Digital Commons Network^™

Organized Sports-Based Interventions And Motor Outcomes In Children Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review, Kailash Ram, Maeren Hill, Caitlyn Stewart, Kaitlin P. Hardy Md, Sonia Khurana

Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty Publications

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of organized sports-based interventions on motor outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method

Four databases were searched from inception to November 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs) reporting motor outcomes of organized sports-based interventions in children with ASD. Risk of bias was evaluated using ROB-2 (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, Version Two) for RCTs and ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions) for NRCTs.

Results

Eleven studies (six RCTs, five NRCTs) were included and categorized as martial arts (n = 5), aquatic training (n = …

Patch-Moe Mamba: A Patch-Ordered Mixture-Of-Experts State Space Architecture For Medical Image Segmentation, Diego Adame, Fabian Vazquez Jr., Jose A. Nunez, Huimin Li, Jinghao Yang, Erik Enriquez, Dongchul Kim, Haoteng Tang, Bin Fu, Pengfei Gu

Computer Science Faculty Publications

CNN- and Transformer-based architectures have achieved strong performance in medical image segmentation, but CNNs are limited in modeling long-range dependencies, while Transformers often suffer from quadratic computational and memory complexity. State space models, especially Mamba-based networks, offer an efficient alternative with linear sequence complexity. However, existing Mamba segmentation models still face two limitations: pixel-wise directional scanning can disrupt local 2D spatial structure, and simple summation-based fusion of scan directions cannot adapt well to diverse object sizes, shapes, and boundaries. To address these issues, we propose Patch-MoE Mamba, a patch-ordered mixture-of-experts state space architecture for medical image segmentation. It introduces a …

Guidelines For Standard Basic Notations In Applied Statistics, Abhaya Indrayan, Shivani Saini Ms

COBRA Preprint Series

Whereas some statistical notations are standard and uniformly used by different workers, many are not. Varying notations lead to confusion among the readers, particularly those engaged with applied statistics material, such as medical professionals. This communication proposes that all basic notations be standardized so that the same notations are consistently used by different authors, in different books, journals, and articles for the benefit of those who are not rigorously trained statisticians. Guidelines for such standard notations are also provided. The lead must be taken by statisticians.

Myopiax-1 Safety And Efficacy Of A Novel Approach To Slow Juvenile Myopia Progression: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial, Myopiax-1 Study Group, James Loughman, Gareth Lingham, Hakan Kaymak, Katrin Lorenz, Jan Roelof Polling, Anna Beck, Gonzalo Carracedo, Annegret H. Dahlmann-Noor, Philipp L. Müller, Ian Flitcroft

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Purpose: To investigate the safety, tolerability, and signals of effect of MyopiaX, a smartphone app that selectively delivers blue light to the optic nerve head to control myopia progression in children and adolescents. Design: Multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, examiner-masked proof-of-concept clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04967287). Participants: Eligible children aged 6 to 12 years, with myopia of cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) between –0.75 and –5.00 diopters (D) at baseline. Children were screened and enrolled between November 2021 and September 2023. Methods: Children were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to MyopiaX or active control. Participants were instructed to use MyopiaX for …

Readability Of Online Patient Education Materials For Myopia Management, Monica Jong, Michelle Waugh, Pinar Ozmizrak, Ian Flitcroft

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Purpose: Patients are turning to the internet to access educational materials to help them make healthcare decisions, making readability an important factor. This cross-sectional study assessed the readability of online patient education materials for myopia management treatments that have regulatory approval. Methods: The top 10 Google search results from May 2024 for freely available online patient information on myopia management modalities and regulatory-approved products in Canada and Australia were analysed for readability. The modalities included orthokeratology, myopia control spectacle lenses, myopia control soft contact lenses and atropine. The products included MiYOSMART® [HOYA®], Stellest® [Essilor®], MyoCare® [ZEISS], MiSight® 1 day [CooperVision®], …

Are Ocular Markers Of Sun Exposure Associated With Skin Cancer? A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of The Busselton Healthy Ageing Study, Gareth Lingham, Vinay Kumar Nilagiri, Holly Brown, Chrianna Bharat, Samantha S.Y. Lee, Maria Franchina, Michael Hunter, Kevin Murray, David Alonso-Caneiro, Catherine M. Olsen, David C. Whiteman, David A. Mackey

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background: Higher past sun or ultraviolet radiation exposure increases the risk of skin cancer and three common ocular findings: pterygium, conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) and myopia. We investigated whether ocular markers of past sun exposure are associated with a history of skin cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study of participants who attended the Phase 2 examination of the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study in Western Australia (2016–2022). Myopia was determined from autorefraction and pterygium and CUVAF from photographs of the anterior eye. Past diagnosis of a skin cancer was obtained from linked hospitalisation and cancer registry data (melanoma) or combining linked and …

Exploring Characteristics And Systemic Health Links In Myopic Australian Adults, Pauline Kang, Gareth Lingham, Angelica Ly, Xianwen Shang, Regan Ashby, Serge Resnikoff, Fiona Stapleton, David Mackey

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background: Data on myopia prevalence in Australia and associations with common systemic conditions and quality of life are limited. This study aimed to profile Australian adults self-reporting to have myopia, including co-morbidities and quality of life. Methods: This research included participants from the ongoing longitudinal 45 and Up Study. Sex and education data were collected at the baseline survey and additional data from the follow-up Health Compass survey. Responses on self-reported myopia, health and quality of life were analysed with logistic regression to assess the association between myopia and health conditions. Results: Of the 21,384 participant responses, 54.3% self-reported myopia, …

Impact Of Protein Corona Morphology On Nanoparticle Diffusion In Biological Fluids: Insights From A Mesoscale Approach, Beatrice Cipriani, Hender Lopez

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrate considerable potential in medical applications, including targeted drug delivery and diagnostic probes. However, their efficacy depends on their ability to navigate through the complex biological environments inside living organisms. In such environments, NPs interact with a dense mixture of biomolecules, which can reduce their mobility and hinder diffusion. Understanding the factors influencing NP diffusion in these environments is key to improving nanomedicine design and predicting toxicological effects. In this study, we propose a computational approach to model NP diffusion in crowded environments. We introduce a mesoscale model that accounts for the combined effects of the protein corona …

Modeling The Impact Of Proton Irradiation On Photoluminescence Spectra Of Perovskite Solar Cells, Ming Lang Tseng, Nima Ghadiri

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This study presents a comprehensive modeling approach to assess the impact of proton-irradiation on the photoluminescence (PL) response and current–voltage (JV) characteristics of CsMAFAPbI₃/P3HT-based perovskite solar cell validated against experimental data reported in literature. Proton irradiation generates displacement damage across the cell structure most critically within the perovskite bulk where the defect density increases approximately linearly with increased fluence and decreases for high proton energies due to reduced non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) at higher energies. To capture the optical degradation behavior, Time-Resolved PL transient (TRPL) and PL spectra were modeled using a fluence- and energy-dependent Kohlrausch model (stretched-exponential) …

Ocular Dominance Is Associated With Interocular Asymmetry In Refractive Error And Axial Length Across Childhood And Early Adulthood, Síofra C. Harrington, Gareth Lingham, James Loughman, Ian Flitcroft, David A. Mackey, Michael Moore

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Purpose: To determine whether ocular dominance is associated with systematic interocular asymmetry in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) across childhood and early adulthood, and assess whether such asymmetry exceeds laterality effects. Methods: Data were analysed from three population-based cohorts: 728 children (6–7-year-olds) and 898 adolescents (12–13-year-olds) from Ireland and 303 young adults (25–30-year-olds) from Western Australia. Ocular dominance was assessed using sighting tests. SER was measured by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by optical biometry. Interocular differences were evaluated using paired comparisons, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC), Deming regression, Bland–Altman analyses and mediation modelling. Analyses were stratified by refractive …

Axial Length To Corneal Curvature Ratio Is Insufficient For Detecting Pseudomyopia In Children: A Multi-Cohort Study, The Cream-Kids Consortium, Huyen T. Bui, Dirk J. Van Hemert, Tianli Peng, Shuhui Yang, Hai Yen T. Nguyen, Hannah Noor, Siofra C. Harrington, Sander C.M. Kneepkens, Lene A. Hagen, Craig S. Walker, Edward Mallen, Matthew Cufflin, Rigmor C. Baraas, Neema Ghorbani-Mojarrad, Olavi Pärssinen, Louise Terry, Shi Ming Li, Amanda N. French, Jason C. Yam, Caroline C.W. Klaver, Jeremy A. Guggenheim

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Purpose: Pseudomyopia is an accommodative disorder that can be identified by the difference between pre- and post-cycloplegic refractive error. The current study aimed to evaluate whether the axial length to corneal curvature (AL/CR) ratio, in conjunction with non-cycloplegic refractive error, can reliably identify pseudomyopia in children, thus avoiding the need for cycloplegia. Methods: Refractive error and biometry data from longitudinal studies based in Denmark (n = 645; age 7–17 years) and China (Anyang Childhood Eye Study; n = 2487; age 6–13 years) were used to train separate linear mixed models for children of European or East Asian ancestry, respectively, with …

Regulatory Invisibility And Energy Poverty: Epc Exclusion, Traveller Mobile Homes And Ireland’S Low-Carbon Transition, Paul Lally, Ehiaze Ehimen, Mary Galvin, Ciara Ahern

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) systems play a central role in residential decarbonisation by determining how dwellings are assessed, benchmarked and made eligible for retrofit support. However, these systems are largely designed around conventional, permanent, site-built housing and can exclude non-standard dwelling types. This paper examines the exclusion of permanently occupied Traveller mobile homes from Ireland’s EPC framework and considers the implications for energy poverty, retrofit policy and energy justice. Using a critical narrative synthesis, the study integrates academic literature, statutory reports, policy documents and community-based evidence to trace the relationship between Traveller accommodation policy, regulatory classification and contemporary decarbonisation frameworks. …

Overview Of The Ergonomic Model Of Soccer And The Training Process, James J. Collins, Shane Malone, Kieran D. Collins

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Soccer is a complex sport with significant physical, physiological, psychological, technical, and tactical demands on players. This review presents an ergonomics-based model of soccer performance, emphasizing that no single component operates in isolation. Building on the foundational ergonomic framework, this review integrates contemporary evidence on training load monitoring, ecological dynamics, and cognitive-perceptual performance dimensions not systematically addressed in prior frameworks. Elite outfield players cover 9–14 km·h⁻¹ per match, with high-speed running (19.8–24.8 km·h⁻¹) making up about 20% of total distance and sprinting (>25 km·h⁻¹) around 2%. These outputs vary by playing position, tactical formation, …

Exploring The Prevalence Of Eating Disorders, Low Sex Drive, And Exercise Compulsion Among Professional And Non-Professional Elite Male Rugby Union Players, Gary Sweeney, Siobhain Mcardle, Danielle Logue, Nessan Costello, Kieran Collins

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Rugby union exhibits large variations in the idealised player physical profiles across positions. The pursuit of physique ideals with limited professional support can influence eating disorder symptomology, exercise compulsion, and low sexual drive. The primary aims were to (1) explore the prevalence of elite male rugby union players who are at risk for eating disorders, low sex drive, and exercise compulsion, and (2) explore the relationship between risk and players’ professional status, weight, age, and playing position. A secondary aim was to explore the nutritional service support and dietary monitoring practices experienced by the players. Participants were recruited from four …

An Analysis Of Diet Sustainability Among Different Dietary Patterns In The Portuguese Adult And Elderly Population, Mariana Rei, Áine Burke, Sadhbh O’Shea, Annemarie E. Bennett, John M. Kearney, Sara S.P. Rodrigues

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Purpose: Dietary patterns influence human and environmental health. Shifts toward convenience and ready-to-eat ultra-processed foods have contributed to the rising prevalence of malnutrition, chronic disease, and ecological harm. This study examined the associations between dietary patterns and diet sustainability among Portuguese adults. Methods: Data from 2287 individuals aged 18–84 years were obtained from the last National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey (2015–2016). Three dietary patterns were identified based on food composition and processing: Traditional, Diet Concerns, and Unhealthy; while four dietary patterns were categorized according to food preparation location: At home by themselves, At home by relatives or friends, …

Physique Development And Management Shape Experiences Of Low Energy Availability Risk In Elite Professional Male Rugby Union Players, Gary Sweeney, Siobhain Mcardle, Nessan Costello, Kieran Collins

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This study aimed to explore elite male rugby union players’ perceptions and lived experiences of physique development and management in relation to low energy availability risk. Semi-structured interviews (29 ± 8 min) were conducted with 18 players (senior: n = 9; academy: n = 9; mean age: 23 ± 3) across four professional rugby union clubs in Ireland. Through reflexive thematic analysis, the following themes were constructed. Players had limited awareness of low energy availability, yet described experiences consistent with symptoms, including fatigue, low mood and reduced libido. A pervasive physique culture, characterised by body composition ‘ideals’ and weight or …

Editorial: Harnessing Of Soil Microbiome For Sustainable Agriculture: Harnessing Of Soil Microbiome For Sustainable Agriculture, Debasis Mitra, Marika Pellegrini, Leonard Koolman

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

No abstract provided.

From Platelets To Particles: Optimizing Extracellular Vesicle Isolation In A National Blood Centre, Y. Chintala, A. Waters, F. Mcgrath, A. Lorusso, C. Wynne, S. Meaney

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background and Objectives: Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are submicron, membrane-bound particles released upon platelet activation, with a recognized role in haemostasis, inflammation and immunoregulation. PEVs remain insufficiently characterized in blood products. This study compared four isolation methods to evaluate their impact on PEV yield, purity and characteristics, aiming to identify a practical approach for transfusion service workflows. Materials and Methods: PEVs were isolated from expired single-donor aphaeresis platelet concentrates (n = 12) using methods based on different isolation principles: ultracentrifugation (UC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), mixed size/charge separation (hybrid) and an affinity-based spin column method (affinity). Size, number and biochemical …

Exploring The Postpartum Recovery After Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Qualitative Study, Zeinab El-Dirani, Sergio A. Silverio, Eleni Niarchou, Elana Payne, Pauline Dunne, Melanie Nana, Catherine Williamson, Mary F. Higgins, Eileen O'Brien, Joan Devin, Aisling Walsh, Angela C. Flynn

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Introduction: Hyperemesis Gravidarum affects 0.3–3.6% of women during pregnancy and has a significant impact on maternal health. Investigation of both the immediate and longer-term effects remains a high research priority. However, there is limited research on postpartum recovery after hyperemesis gravidarum. Aim: To explore the postpartum recovery experiences of women who had hyperemesis gravidarum. Methods: A large descriptive qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews to explore the postpartum experiences of women who had hyperemesis gravidarum within the previous 5 years in Ireland. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Forty-one women participated, and four themes were identified: (1) …

Stress Distribution In Different Toothimplant Supported Mandibular Prostheses Rehabilitating Unilateral Free-End Saddle: A Biomechanical Comparative Finite Element Study, Maha Nagy Kamal, Haytham Amr Mohammed, Abdallah Shokkry

Dentistry

Abstract Aim of the study Utilizing Finite Element Analysis, this research biomechanically assessed three prosthetic designs for mandibular unilateral free-end saddle, specifically interrogating the magnitude and distribution of stresses transmitted to the terminal anterior abutment and the supporting posterior implant. Materials and methods A mandibular unilateral free-end saddle educational cast, with the first premolar as the last standing abutment tooth, was used. The abutment teeth of the free end saddle side were prepared to accommodate two splinted crowns. Then the cast was scanned, and an implant analogue was digitally inserted at the second molar area using Blender4dental software. Three different …

Evaluation Of Periodontal Parameters Among Infertile Men Undergoing Periodontitis Treatment: A Retrospective Study, Dalia Ghalwash, Rim Ghanem, Mazen Ghanem, Manal Safan, Ahmed Ghanem

Dentistry

Background and Objectives: Periodontitis has been linked to idiopathic male infertility and impairment of semen values. However, data on the role of periodontal treatment in sperm parameter outcomes as well as the identification of the value of clinical periodontal infection predictors (BOP, PD, and CAL) as composite measures following active periodontitis therapy are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the role of periodontitis treatment in infertile men and its impact on semen quality. Methods: 58 infertile patients with semen abnormalities underwent treatment of periodontitis. Clinical periodontal and andrological examinations were conducted for all participants. Clinical periodontal parameters (PD, BOP, and …

January 2026, Swosu Rural Health Center

RURAL ROCKS

• Age-Friendly Requirements for Hospital Quality Reporting
• APhA secures key congressional win allowing pharmacists to prescribe buprenorphine with specialized training
• "When the hospital leaves town"
• Med Spa Illicit GLP-1s | Supply Chain Safety
• CMS unveils new model aimed at functional, lifestyle medicine

Radial And Carotid Arterial Pulse Signals For Assessing Cardiovascular Function At Rest And During Post-Exercise Recovery In A Heart Transplant Patient: A Case Study, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Mamun Hasan, Jennifer F. May, John M. Herre, Leryn Reynolds, Zhili Hao

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Aim: This study investigates the feasibility of using radial and carotid arterial pulse signals to assess cardiovascular (CV) function at rest and during post-exercise recovery in a heart transplant (HTx) patient. Method: Two micro-fabricated tactile sensors were used to simultaneously acquire arterial pulse signals at the radial artery (RA) and carotid artery (CA). Measurements were taken at rest and at multiple time points post-exercise on three subjects: an HTx patient, a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; coronary stent) patient and a healthy control. An SDOF-TF-based time-frequency analysis algorithm was applied to extract a comprehensive set of CV parameters, including heart rate …

Stiffening Of Soft Silicone Upon Deep Uv Treatment As Characterized Using Nanoindentation, Amanda Wilder, Zaria Booth, Caden Obermeyer, Saika Sharmin, Venkat Maruthamuthu

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Silicones are elastomers that have a wide variety of uses, including biomedical applications such as the coating of biomedical devices and as implants. Soft silicones with mechanical properties similar to those of biological tissues have particularly gained use as substrates for cell culture in mechanobiology studies. In this context, it would be desirable to be able to alter their surface mechanical properties with a relatively simple physical treatment. While deep ultraviolet (deep UV) or ultraviolet C (UV-C) treatment has been previously used as a surface treatment method for stiffer silicones formulations, the effect of this treatment on soft silicones relevant …

Development Of Thermal Joints For Conduction-Cooling Applications, J. Lewis, G. Ciovati

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

In support of the development of conduction-cooled superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) niobium cavities for use in continuous-wave linear accelerators, an experimental study of thermal contact resistance was performed on bolted joints using high-purity niobium, aluminium, and copper along with Apiezon N grease and indium foil as interfacial materials. The geometry of each joint investigated aims at replicating the design adopted in conduction-cooled SRF cavities currently under development at Jefferson Lab. The materials' thermal conductivity and the joints' thermal resistance were measured in the temperature range of 3.5 - 10 K. The results showed that the low thermal contact resistance of 2-4 …

Mechanical-Medical Convergence In Heart Failure: Artificial Intelligence, Finite-Element Modeling, And 3d Printing For Diagnosis And Prognosis, Quazi Noor E. Sabrina, Quazi Md Zobaer Shah, Quazi Noor E. Sohela, Md Mahabub Hasan Mousum, Md. Moyeen Uddin Chisty

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Heart failure remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, yet routine clinical indices often miss the regional biomechanical disturbances that drive progression and shape treatment response. This State-of-the-Art review examines how finite-element (FE) modeling, additive manufacturing, and artificial intelligence (AI) are converging to improve the diagnosis, phenotyping, procedural planning, and prognostic assessment of heart failure (HF). Although these technologies have matured in structural heart disease and transcatheter intervention research, their greatest translational potential may lie in HF, where patient-specific ventricular remodeling, myocardial stress-strain heterogeneity, valve-ventricular coupling, and device-tissue interaction are incompletely captured by conventional clinical indices. We synthesize …

Comparative Analysis Of Ev-Charging Converters Using Silicon Carbide Mosfets And Silicon Igbt’S, Muhammad A. Kahn

Electrical Engineering Theses

The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure has increased the demand for efficient and reliable power electronic converters. Semiconductor device selection is critical to system performance, influencing efficiency, power density, and reliability. This thesis presents a comparative analysis of Silicon (Si) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs in a representative EV charging converter, with emphasis on electrical performance and thermal behavior under identical operating conditions.

The research employs PLECS (Plexim) and electro-thermal simulation models to accurately characterize device and system interactions. The converter configuration consists of a grid-connected voltage source inverter (VSI) that maintains …

Cognitive Validity In Listen-To-Write Summary Tasks: A Mixed-Methods Analysis Of Notetaking Data, Rebecca Yeager, Gomee Park, Junhee Park

Bilingual and Literacy Studies Faculty Publications

This study examines the cognitive validity of a listen-to-summarize task on a university placement test. Cognitive validity is underinvestigated in listening assessment, especially for higher-order listening processes (Holzknecht et al., 2017; Rukthong, 2021). However, student notes from listening tests can record evidence of these processes (Yeager et al., 2024; Cushing, 1991). This study employed an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to investigate the higher-order listening processes elicited by an integrated listen-to-summarize task. First, notes from two administrations of the same test form – one with notetaking scaffolding (n = 25) and one without (n = 25) – were analyzed qualitatively. Second, …

More Than A Seat At The Table: Examining How Psychological Safety, Identity Representation, And Leadership Accountability Impact African American Women In Global Workplace Environments, Shelbi Chandler

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of African American women working in corporate technology environments, with particular attention to psychological safety, representation, and systemic barriers to advancement. Despite increased organizational commitments to equity and inclusion, research continues to demonstrate that Black women encounter persistent intersectional barriers shaped by race and gender within professional settings (Erskine et al., 2021; Field et al., 2023; Roberson, 2019). Guided by Du Bois’s (2008) theory of double consciousness, Goosby Smith’s (2014a) Ubuntic inclusion framework, and appreciative inquiry (AI; Cooperrider & Whitney, 2005), this study explored how African American women interpret, navigate, and respond …

The Effects Of Anxiety On Adult Athletes And Approaches To Improving Performance And Well-Being, Taylor Glaspie-Walton

Theses and Dissertations

This systematic review examined the complex relationship between anxiety and sports performance in adult athletes, along with exploring effective approaches for enhancing both performance and psychological well-being. Through analysis of 18 studies spanning diverse sports and competitive levels, this research identifies key factors that influence anxiety responses and performance outcomes. Findings revealed that competition level, performance-goal discrepancies, and injury recovery significantly impact anxiety levels, with athletes' interpretations of anxiety symptoms proving more influential than symptom intensity alone. The research demonstrates that mental toughness and self-efficacy function as fundamental psychological resources, though their impact appears to plateau at elite competitive levels. …