboratory and geophysical data are presented for certain statistical properties of wind waves. The parameters chosen include: (i) relationships between wave height and the height of the highest one-third or one-tenth waves, as given by a Rayleigh probability distribution, and (ii) amplitude spectra for waves, as given by Phillips' equilibrium theory. The correlation between laboratory results and geophysical data is satisfactory over a wide range of wave size.

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Geostrophy And Direct Measurements In The Straits Of Florida, Saul Broida Jan 1969

Geostrophy And Direct Measurements In The Straits Of Florida, Saul Broida

Journal of Marine Research

Quantitative agreement between geostrophic computations and direct measurements of current and transport in the Straits of Florida, and elsewhere as well, is found only when observations are made under synoptic conditions. Under other conditions, geostrophic computations often show a multiaxial structure (i.e., bands of current) not found with direct measurements; this apparent multiaxial structure could be caused largely by periodic disturbances related to the tides....

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Deep Water Properties And Flow In The Central North Pacific, R. K. Reed Jan 1969

Deep Water Properties And Flow In The Central North Pacific, R. K. Reed

Journal of Marine Research

Values of potential temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen at deep levels in the central North Pacific are presented and discussed, and the direction of flow is inferred. Deep water from the south appears to spread into the northern region by way of a western route rather than directly through the central region.

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Analyses Of Coccolith Ooze From The Deep Tropical Atlantic, Geoffrey Thompson, Vaughan T. Bowen Jan 1969

Analyses Of Coccolith Ooze From The Deep Tropical Atlantic, Geoffrey Thompson, Vaughan T. Bowen

Journal of Marine Research

Analyses of samples from a 200-cm core of coccolith ooze from the deep tropical Atlantic (00° 07'S, 17° 34'W) show it to be uniformly composed of low-magnesium calcite. The levels of most trace elements were found to be low for pelagic marine carbonate sediments.

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The Words Naviface And Oxyty, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1969

The Words Naviface And Oxyty, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

It is amazing that English-speaking scientists and seamen have muddled along without a noun for the all-important interface between atmosphere and ocean, sometimes designated with the phrase "air-sea interface," more often with the vague phrase "sea surface." For clarity and economy of expression, a single word is needed for this floor of the atmosphere and ceiling of the ocean....

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On The Roles Of Vertical Velocity And Eddy Conductivity In Maintaining A Thermocline, Roy Overstreet, Maurice Rattray Jr. Jan 1969

On The Roles Of Vertical Velocity And Eddy Conductivity In Maintaining A Thermocline, Roy Overstreet, Maurice Rattray Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Steady-state solutions of the vertical heat-balance equation have been obtained for various assumed vertical profiles of the vertical component of velocity and eddy conductivity. Relationships have been found for the depth and the thickness of the thermocline in terms of parameters that characterize the vertical velocity and eddy conductivity. Two of the solutions agree with observations in regions having respectively divergent and convergent Ekman mass transport.

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Comparison Of The Hydrographic Structure Of Equatorial Waters North Of New Guinea And At 170°E, Philippe Hisard, Yves Magnier, Bruno Wauthy Jan 1969

Comparison Of The Hydrographic Structure Of Equatorial Waters North Of New Guinea And At 170°E, Philippe Hisard, Yves Magnier, Bruno Wauthy

Journal of Marine Research

The Equatorial Undercurrent was observed from March through August 1967 on a transect along 170°E during five cruises of the R. V. CORIOLIS. The velocity structure changed markedly from cruise to cruise….

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Concentrations Of Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, And Zn In The Northern Indian Ocean And Arabian Sea, Graham Topping Jan 1969

Concentrations Of Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, And Zn In The Northern Indian Ocean And Arabian Sea, Graham Topping

Journal of Marine Research

Samples of seawater from the Indian Ocean (RRS DISCOVERY Sts. 5102-5206) and the Arabian Sea (Sts. 5077-5094), obtained in 1962 through 1964 with N.I.O. sampling bottles, have been analyzed for Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, and Zn. This investigation has indicated that, in the northwestern Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea, higher values of these trace elements are found in the surface layers compared with the bottom layer and that there is a tendency for these trace elements to decrease in concentration with depth....

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Evaporation In The Laboratory And At Sea, Allen H. Schooley Jan 1969

Evaporation In The Laboratory And At Sea, Allen H. Schooley

Journal of Marine Research

A short-fetch water-wind tunnel has been used to measure the evaporation rate for wind velocities between 200 and 800 cm/sec and for three water-air temperature differences. Sverdrup's assumption of a molecular diffusion sublayer at the naviface bas been used to compare laboratory evaporation measurements with existing measurements at sea....

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Wave Directions From A Large Spar Buoy, Philip Rudnick Jan 1969

Wave Directions From A Large Spar Buoy, Philip Rudnick

Journal of Marine Research

A set of 50 directional spectra of surface waves in the North Pacific Ocean, covering a 26-day period in September 1963, has been derived from pressure and acceleration sensors attached to the manned spar buoy, FLIP, located near 39° 20'N, 148° 30'W. Results are given as ampiitudes and directions associated with the first two harmonics of the directional distribution. New analyses enabling full interpretation of these parameters are also presented.

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Some Measurements Of The Directional Wave Spectrum, J. A. Ewing Jan 1969

Some Measurements Of The Directional Wave Spectrum, J. A. Ewing

Journal of Marine Research

A sequence of ten records of the directional wave spectrum has been obtained from the motions of a floating buoy located at 56° 45'N, 18° 57'W. The records were taken to check the results derived from a numerical scheme for forecasting ocean waves in the North Atlantic....

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Two Temperature-Compensated Thermistor Current Meters For Use In Marine Ecology, Helmut Forstner, Klaus Rützler Jan 1969

Two Temperature-Compensated Thermistor Current Meters For Use In Marine Ecology, Helmut Forstner, Klaus Rützler

Journal of Marine Research

Small bead thermistors of the type commonly used for temperature measurement can be adapted for use as current probes in liquid or gaseous media. The small size, the rapid response, and the sensitivity of such probes make them well suited for the study of water movement as a microclimatic factor in marine and limnic habitats....

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Low Sea-Surface Salinity Off Northeastern South America In Summer 1964, John D. Cochrane Jan 1969

Low Sea-Surface Salinity Off Northeastern South America In Summer 1964, John D. Cochrane

Journal of Marine Research

Between 24 July and 10 September 1964, low sea-surface salinity was present off South America between 5°N and 100°N in the form of two partly merged tongues extending more than 600 n. mi. east of 50°W. Near 9°N, 50°W, a marked eastward flow was found and identified as the Equatorial Counter Current; it apparently brought in much of the freshened water encountered east of 50°W....

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Anomalous Temperature Of Bottom Water In The Panama Basin, Norman P. Laird Jan 1969

Anomalous Temperature Of Bottom Water In The Panama Basin, Norman P. Laird

Journal of Marine Research

In studies of basins along the western rim of the Pacific, Wyrtki (1961 a, b) found no significant differences in bottom potential temperature within individual basins….

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An Examination Of Marine Animals For The Presence Of Carbon-Bound Phosphorus, Louis D. Quin, Frank A. Shelburne Jan 1969

An Examination Of Marine Animals For The Presence Of Carbon-Bound Phosphorus, Louis D. Quin, Frank A. Shelburne

Journal of Marine Research

Thirty-one marine animals from nine different phyla were analyzed for the presence of carbon-bound phosphorus….

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Motions With Inertial And Diurnal Period In A Numerical Model Of The Navifacial Boundary Layer, Joseph P. Pandolfo Jan 1969

Motions With Inertial And Diurnal Period In A Numerical Model Of The Navifacial Boundary Layer, Joseph P. Pandolfo

Journal of Marine Research

A model that represents a complex local theory concerning the navifacial planetary boundary layer is presented. The model includes the effects of boundary-layer turbulence in stratified (humidity-dependent and salinity-dependent) flow, of mixing due to windgenerated waves at the naviface, and of cloud-dependent radiative heating throughout the layer....

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Edgewaves On A Gently Sloping Continental Shelf Of Finite Width, Lawrence A. Mysak Jan 1968

Edgewaves On A Gently Sloping Continental Shelf Of Finite Width, Lawrence A. Mysak

Journal of Marine Research

The proper ties of free unattenuated long waves of small amplitude that travel parallel to the coast over a bottom topography consisting of a gently sloping shelf of finite width that drops off vertically to deep water of constant depth are investigated.

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Comment On The Peripheral Antarctic-Water Discharge, Arnold L. Gordon Jan 1968

Comment On The Peripheral Antarctic-Water Discharge, Arnold L. Gordon

Journal of Marine Research

No doubt the peripheral discharge around Antarctica tends to establish a westward coastal fl. ow and may slow the Antarctic Circumpolar Current significantly, as suggested by Barcilon (1966, 1967). It should be noted that this effect would have strong seasonal variations. Virtually all of the discharge is accomplished from midsummer to late summer....

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Formation Of An Inertial Current On A Continental Shelf, P. P. Niiler, S. L. Spiegel Jan 1968

Formation Of An Inertial Current On A Continental Shelf, P. P. Niiler, S. L. Spiegel

Journal of Marine Research

The simplest problem in the formation of an inertial stratified western-boundary current on a continental shelf is examined by numerical treatment of the three-dimensional conservation equations. An offshore countercurrent appears as the predominant feature of the flow.

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Oceanic Leveling By A Vessel Crossing A Current, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1968

Oceanic Leveling By A Vessel Crossing A Current, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

When a current is crossed by a vessel on fixed course at fixed speed, the vessel is displaced downstream. The displacement, D, is proportional to the current speed integrated across the width of the current and is inversely proportional to the vessel's speed....

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The Kuroshio-Oyashio Front As A Compound Vortex Street, Richard A. Barkley Jan 1968

The Kuroshio-Oyashio Front As A Compound Vortex Street, Richard A. Barkley

Journal of Marine Research

A concept presented in this paper can account for a wide variety of observed features in the Kuroshio-Oyashio front, just east of Japan. The concept, a synthetic description, consists of two von Kármán vortex streets arranged side by side; it is referred to as a compound vortex street. Von Kármán's kinematic theory is generalized to include all possible vortex-street arrays....

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Vertical Mixing In Pelagic Sediments, Wolfgang H. Berger, G. Ross Heath Jan 1968

Vertical Mixing In Pelagic Sediments, Wolfgang H. Berger, G. Ross Heath

Journal of Marine Research

Vertical mixing in sed iments can be quantitatively described if it is assumed that: (i) upon deposition, detrital particles are mixed uniformly to a depth, m, below the sediment-water interface at a rate that is much faster than the sedimentation rate…

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Measurement Of Volume Transport Of The Gulf Stream South Of New England, Bruce A. Warren, G. H. Volkmann Jan 1968

Measurement Of Volume Transport Of The Gulf Stream South Of New England, Bruce A. Warren, G. H. Volkmann

Journal of Marine Research

During June 1966, nine velocity measurements were made with neutrally buoyant floats at a depth of about 2500 m along a section crossing the Gulf Stream near 38° N, 69°W. In combination with hydrographic stations bracketing each float trajectory, these measurements yielded a volume transport of 101 × 106 m3/sec for the Stream as of that time and location

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Instrument Far Measuring Terrestrial Heat Flow Through The Ocean Floor, Charles Corry, Carl Dubois, Victor Vacquier Jan 1968

Instrument Far Measuring Terrestrial Heat Flow Through The Ocean Floor, Charles Corry, Carl Dubois, Victor Vacquier

Journal of Marine Research

Terrestrial heat flow through the ocean floor is determined by measuring the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity in the upper few meters of sediment with an instrument lowered on hydrographic wire. The chief novel feature of the device is that the thermal conductivity is measured in situ simultaneously with the temperature gradient instead of in a cored specimen of sediment in the laboratory.

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