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Articles 1291 - 1320 of 2567
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Drifter Spectra And Diffusivities, John F. Middletown
Drifter Spectra And Diffusivities, John F. Middletown
Journal of Marine Research
The relationships between Eulerian and Lagrangian (or drifter) diffusivities and spectra are explored in detail using the Lagrangian correlation predictor due to Corrsin (1959). The analysis, applicable to homogeneous, isotropic velocity fields shows that an important dimensionless parameter in the Euler-Lagrange transformations is the ratio α of Eulerian integral TE to advective Ta time scales. It is found that the diffusivity may be approximated to within 10% by the function qν2TE (q2 + α2)−1/2 where ν2 is the mean-square velocity component and q ≃ 0.63. This result is found …
The Concentrating Of Organisms At Fronts: A Cold-Water Fish And A Warm-Core Gulf Stream Ring, Donald B. Olson, Richard H. Backus
The Concentrating Of Organisms At Fronts: A Cold-Water Fish And A Warm-Core Gulf Stream Ring, Donald B. Olson, Richard H. Backus
Journal of Marine Research
Net hauls made in and around a warm-core Gulf Stream ring in April and June 1982 suggest a concentrating of the mesopelagic fish Benthosema glaciale (family Myctophidae) in the frontal zone at the east edge of the ring. In April, Benthosema was found in very small numbers in the two-month old ring, as was to be expected from the subpolar-temperate distribution of this fish and the warm-water origin and age of the ring. By June, age-0 fish had been recruited to the population susceptible to capture by the midwater trawl. These young fish were about five times as abundant at …
Blooms Of The Pelagic Tunicate, Dolioletta Gegenbauri: Are They Associated With Gulf Stream Frontal Eddies?, Don Deibel
Blooms Of The Pelagic Tunicate, Dolioletta Gegenbauri: Are They Associated With Gulf Stream Frontal Eddies?, Don Deibel
Journal of Marine Research
Satellite-directed sampling was used to determine whether blooms of Dolioletta gegenbauri are associated with warm filaments of Gulf Stream frontal eddies. Radio-transmitting drogues were used to mark the center of the bloom so that physical and biological covariables could be measured inside and outside of bloom waters.The bloom was not in the warm filament of a frontal eddy, but was 60 – 70 km northwest of the temperature front between outer-shelf water and the Gulf Stream—in upwelled water probably originating from the eddy's cold core. This cold-core remnant (CCR) water was stranded between 2 middle-shelf fronts.The doliolid bloom resulted from …
Association Of An Ice-Nucleating Pseudomonad With Cultures Of The Marine Dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa Niei, Ray Fall, Russell C. Schnell
Association Of An Ice-Nucleating Pseudomonad With Cultures Of The Marine Dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa Niei, Ray Fall, Russell C. Schnell
Journal of Marine Research
The observations that terrestrial ice nuclei can have a biogenic origin and that certain bacteria can initiate freezing at exceptionally warm temperatures (−1.5°C) are now well documented. Less well understood are active ice nuclei (−2 to −5°C) found in sea water, marine fog and the marine atmosphere in general. Recently, the authors have isolated an ice nucleation-active (INA) bacterial strain (FB 1032) from cultures of the marine dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa niei. FB 1032 is halotolerant and phenotypically similar to Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype G, although it differs from biotype G strains in its bacteriophage sensitivity and expression of the INA phenotype. …
Seasonal Variability Of The Surface Dynamic Topography In The Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Jacques Merle, Sabine Arnault
Seasonal Variability Of The Surface Dynamic Topography In The Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Jacques Merle, Sabine Arnault
Journal of Marine Research
The seasonal changes of the surface dynamic topography are studied using a merged data set including MDT, XBT and Nansen observations, collected in the 20S–30N tropical Atlantic until 1978. Two regions of maximum seasonal variability appear. One lies north of the equator extending zonally approximately under the mean position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The second one is found in the eastern equatorial region (Gulf of Guinea). The two regions vary out of phase and are separated by a pivot point around 25W in the equatorial plane. Another near 180° phase change is observed at the northern edge of …
Differential Responses Of Two Nearshore Infaunal Assemblages To Experimental Petroleum Additions, Jeffrey L. Hyland, Eva J. Hoffman, Donald K. Phelps
Differential Responses Of Two Nearshore Infaunal Assemblages To Experimental Petroleum Additions, Jeffrey L. Hyland, Eva J. Hoffman, Donald K. Phelps
Journal of Marine Research
Empirical support is provided for the hypothesis that benthic communities found in relatively constant and predictable environments are less stable (resistant and resilient) following unusual disturbances than lower-diversity communities found in more inconstant and unpredictable environments. A less diverse benthic community (i.e., the Streblospio-Tubificoides assemblage) inhabiting an inconstant and unpredictable, shallow marsh cove was disturbed less and recovered faster from an experimental addition of No. 2 fuel oil, than the more diverse benthos (i.e., the Nucula-Mediomastus assemblage) inhabiting a relatively more constant and predictable, deeper coastal embayment. Disturbed sediment had a stimulatory effect on most populations in the marsh and …
Seasonal Oxygen Cycling And Primary Production In The Sargasso Sea, W. J. Jenkins, J. C. Goldman
Seasonal Oxygen Cycling And Primary Production In The Sargasso Sea, W. J. Jenkins, J. C. Goldman
Journal of Marine Research
The hydrographic record at Station S in the Sargasso Sea shows the development of a subsurface oxygen maximum within the euphotic zone which must be of photosynthetic origin. Consideration of insolation, heat budgets and available 3He/3H data yields an estimate of the order of 5 M m−2 y−1 for the vertically integrated oxygen production rate. Gas exchange calculations reveal a similar oxygen flux leaving the surface, and examination of respiration cycles below the euphotic zone yields consistent results. Such results point to new production of the order of 50 g C m−2 y−1 …
Western Boundary Circulation Driven By An Alongshore Wind: With Application To The Somali Current System, Julian P. Mccreary, Pijush K. Kundu
Western Boundary Circulation Driven By An Alongshore Wind: With Application To The Somali Current System, Julian P. Mccreary, Pijush K. Kundu
Journal of Marine Research
The linear, continuously stratified, eastern-boundary model of McCreary (1981) is extended to apply to a western ocean boundary and to wind fields with curl. The model has vertical and horizontal mixing, and both types of mixing are important in its dynamics. Solutions are represented as expansions in vertical modes, and the dynamics of low-order and high-order modes are very different. Low-order modes tend to be in Sverdrup balance in the interior ocean, and to form a Munk layer at the coast. High-order modes are in Ekman balance in the interior ocean, and the coastal balance is two dimensional.The model is …
A Zero Potential Vorticity Model Of The North Brazilian Coastal Current, G. T. Csanady
A Zero Potential Vorticity Model Of The North Brazilian Coastal Current, G. T. Csanady
Journal of Marine Research
The North Brazilian Coastal Current (NBCC) is idealized as an inertial, surface layer jet of equatorial origin, intruding along the coast into a northern water mass of constant, positive potential vorticity. Dissipation is accounted for by supposing that some equatorial water leaks out in the northwest corner of the intrusion. The problem is closed by adopting the free streamline boundary condition (between the northern and equatorial water masses) of continuous layer depth and velocity.Calculations are made for flow (intruding and return) supposed parallel to the coast; this approximation is verified à posteriori. The results show a narrow intrusion region along …
The Annual Cycle In The Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Peter R. Gent
The Annual Cycle In The Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Peter R. Gent
Journal of Marine Research
A linear, periodic model using the long-wave approximation on the equatorial β-plane is forced by the annual cycle of zonal wind stress from the Pacific Ocean. The forcing is deduced from the monthly data set of Hellerman and Rosenstein. The model results are compared with observations of the annual cycle which are mainly of temperature in the upper central Pacific Ocean from the Hawaii-Tahiti shuttle experiment. The agreement is good in phase, but poor in amplitude. The effect on model results of different friction assumptions and coefficients shows that no tuning of the parameters significantly improves the comparison with …
Sofar Float Trajectories Associated With The Newfoundland Basin, William J. Schmitz Jr.
Sofar Float Trajectories Associated With The Newfoundland Basin, William J. Schmitz Jr.
Journal of Marine Research
The connection between the current systems and water masses in the Newfoundland Basin and the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre has been controversial for some time. SOFAR floats have now been launched in the Newfoundland Basin, and others observed to move there. Floats were typically deployed in pairs at nominal depths of 700 m (thermocline level) and 2000 m (deep). A thermocline level float set in the North Atlantic Current near 45N drifted to about 50N before recirculating, whereas a deep float deployed concurrently eventually moved south and west around the Grand Banks. A float pair deployed in the interior of …
Habitat Complexity Of Polychaete Tube-Caps: Influence Of Architecture On Dynamics Of A Meioepibenthic Assemblage, Susan B. Bell
Habitat Complexity Of Polychaete Tube-Caps: Influence Of Architecture On Dynamics Of A Meioepibenthic Assemblage, Susan B. Bell
Journal of Marine Research
A series of field experiments was conducted in a shallow sandflat in Tampa Bay, Florida, to examine the relationship between the abundance and diversity of meiofauna and the architectural complexity of tube-caps constructed by the polychaete, Diopatra cuprea. Two groups of azoic tube-caps were utilized: 1) tube-caps collected from the field and defaunated in the laboratory or 2) tube-caps created in laboratory aquaria with azoic sediment under controlled conditions. Tube-caps were designated "high" or "low" complexity based upon the amount of shell hash incorporated into tube-cap structure, replanted into sediments at 2 sites during February–April 1982 and collected 1, 3, …
Evolution Of Sea-Surface Temperature In The Tropical Atlantic Ocean During Fgge, 1979: Ii. Oceanographic Fields And Heat Balance Of The Mixed Layer, Robert L. Molinari, John F. Festa, Eric Marmolejo
Evolution Of Sea-Surface Temperature In The Tropical Atlantic Ocean During Fgge, 1979: Ii. Oceanographic Fields And Heat Balance Of The Mixed Layer, Robert L. Molinari, John F. Festa, Eric Marmolejo
Journal of Marine Research
Surface meteorological and surface and subsurface oceanographic data collected during 1979 are used to describe sea-surface temperature, mixed layer depth, zonal current component and net oceanic heat gain fields and to estimate the terms in a heat balance relation for the mixed layer. The terms are evaluated monthly on a 6° of latitude by 10° of longitude grid which covers the equatorial Atlantic from 9S to 9N. The first balance tested is between changes in mixed layer temperature and surface energy fluxes. These fluxes can account for more than 75% of the variance in the original time series of the …
Three-Dimensional Shelf Circulation Along An Eastern Ocean Boundary, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Shenn-Yu Chao
Three-Dimensional Shelf Circulation Along An Eastern Ocean Boundary, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Shenn-Yu Chao
Journal of Marine Research
A linear, three-dimensional, continuously stratified model is used to study wind-driven ocean circulation near an eastern coast in the presence of a continental shelf. A simplifying assumption is that the alongshore flow field is in geostrophic balance. This assumption allows steady solutions to be obtained numerically with a very efficient scheme. As a result, it is possible to find solutions for a wide variety of model parameters and shelf profiles.A band of equatorward wind forces the ocean, and the resulting solutions have many features in common with observations at eastern boundaries. They all have a surface equatorward jet, but do …
Meiofauna-Sediment Interactions Around Subtropical Seagrass Sediments Using Factor Analysis, A. W. Decho, W. D. Hummon, J. W. Fleeger
Meiofauna-Sediment Interactions Around Subtropical Seagrass Sediments Using Factor Analysis, A. W. Decho, W. D. Hummon, J. W. Fleeger
Journal of Marine Research
Subtidal meiobenthic samples were collected from sediments within a seagrass bed (Thalassia testudinum) and an adjacent barren sand area in the Florida Keys. Fine-scale differences in sediment and heterogeneity, with respect to sediment grain parameters were analyzed using factor analysis. Sediment heterogeneity was related to meiofaunal distributions. Eighteen meiofaunal taxa representing 15 phyla were found. Nematodes comprised 58% of the total meiofauna. Eight gastrotrich, 26 harpacticoid, and one cyclopoid species were found. In comparing the seagrass area to the barren sand area by ANOVA, significant differences in density were noted for total meiofauna and polychaetes, but not for …
Phytoplankton Patchiness: Inferences From Particle Statistics, Andrew F. Bennett, Kenneth L. Denman
Phytoplankton Patchiness: Inferences From Particle Statistics, Andrew F. Bennett, Kenneth L. Denman
Journal of Marine Research
We examine the influence of mesoscale turbulence and random growth rate fields upon phytoplankton patchiness, on length scales from 1 km to 100 km and time scales from 1 day to 100 days. We consider phytoplankton concentrations with quite general nonlinear growth rate functions, such that the concentration is bounded for all time. We use, and justify the use of, particle separation statistics to deduce variance spectra of nonlinearly transformed concentration. Two growth rate models are examined: an advected field, and a locally specified field. Both lead to initial patchiness in the concentration, correlated with the growth rate field. The …
Effect Of Physical Disturbance On Population Dynamics And Trophic Interactions Among Microbes And Meiofauna, Daniel M. Alongi
Effect Of Physical Disturbance On Population Dynamics And Trophic Interactions Among Microbes And Meiofauna, Daniel M. Alongi
Journal of Marine Research
A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to assess the effects of physical disturbance of surface sediments on trophic interactions among bacteria, protozoa and meiofauna. Bacteria, zooflagellates, and populations of the hypotrich ciliate Aspidisca sp. and the nematode Diplolaimella chitwoodi were, at most sampling periods, not significantly affected by small-scale, daily disturbances. However, populations of the epibenthic harpacticoid copepod Tisbe holothuriae became disproportionately abundant in disturbed cultures.Bacterial numbers, growth rates and doubling times were affected little by the presence of meiofauna. The response of zooflagellates was not clear; populations of the ciliate Aspidisca sp. were, at most sampling intervals, significantly …
Nitrogen Storage And Use Of Biochemical Indices To Assess Nitrogen Deficiency And Growth Rate In Natural Plankton Populations, Q. Dortch, J. R. Clayton Jr., S. S. Thoresen, J. S. Cleveland, S. L. Bressler, S. I. Ahmed
Nitrogen Storage And Use Of Biochemical Indices To Assess Nitrogen Deficiency And Growth Rate In Natural Plankton Populations, Q. Dortch, J. R. Clayton Jr., S. S. Thoresen, J. S. Cleveland, S. L. Bressler, S. I. Ahmed
Journal of Marine Research
Various newly developed indicators of N deficiency, physiological state (approximate growth rate), and N source for growth were measured during five cruises to Dabob Bay, Washington from early spring to summer. Although nitrate and ammonium in the surface layer were depleted early in the spring, the plankton populations never became extremely N deficient, as indicated by high intracellular amino acid/protein ratios. However, growth rates, estimated from protein/DNA or RNA/DNA ratios, were usually low unless nitrate concentrations were high or had recently been high, as indicated by large intracellular nitrate pools or high nitrate reductase activities. High growth rates were observed …
Correlation Scales, Objective Mapping And A Statistical Test Of Geostrophy Over The Continental Shelf, Kenneth L. Denman, Howard J. Freeland
Correlation Scales, Objective Mapping And A Statistical Test Of Geostrophy Over The Continental Shelf, Kenneth L. Denman, Howard J. Freeland
Journal of Marine Research
We have constructed spatial structure functions for oceanographic variables, collected during 15 cruises off the coast of Vancouver Island, Canada over a 3 year period (1979–81), to determine the appropriate correlation function and unresolved noise level for objective mapping according to the Gauss-Markov theorem. The assumption of quasigeostrophic flow has been tested by comparing the longitudinal and transverse velocity shear structure functions derived from geopotential height fields with those derived from 6 current meter moorings. In addition objective maps of geopotential height imply current shears similar to the directly observed shear vectors, as would be expected under geostrophic control. Structure …
Features Of The Circulation In The Mozambique Basin In 1981, Marten L. Gründlingh
Features Of The Circulation In The Mozambique Basin In 1981, Marten L. Gründlingh
Journal of Marine Research
Several cruises of the RV Meiring Naudé in 1981 were aimed at deriving the background or average circulation in the Mozambique Basin. This information would be of direct benefit to determine the advection of isolated eddies in this area. The results reflected the existence of a strong (up to 67 × 106 m3s−1) but variable current in the vicinity of the Mozambique Ridge. An eddy associated with this current and situated east of the Ridge emerged as a significant feature of the survey. No evidence could be found of a consistent background flow in the …
Dynamics Of Temperature And Chlorophyll Structures Above A Seamount: An Oceanic Experiment, Amatzia Genin, George W. Boehlert
Dynamics Of Temperature And Chlorophyll Structures Above A Seamount: An Oceanic Experiment, Amatzia Genin, George W. Boehlert
Journal of Marine Research
Three hydrographic surveys comprised of densely spaced XBT and CTD stations were conducted over Minami-kasuga Seamount, in the northwest Pacific (21°36′N, 143°38′E). A cold dome, similar to a Taylor column, was observed above the seamount top during the first survey. Uplifted isotherms penetrated to the lower euphotic zone and were associated with higher chlorophyll concentrations. Vertical displacement of uplifted isotherms decayed with elevation above the seamount, so that both temperature and chlorophyll anomalies were undetectable at depths less than 80 m. Relatively high chlorophyll concentrations in a layer from 80 m to 100m depth formed a distinctive deep chlorophyll maximum …
Flux Measurements Across A Finger Interface At Low Values Of The Stability Ratio, Trevor J. Mcdougall, John R. Taylor
Flux Measurements Across A Finger Interface At Low Values Of The Stability Ratio, Trevor J. Mcdougall, John R. Taylor
Journal of Marine Research
We present the results of laboratory experiments across a sharp finger interface using heat and salt as the properties which contribute to density. Values of the stability ratio Rp as low as 1.2 were achieved so the results approach the range of Rp which is of interest in the ocean. The buoyancy flux ratio, corrected for vertical heat conduction, Rf* was found to depend on Rp, but at Rp = 1.2, Rf* is still only 0.65 ± 0.1. Values of Stern's number A = βFs(l – Rf)/ …
Effects Of Remote Annual Forcing In The Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Joel Picaut, Dennis W. Moore
Effects Of Remote Annual Forcing In The Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Joel Picaut, Dennis W. Moore
Journal of Marine Research
An ocean model is used to study the effects of remote annual forcing in the eastern tropical Atlantic. The model is linear, viscid and continuously stratified. The ocean basin is an idealized version of that of the tropical Atlantic, and the wind stress forcing the model is an idealized representation of the annual variation of the equatorial trades in the western Atlantic. Solutions are represented as expansions of the baroclinic modes of the system. The response of each mode is found numerically, not by integrating the equations of motion forward in time, but at a fixed frequency (2π year–1 …
Wind And Thermal Conditions Along The Equatorial Pacific, Jene-René Donguy, Alain Dessier, Gérard Eldin, Alain Morliere, Gary Meyers
Wind And Thermal Conditions Along The Equatorial Pacific, Jene-René Donguy, Alain Dessier, Gérard Eldin, Alain Morliere, Gary Meyers
Journal of Marine Research
Variability in heat storage of the equatorial Pacific Ocean during El Nino Southern Oscillation episodes is analyzed from subsurface temperature observations in order to show how the patterns of heat content are related to changes in the Walker Circulation. Large-scale zonal gradients in depth of the thermocline (and dynamic height) are largely in equilibrium with local zonal wind stress. Depth of the thermocline is positively correlated with mixed layer heat content and sea-surface temperature in the central Pacific during a minor El Nino/Southern Oscillation episode in 1969, indicating that the oceanic dynamic response to wind forcing as well as thermodynamic …
The Influence Of Seagrass Cover On Population Structure And Individual Growth Rate Of A Suspension-Feeding Bivalve, Mercenaria Mercenaria, C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, P. B. Duncan
The Influence Of Seagrass Cover On Population Structure And Individual Growth Rate Of A Suspension-Feeding Bivalve, Mercenaria Mercenaria, C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, P. B. Duncan
Journal of Marine Research
The average density of Mercenaria mercenaria in 216 ¼-m2 samples taken in spring 1980 from an eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed in Back Sound, North Carolina, was 9.0 m–2, more than five times the average density (1.6 m–2) in 216 ¼-m2 samples from a nearby sand flat. Size-frequency distributions differed between environments, with the sand flat containing a larger fraction of its Mercenaria in the smallest size class (0–1 cm). Use of internal growth lines to age all Mercenaria collected revealed that age-frequency distributions also differed between environments but that average Mercenaria age …
Habitat Dimensions Of Calanoid Copepods In The Western Gulf Of Mexico, James A. Cummings
Habitat Dimensions Of Calanoid Copepods In The Western Gulf Of Mexico, James A. Cummings
Journal of Marine Research
The vertical distributions of 49 species (53 taxa) of calanoid copepods were determined in cyclonic and anticyclonic hydrographic features in the western Gulf of Mexico for three seasons of the year. The relative intensities of the features varied among seasons, while within seasons the physical structure between features was different. Since the same copepod species were present in both features for all seasons sampled, the contrasting hydrography provided a natural experiment in which to study the mechanisms, biological or physical, acting to influence species vertical distribution patterns. Hierarchial classification analysis revealed that groups of samples characterized by relatively homogeneous biotic …
Nephelometer And Current Observations At The Stie Site, Panama Basin, W. D. Gardner, J. K. B. Bishop, P. E. Biscaye
Nephelometer And Current Observations At The Stie Site, Panama Basin, W. D. Gardner, J. K. B. Bishop, P. E. Biscaye
Journal of Marine Research
The LDGO-Thorndike film recording nephelometer was used in three modes (profiling, short-term tethered and long-term moored) to measure changes in particle concentrations on time scales of minutes to weeks and space scales of meters to 25 km while measurements were being made on production and settling rates of particles. Although the nepheloid layer had no large near-bottom increase suggestive of local resuspension, there was an unusually thick nepheloid layer due to resuspension and advection of sediment from the basin walls. The concentration of particles increased by a factor of 3 between 900 m and the seafloor at 3840 m, while …
Comments On "On The Determination Of Absolute Velocities In The Ocean" By M. E. Fiadeiro And G. Veronis, Lee-Lueng Fu
Comments On "On The Determination Of Absolute Velocities In The Ocean" By M. E. Fiadeiro And G. Veronis, Lee-Lueng Fu
Journal of Marine Research
Fiadeiro and Yeronis (1982, FY hereafter) proposed a procedure that they claimed would lead to the best reference level for computing the absolute velocities in the ocean by the inverse method as described in Wunsch (1978). According to FY, the reference level obtained by the procedure is best because the correction required of the absolute velocities at this level to satisfy a set of imposed constraints is minimum among all the possible levels. However, one likes to ask whether the velocity field resulting from this choice of reference level is necessarily the best in the sense of being closest to …
Spatial And Temporal Effects Of Salinity, Temperature And Chlorophyll On The Communities Of Zooplankton In The Southeastern Bering Sea, Sharon L. Smith, Julio Vidal
Spatial And Temporal Effects Of Salinity, Temperature And Chlorophyll On The Communities Of Zooplankton In The Southeastern Bering Sea, Sharon L. Smith, Julio Vidal
Journal of Marine Research
Analyses of 402 samples collected from late March through early June in 1980 have shown that the two communities of zooplankton over the southeastern shelf of the Bering Sea are kept separate spatially by the lack of advection and frontal characteristics of the salinity distributions. The abundance of copepods over the middle shelf, between 50 and 100 m isobaths approximately, was highly correlated with seasonal warming of the surface layer, while abundances of copepods over the outer shelf and slope were not. The spring bloom of phytoplankton influenced abundances over the middle shelf more profoundly than the outer shelf; of …
Erratum In "The Importance Of The Diffusive Permeability Of Animal Burrow Linings In Determining Marine Sediment Chemistry," By R. C. Aller; Journal Of Marine Research 41(2): 299-322., Robert C. Aller
Journal of Marine Research
On page 304 The roots, am of equation (3) are correctly defined as… The an preceding the cos function was left out by mistake in the original printed version.