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Model Of World Ocean Circulation: Iii. Thermally And Wind Driven, George Veronis Jan 1978

Model Of World Ocean Circulation: Iii. Thermally And Wind Driven, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

A model of world ocean circulation driven by wind-stresses and differential heating is developed for a two-layer ocean with idealized boundaries and constant depth. The principal focus of the present study is the determination of the magnitudes and locations of localized sources and sinks of upper-layer water. The effect of differential heating is parameterized here by a uniform upwelling of deep water through the interface (thermocline)....

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Updated Charts Of The Mean Annual Wind Stress, Convergences In The Ekman Layers, And Sverdrup Transports In The North Atlantic, Ants Leetmaa, Andrew F. Bunker Jan 1978

Updated Charts Of The Mean Annual Wind Stress, Convergences In The Ekman Layers, And Sverdrup Transports In The North Atlantic, Ants Leetmaa, Andrew F. Bunker

Journal of Marine Research

From the wind stress computation of Bunker (1976) for the North Atlantic, the annual mean and seasonal vertical velocities which result from convergences in the Ekman Layers are computed. Charts of the geostrophic and total transport (geostrophic plus Ekman) are constructed using the Sverdrup relationship. Of particular interest are an intense current leaving the coast at the point where the Gulf Stream separates and a cyclonic gyre north of the Stream in this area....

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The Tide In Coastal Waters, Alfred C. Redfield Jan 1978

The Tide In Coastal Waters, Alfred C. Redfield

Journal of Marine Research

The tide in many straits and embayments between New York and the Bay of Fundy may be described by theoretical equations based on the interference of a progressive wave entering at one end of the reach with, in the case of straits, a second wave entering at the opposite end or, in the case of embayments, a second wave arising from the reflection of this wave from a barrier at the head of the embayment....

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Three-Dimensional Modeling Of Tracers In The Deep Pacific Ocean: I. Salinity And Oxygen, Manuel E. Fiadeiro, Harmon Craig Jan 1978

Three-Dimensional Modeling Of Tracers In The Deep Pacific Ocean: I. Salinity And Oxygen, Manuel E. Fiadeiro, Harmon Craig

Journal of Marine Research

A numerical model of the deep circulation using weighted-mean differences in three dimensions has been developed and applied to the distribution of tracers in the Deep Pacific Ocean. It is found that the Stommel-Arons model of the thermohaline circulation applied to the threedimensional distribution of salinity and oxygen explains reasonably well the general features of these distributions with the following parameters...

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Longitudinal Dispersion In A Partially Mixed Estuary, Robert E. Wilson, Akira Okubo Jan 1978

Longitudinal Dispersion In A Partially Mixed Estuary, Robert E. Wilson, Akira Okubo

Journal of Marine Research

Within a partially mixed estuary both the tidal and the nontidal density-induced circulation exhibits substantial vertical shear. The interaction of this current shear with turbulent mixing across the vertical density gradient contributes to the longitudinal (alongstream) spread of a contaminant introduced into the estuary. A dye tracer experiment conducted in the lower York River Estuary provides abundant evidence for the importance of this "shear effect" to longitudinal dispersion....

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Dynamic Topography And Recirculation Of The North Atlantic, Henry Stommel, Pearn Niiler, David Anati Jan 1978

Dynamic Topography And Recirculation Of The North Atlantic, Henry Stommel, Pearn Niiler, David Anati

Journal of Marine Research

Maps of the dynamic topography of the North Atlantic are used to show the baroclinic component of the general circulation at different depths. The subtropical region of simple Sverdruptype circulation is delineated. A region of strong baroclinic recirculation, particularly at middepth, is identified at the northwestern edge of the subtropical gyre. At higher latitudes, the middepth topographic high of the recirculation regime fills the entire width of the ocean....

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Holocene Reefs And Sediments Of Castle Harbour, Bermuda, Stephen Dryer, Alan Logan Jan 1978

Holocene Reefs And Sediments Of Castle Harbour, Bermuda, Stephen Dryer, Alan Logan

Journal of Marine Research

Quantitative studies on the corals of Holocene fringing, pinnacle and knoll coral-algal reefs of Castle Harbour, Bermuda, show that only about 10% of the available reef substrate is coralcovered. Of this, about 70% of the total coral-covered area is occupied by corals belonging to the Madracis-Oculina assemblage....

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Chemical Fluxes From A Sediment Trap Experiment In The Deep Sargasso Sea, D. W. Spencer, P. G. Brewer, A. Fleer, S. Honjo, S. Krishnaswami, Y. Nozaki Jan 1978

Chemical Fluxes From A Sediment Trap Experiment In The Deep Sargasso Sea, D. W. Spencer, P. G. Brewer, A. Fleer, S. Honjo, S. Krishnaswami, Y. Nozaki

Journal of Marine Research

A pair of sediment traps, each with an opening of 1.5 m2, were deployed at 5367m in 5581m of water at 31° 34'N, 55° 03'W in the Sargasso Sea. The traps were located within the bottom nepheloid layer, which, at this site, extends from about 4900m to the bottom. The two traps collected different amounts of material, one collecting 3.45g, and the other 6.90g....

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Sedimentation Of Materials In The Sargasso Sea At A 5,367 M Deep Station, Susumu Honjo Jan 1978

Sedimentation Of Materials In The Sargasso Sea At A 5,367 M Deep Station, Susumu Honjo

Journal of Marine Research

A sediment trap array was deployed in the Southern Söhm abyssal plain, Sargasso Sea, for 75 days beginning on October 20, 1976. The sediment trap consisted of two separate cones with hydrodynamically designed honeycomb collectors with a total collecting area of 3 m2. The results of an investigation of the sediment collected at 5,363 m (114 m above the bottom) are reported in this paper....

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Regulation Of Species Densities Of Seagrass-Associated Macrobenthos: Evidence From Field Experiments In The Indian River Estuary, Florida, David K. Young, Martha W. Young Jan 1978

Regulation Of Species Densities Of Seagrass-Associated Macrobenthos: Evidence From Field Experiments In The Indian River Estuary, Florida, David K. Young, Martha W. Young

Journal of Marine Research

In order to provide insight into the regulation of species densities of seagrass-associated macrobenthos, field experiments in the Indian River estuary, Florida were initiated in the seagrass Halodule wrightii to test effects of (1) excluding predators by caging, (2) enclosing predators inside cages, (3) adding dense populations of suspension feeders, (4) providing organic enrichment, (5) removing seagrass blades, and (6) erecting cages at different times....

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Long Term Constraints On The Global Marine Carbonate System, Michael L. Bender, David W. Graham Jan 1978

Long Term Constraints On The Global Marine Carbonate System, Michael L. Bender, David W. Graham

Journal of Marine Research

As a result of the interaction between biological cycles and the abyssal circulation, the modem North Pacific Ocean bas a lower degree of calcite saturation (Ω) and a shallower carbonate compensation depth (and lysocline) than does the North Atlantic….

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The Influence Of Wind On Co2-Exchange In A Wind-Wave Tunnel, Including The Effects Of Monolayers, Hans-Christoph Broecker, Jörg Petermann, Wolfgang Siems Jan 1978

The Influence Of Wind On Co2-Exchange In A Wind-Wave Tunnel, Including The Effects Of Monolayers, Hans-Christoph Broecker, Jörg Petermann, Wolfgang Siems

Journal of Marine Research

The wind dependence of the CO2 desorption rate from water enriched with this gas was investigated in a wind-wave tunnel. Mass transfer coefficients were determined by measuring the specific CO2 mass flux in the air and CO2 concentration in the water. Wind and CO2 concentration profiles were determined for wind velocities ranging from 2 to 16 m/s....

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Foraminifera As Prey For Benthic Deposit Feeders: Results Of Predator Exclusion Experiments, Martin A. Buzas Jan 1978

Foraminifera As Prey For Benthic Deposit Feeders: Results Of Predator Exclusion Experiments, Martin A. Buzas

Journal of Marine Research

To assess the importance of predation on foraminifera, a meiofaunal enclosure with openings of 1 mm containing 30 l of azoic sand was placed in a subtidal flat at Link Port, Florida in February 1976. During March, April, May, and June 1976, 4 replicate samples were taken inside and outside the cage. Foraminiferal densities were significantly higher inside the cage indicating foraminiferal densities are higher in the absence of macrofaunal predators....

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New Resource Axes For Deposit Feeders?, Robert F.L. Self, Peter A. Jumars Jan 1978

New Resource Axes For Deposit Feeders?, Robert F.L. Self, Peter A. Jumars

Journal of Marine Research

Recent work on selectivity in deposit feeders has focused on the importance of particle size. In field experiments with exotic sediments of known characteristics (glass beads), we demonstrate that selective ingestion in a multitentaculate, surface deposit feeding ampharetid polychaete depends upon particle specific gravities and surface textures. The degree of selectivity for specific gravity is shown to be dependent upon worm size....

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Internal Wave Observations Off Isle Verte, R. Grant Ingram Jan 1978

Internal Wave Observations Off Isle Verte, R. Grant Ingram

Journal of Marine Research

A comparison is made between series of high frequency internal waves observed in the St. Lawrence estuary from an aircraft and in a field program at a later date. Wave generation is associated with the propagation of a warm surface front during each ebb flow. The number of waves, as evidenced by surface slicks, is thought to vary as does the stability of the upper layer of the water column.

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Observations Of Energetic Low Frequency Current Fluctuations In The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, William J. Schmitz Jr., Nelson G. Hogg Jan 1978

Observations Of Energetic Low Frequency Current Fluctuations In The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, William J. Schmitz Jr., Nelson G. Hogg

Journal of Marine Research

Relatively energetic low frequency fluctuations in horizontal currents are found to exist below the thermocline in the northern trough of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. For example, deep eddy kinetic energy levels there are about twice as large as those observed at similar relative depths in the MODE-I region. Eddy kinetic energies are about 2-10 times larger than mean kinetic energies....

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Space-Time Structure Of A Continental Shelf Ecosystem Measured By A Towed Porpoising Vehicle, Kenneth L. Denman, Alex W. Herman Jan 1978

Space-Time Structure Of A Continental Shelf Ecosystem Measured By A Towed Porpoising Vehicle, Kenneth L. Denman, Alex W. Herman

Journal of Marine Research

During August, 1975, an experiment was carried out in the eastern Gulf of Maine with the Batfish, a towed undulating body, on which were mounted an in situ fluorometer and a conductivity-temperature-depth probe. The Batfish cycled between depths of about 4 and 40 m with a cycle length of order 0.6 km....

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The Equation Of State Of Seawater Determined From Sound Speeds, Chen-Tung Chen, Frank J. Millero Jan 1978

The Equation Of State Of Seawater Determined From Sound Speeds, Chen-Tung Chen, Frank J. Millero

Journal of Marine Research

The PVT properties of seawater were calculated from the sound speed data of Chen and Millero (1977d) over the range of 0 to 40%. salinity, 0 to 40°C, and 0 to 1000 bars….

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Nitrate Reductase Activity In The Subsurface Waters Of The Peru Current, T. T. Packard, R. C. Dugdale, J. J. Goering, R. T. Barber Jan 1978

Nitrate Reductase Activity In The Subsurface Waters Of The Peru Current, T. T. Packard, R. C. Dugdale, J. J. Goering, R. T. Barber

Journal of Marine Research

In March 1976 and 1977, nitrate reductase, nitrate, nitrite, and oxygen were measured between depths of 30 and 250m in the subsurface waters overlying the Peruvian continental shelf and shelf edge at 15S latitude. Oxygen concentrations of less than 1 ml/1 began between 20 and 30m in both years. The oxygen deficient waters extended to the bottom on the shelf and to 440m at the shelf edge....

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Structure Of Kuroshio South Of Japan, Bruce A. Taft Jan 1978

Structure Of Kuroshio South Of Japan, Bruce A. Taft

Journal of Marine Research

In June-July 1971 four deep hydrographic sections were made across the Kuroshio south of Japan, eight near-bottom current meters were placed under the Kuroshio on the continental slope, and the near-surface current structure was measured by XBT mapping of the temperature field and tracking four surface drogues....

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Observations Of The Vertical Distribution Of Low Frequency Kinetic Energy In The Western North Atlantic, William J. Schmitz Jr. Jan 1978

Observations Of The Vertical Distribution Of Low Frequency Kinetic Energy In The Western North Atlantic, William J. Schmitz Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Eddy or low frequency (periods greater than a day) kinetic energy per unit mass (KE) in the western North Atlantic is observed to increase approaching the Gulf Stream system along 55W longitude from the interior of the subtropical gyre, by a factor of 30 in the thermocline and by over two orders of magnitude at 4000 m depth....

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Biogeochemistry Of Tube-Dwellings: A Study Of The Sedentary Polychaete Amphitrite Ornata (Leidy), Robert C. Aller, Josephine Y. Yingst Jan 1978

Biogeochemistry Of Tube-Dwellings: A Study Of The Sedentary Polychaete Amphitrite Ornata (Leidy), Robert C. Aller, Josephine Y. Yingst

Journal of Marine Research

Most studies of near interface sediments assume that chemically and biologicalJy important properties are stratified vertically in a deposit. Sampling patterns reflect this assumption and little attention has been paid to three-dimensional heterogeneity. In this study the effects of burrow structures formed by Amphitrite ornata on the distribution of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a deposit are investigated....

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Bottom Frictional Stresses And Longshore Currents Due To Waves With Large Angles Of Incidence, Philip L-F. Liu, Robert A. Dalrymple Jan 1978

Bottom Frictional Stresses And Longshore Currents Due To Waves With Large Angles Of Incidence, Philip L-F. Liu, Robert A. Dalrymple

Journal of Marine Research

The analytical forms of the time-averaged bottom shear stress are developed in this paper. The effects of the angle between the direction of wave propagation and the mean currents, and a large angle of wave incidence are included in the study. Two different friction models were obtained based on the relative magnitudes of wave orbital velocity and that of mean currents. These two friction models are applied to longshore currents generated by obliquely incident waves....

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Harpacticoid Dispersion Patterns: Implications For Deep-Sea Diversity Maintenance, David Thistle Jan 1978

Harpacticoid Dispersion Patterns: Implications For Deep-Sea Diversity Maintenance, David Thistle

Journal of Marine Research

Several models have been proposed to explain high macrofaunal diversity in the deep-sea benthos, but a mechanistic explanation of the maintenance of the enhanced diversity has not been demonstrated. This paper seeks evidence in meiofaunal harpacticoid copepod species' dispersion patterns of evidence of spatial scales at which diversity-maintaining processes act. Evidence of nonrandom dispersion is found at "100 meter," "meter" and "centimeter" scales of sample separation....

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Semi-Daily Fluctuations In Geopotential Off The Washington Coast, H. O. Mofjeld, R. K. Reed Jan 1978

Semi-Daily Fluctuations In Geopotential Off The Washington Coast, H. O. Mofjeld, R. K. Reed

Journal of Marine Research

Fluctuations in geopotential anomaly at eight 12-hr time-series stations off Washington appeared to result from semi-daily internal tides propagating seaward from the shelf break. Comparison of the observations with computations suggests the existence of a first mode wave. The oscillations did not appreciably decay offshore, perhaps as a result of bathymetric focusing.

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On The Generation Of Internal Waves By Tidal Flow Over A Sill----A Possible Nonlinear Mechanism, B. L. Blackford Jan 1978

On The Generation Of Internal Waves By Tidal Flow Over A Sill----A Possible Nonlinear Mechanism, B. L. Blackford

Journal of Marine Research

The generation of internal waves in a two layer tidal channel containing a sill is considered. The distorted free surface associated with the locally accelerated tidal flow in the vicinity of the sill is assumed to be the driving force for internal waves. A simplified, nonrigorous model, which incorporates this forcing mechanism, is developed and predicts that internal waves should be generated at twice the tidal frequency as well as at the tidal frequency....

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Reynolds Stress And Deep Counter-Currents Near The Gulf Stream, Rory O.R.Y. Thompson Jan 1978

Reynolds Stress And Deep Counter-Currents Near The Gulf Stream, Rory O.R.Y. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

Comparatively detailed current meter array observations of a dynamically interesting region of the ocean have been reported recently (Luyten, 1977; Thompson, 1977). This note will discuss a simple interpretation of the Reynolds stresses and mean currents reported, namely that the Reynolds stress convergences drive the countercurrents as well as the Gulf Stream.

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The Circulation Near The Head Of Chesapeake Bay, Alan J. Elliott, Dong-Ping Wang, Donald W. Pritchard Jan 1978

The Circulation Near The Head Of Chesapeake Bay, Alan J. Elliott, Dong-Ping Wang, Donald W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

Three-month long current records are examined for a position near the head of the Chesapeake Bay. For time scales longer than 5 days the flow was determined by the strength of the Susquehanna discharge. A major event was Tropical Storm Eloise which occurred near the middle of the observation period and whose influence dominated the current spectra....

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A Mathematical Model For The Distribution Of Dissolved Silicon In Interstitial Waters----An Analytical Approach, George T.F. Wong, Chester E. Grosch Jan 1978

A Mathematical Model For The Distribution Of Dissolved Silicon In Interstitial Waters----An Analytical Approach, George T.F. Wong, Chester E. Grosch

Journal of Marine Research

A mathematical model for the distribution of dissolved silicon in interstitial waters is studied. This model includes the input flux of particulate silicon, bioturbation, the dissolution of silicon particles, and the diffusion of dissolved silicon in the interstitial water. It is shown that the model reduces to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. This problem is shown to have only one eigenvalue which is determined by the solution of a simple algebraic equation....

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The Coblamed Satellite Buoy Experiment: A Measure Of Small Scale Horizontal Variability In The Upper Layer, David H. Shonting, Alan T. Massey Jan 1978

The Coblamed Satellite Buoy Experiment: A Measure Of Small Scale Horizontal Variability In The Upper Layer, David H. Shonting, Alan T. Massey

Journal of Marine Research

A satellite buoy experiment, which was conducted during COBLAMED in the Western Mediterranean, consisted of a thermistor buoy tethered to an identical moored buoy in a mean current at separation distances of 100 and 400 m in order to observe the dependence of small scale variability upon internal waves and advection and to register time and depth variability of horizontal coherence. The two 18-hour records showed distinct warm and cold pulses which traversed the separations with the mean current and preserved their shapes....

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