Digital Commons Network^™

Recent Case: Equal Protection - Transgender Discrimination In Women's Sports: West Virginia V B.P.J., Joey Martinez

ConLawNOW

This Recent Case Note analyzes the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in West Virginia v. B.P.J. (2026) in which the Court upheld state laws banning transgender women and girls from competing on women’s and girls’ sports teams. By holding that the state bans were justified by concerns with physical safety and fair competition, the Court rejected a claim that the bans violated the Equal Protection Clause and applied an arguably less demanding heightened scrutiny standard than its prior cases seemingly required. The Court deferred to the state legislatures on the contested questions of medical and sports science, applying a weakened “new …

Impact Of 10-Year Simulated Oral Aging On Fracture Resistance In Diverse Glass-Ceramic Matrix Types, Wei-Chun Lin

Articles in Press

No abstract provided.

Affirmative Action For Women In Higher Education And Stem: A Policy Framework To Transform India’S Scientific Landscape, Dileep Verma, Pushpender Yadav, Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Journal of International Women's Studies

This brief proposes an outcomes-oriented affirmative-action framework to accelerate women’s participation and leadership across India’s higher education and STEM pipeline, aligning national priorities for a “Self-reliant India” (Atmanirbhar Bharat) with the United Nation’s SDG-5 (gender equality). Near-parity in overall HE enrolment contrasts with women’s underrepresentation in engineering/technology programmes, research roles, and senior faculty positions as revealed by the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) (Department of Science & Technology, n.d.-a; Ministry of Education, 2020; Sahay, 2022). Supernumerary seats, re-entry fellowships, and pilot programmes (e.g., KIRAN/WOS, GATI, WEST) show promise but lack scale, evaluation, and accountability linkages (Department of Science …

Film Review: Education As A Legal Right, Yet A Socially Negotiated Privilege: A Feminist Review Of Sthal (A Match), Ankit Anand, Rajneesh Kumar

Journal of International Women's Studies

No abstract provided.

Film Review: Queer Happiness And Family Myth In My Therapist Said, I Am Full Of Sadness, Ni Luh Ayu Sukmawati

Journal of International Women's Studies

No abstract provided.

Book Review Essay: The Keloid As Episteme—Corporeal Healing And Colonial Afterlives In Sarah Soanirina Ohmer’S The Keloids We Heal, Md Samiul Azim, Farida Parvin

Journal of International Women's Studies

No abstract provided.

A Feminist Analysis Of Post-Independence Administrative Reforms In Bihar, Shrey Sharma, Rajeev Kumar Jain, Ashutosh K. Pandey, Shashikant Nishant Sharma

Journal of International Women's Studies

This paper critically examines the administrative reforms in Bihar since India’s independence, focusing on the evolution of women’s roles and representation in state governance. Drawing on historiographic and textual analyses of academic scholarship, government reports, reform commission findings, and policy documents, the study uses the case of the Indian state of Bihar to explore how political leadership, bureaucratic structures, and gendered hierarchies intersect in shaping postcolonial governance. Bihar, historically marked by institutional fragility and social inequality, provides an illustrative context for assessing how national-level reforms— such as the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, civil service modernization, and e governance—have attempted …

The Role Of Tribal And Dalit Women In Water Conservation: A Case Study Of The Western Indian Trans-Himalayan Region, Vivek Kumar, Anuradha Choudhary

Journal of International Women's Studies

Water scarcity and environmental degradation are pressing contemporary issues, and the Himalayan regions are especially at risk. The Trans-Himalayas in particular face severe resource scarcity as water availability is totally dependent on the now dwindling supply of glacial meltwater. Women in the Spiti Valley in the Trans-Himalayan region are particularly exposed to these issues because they spend significant time collecting water and fodder for domestic animals and managing agricultural irrigation. As the primary caregivers and managers of households, women in this region face greater challenges in adapting to and mitigating resource scarcity. This study focuses on the role of Dalit …

Twitter’S Role In Challenging The Marginalisation And Subjugation Of Women In Northern Nigeria, Tioluwalogo Olakunbi-Black

Journal of International Women's Studies

This paper aims to examine social media’s role in advocating against the marginalisation and domination of women in Northern Nigeria with a focus on Twitter (X). This study analyses women’s strategies of digital advocacy drawing on feminist theory, specifically difference feminism, intersectional feminism, and post-structuralist feminism, alongside theories of technological determinism. Difference feminism argues that women possess distinctive qualities, experiences, and perspectives that differentiate them from men, and that these differences can be a source of strength rather than a basis for disadvantage. Intersectional feminism foregrounds intersecting identities such as race, class, ethnicity, and sexuality, emphasising the multiplicity of women’s …

Women’S Employment And Intrahousehold Bargaining Power: Evidence From Nigeria, Temitope O. Olalude, Olanrewaju A. Olaniyan

Journal of International Women's Studies

Although women’s participation in paid employment has increased in recent years, the extent to which this improvement correlates with increased intrahousehold bargaining power (IHBP) remains understudied. Women’s intrahousehold bargaining power plays a critical role in achieving a more inclusive and sustainable economy. This study therefore investigates the relationship between women’s employment status and IHBP in Nigeria using data from the 2013 and 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) to evaluate progress over time. We measured women’s employment status and assessed women’s intrahousehold bargaining power using two indices: the direct bargaining power index (DBPI) and the indirect bargaining power index …

The Social Reproduction Of Filipina Migrant Workers Represented In Ten Filipino Films, Elora Francisco, Precious Lois Layas, Karlena Ameina Saturnino, Leo Vicentino

Journal of International Women's Studies

The growing phenomenon of the Philippines’ high labor export has contributed not only to the country’s economy but also to that of countries all over the world who are receiving these migrants. With the demand for labor exports increasing, film narratives concerning overseas Filipino workers offer important insight into the experience of migrants. In particular, Filipina migrant workers (FMWs) face gendered socio-cultural constraints in their pursuit of financially supporting their families. While gender migration has been examined across various disciplines, the representation of the Filipina diaspora in mainstream contemporary Filipino films remains insufficiently explored. Thus, this study aims to determine …

The Making Of A Woman Superstar: An Analysis Of The Superstardom Of Malayalam Actor Manju Warrier, Sangeetha Ps, Jais Merlin P. Augustine

Journal of International Women's Studies

This article examines the construction and development of women’s superstardom in Malayalam cinema, drawing on the example of Manju Warrier, one of few Indian regional actresses to achieve sustained celebrity status that goes beyond youth and glamour. We draw upon Richard Dyer’s star theory, particularly his notion of the star as “structured polysemy,” a constellation of meanings that are produced by film roles, publicity, and audience reception (Dyer, 1998). This article examines how Manju Warrier’s star image is constructed through a productive interplay of film roles, mediated representations, public persona, and audience reception. The discussion also adopts a feminist film …

Brown Women, Cyberspace, And The Scopophilic Male Gaze In Hari Kunzru’S Transmission, Ayesha Perveen

Journal of International Women's Studies

This study draws upon gaze theory to explore the cinema-cyberspace-gender nexus presented in British Indian writer Hari Kunzru’s novel Transmission (2005). While Arjun Mehta is widely considered the protagonist of the novel, I focus instead on the representation of the character Leela Zahir both as an individual and as a virus. Although the virus unleashed by Arjun is the novel’s main source of cyberterrorism, I analyze cyberterrorism in terms of the cyberspace representation of women as scopophilic objects for the male gaze. For this purpose, I discuss the mindset behind the use of the “she” pronoun for the virus as …

Narrating Otherwise: Analysing Nancy Spero’S The First Language As Historiographic Metafiction, Ipek Ebru Yildiz, Rifat Sahiner

Journal of International Women's Studies

Through a feminist reading grounded in the framework of historiographic metafiction, this article aims to analyze pioneering feminist U.S. artist Nancy Spero’s The First Language (1981). Throughout the history of Western art, women’s bodies have been predominantly represented through the male gaze, reducing women to passive objects and excluding them from consideration as full subjects in historical and artistic narratives. In response to these modes of representation, Spero constructs a unique visual language that reclaims the female body from historical silence and repositions it as a political and narrative subject. The First Language brings together women figures from different cultures …

Between Tradition And Expression: The Mother–Daughter Relationship In Druze Women’S Artworks, Shahar Marnin-Distelfeld, Ebtesam Barakat

Journal of International Women's Studies

This article examines how young Druze women artists in Israel depict their relationships with their mothers through visual art. Drawing from a broader study of fifteen artists from the Carmel, Galilee, and Golan Heights, it focuses on two whose work most directly engages the mother–daughter bond. Using interviews and visual analysis, the study explores how these artists express cultural values, tensions, and expectations shaping this relationship in contemporary Druze society. The research is a bilingual, bicultural collaboration between a Druze Arabic-speaking sociologist and a Jewish Hebrew-speaking art scholar. Both artists’ work highlights generational and cultural divides, depicting mothers as central …

Metric-Affine Spacetime Engineering And Hypermomentum Resonance, Xavier Pillet

Defensive Publications Series

This document, produced with the assistance Gemini 3.8 Reasoning, is released under the Apache License 2.0. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes : EPC Art. 54(2) (European Patent Convention), French IPC Art. L 611-11 (French Intellectual Property Code), 35 U.S.C. §102(a) (United States Patent Act), Chinese Patent Law Art. 22(5) (両匡丢氡儡吡嘡丣刡氢), and Japanese Patent Act Art. 29(1) (闘旧避). This comprehensive publication fully discloses all 64 inventions, physical subsystems, fabrication methods, critical safety quench mechanisms, quantum metrology instruments, and multi-tier industrial applications derived from non-equilibrium metric-affine …

Distributed Metric-Affine Imaging And Sensing Network (Imag-Fourier System), Xavier Pillet

Defensive Publications Series

This document, produced with the assistance of Gemini 3.8 Reasoning, is released under the Apache

License 2.0. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes : EPC Art. 54(2) (European Patent Convention), French IPC Art. L 611-11 (French Intellectual Property Code), 35 U.S.C. §102(a) (United States Patent Act), Chinese Patent Law Art. 22(5) (両匡丢氡儡吡嘡丣刡氢), and Japanese Patent Act Art. 29(1) (闘旧避). Exhaustive technical disclosure assembling 85 patentable disclosures covering 4f optical instrumental architectures, sol-gel and bio-derived spatial Fourier masks, neutral-buoyancy piezo-acoustic chiral resonators, Mueller di!erential polarimetry demodulation, …

Last-Point Authorization Before Effect: Preventing Stale, Replayed, And Substituted Commands At The Enforcement Boundary In 6g Networks, Satellites, Ai Accelerators, Ai Agents, Payments, And Industrial Contro, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

In most computer and network systems, the decision to allow an operation and the operation itself happen at different times and in different components. A request is authenticated, an access token is checked, a device is attested, or an AI model computes a result, and only later does another component actually transmit the packet, send the radio signal, write the data, release the GPU output, settle the payment, or move the actuator. In that gap, the approval can expire, be revoked, be replayed, be reused concurrently, or be applied to changed parameters or a different destination. The operation can also …

Why Stir/Shaken Cannot Stop Unwanted Calls, And An Authorization-To-Reach Layer That Can, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

STIR/SHAKEN was built to answer one question: is the caller who they claim to be? It signs and verifies the originating number so that spoofed caller ID can be detected. That is valuable, but it leaves a larger question unanswered: is this verified caller allowed to reach this person, right now, for this purpose?

A telemarketer calling from its own legitimately assigned number receives full A-level attestation. So does a business that keeps calling a customer long after a single enquiry, a marketplace seller who copies a buyer’s number into a marketing list, and an automated system dialing through a …

A Multi-Agent Artificial Intelligence Sandbox For Autonomous Procurement Negotiation And Fraud Detection, Pranjal Gautam, Sakshi Goyal

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure relates to a method and a system method for simulating autonomous procurement negotiations. The present disclosure suggests receiving configuration data defining a procurement scenario and at least one procurement participant profile. After receiving the data, the present disclosure suggests generating a plurality of counterparty profiles corresponding to potential procurement participants based on the configuration data. Thereafter, the present disclosure suggests generating a plurality of procurement proposals based on the procurement participant profile and the plurality of counterparty profiles. Upon generating the procurement proposals, the present disclosure suggests evaluating the plurality of procurement proposals to generate respective evaluation …

A Pipeline For Calibrating Ai Evaluation Scenarios Using Dispersion Analysis, Joe Shirey, Karl Weinmeister

Defensive Publications Series

Evaluating components for non-deterministic artificial intelligence agents can be challenging. A computer-implemented system, such as a server or distributed computing system, can use a multi-stage pipeline to programmatically validate machine-generated evaluation scenarios prior to use. For example, the process can involve an oracle gate to test for basic solvability and a dispersion-gated calibration stage. This calibration stage may repeatedly execute a control agent against a scenario and can analyze the resulting score variance, rejecting scenarios with low or flat variance that may be non-discriminating measuring instruments for a stochastic agent. This methodology can produce a validated set of test scenarios, …

Montana Kaimin, October 29, 2026, Students Of The University Of Montana, Missoula

Montana Kaimin, 1898-present

Student newspaper of the University of Montana, Missoula.

Drone Photography: Balancing Privacy, Property And Legal Boundaries In Malaysia And Comparative Perspective, Manique Cooray, Wong Hua Siong, Ivy Chin Hann Wei

Hasanuddin Law Review

The rapid advancement and widespread accessibility of drone technology have significantly transformed aerial photography, enabling individuals and organisations to capture images and videos with ease and affordability. While drone photography offers benefits in journalism, mapping, disaster management, and commercial services, it also raises legal concerns relating to land ownership, airspace rights, trespass, nuisance, and privacy. In many jurisdictions, existing legal frameworks were developed prior to unmanned aerial vehicles and struggle to address the regulatory challenges posed by drones. This study examines the legal implications of drone photography from the perspective of land law and privacy protection, with reference to Malaysia …

Materiality In Saudi Real Estate Development Contracts: Comparative Jurisprudence And Cross-Border Disputes, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alzeer

Hasanuddin Law Review

The Saudi Civil Transactions Law (CTL) contains materiality-related standards that apply at different phases of the contract life cycle as separate doctrines rather than as an overarching doctrine. Article 74 uses a counterfactual analysis of partial invalidity and severability, while Articles 95 and 107 address the characteristics or purposes of contractual performance and the consequences of non-performance. The difficulty is not a conflict between Articles 74 and 107, but the absence of a unified analytical model for assessing the significance of non-performance under provisions on performance, interpretation, defect, and remedy. This article addresses these fragmented CTL elements and contends that …

From Classroom To Courtroom: Cross-Jurisdictional Legal Protections For Teachers In Student Disciplinary Cases, Sapto Budoyo, Nadea Lathifah Nugraheni, Praditya Arcy Pratama, Mahyuddin Bin Arsat

Hasanuddin Law Review

Legal protections for teachers in student disciplinary cases are increasingly urgent. This study investigates the legal protections afforded to teachers in managing student disciplinary cases in Indonesia and Malaysia, highlighting how legislative frameworks, sociocultural influences, and institutional mechanisms shape teachers' rights and responsibilities. Using a comparative legal approach, the research analyzes statutory provisions, policy directives, and educational practices in both jurisdictions. The comparison indicates that Malaysia offers a more institutionally structured framework by defining school-level disciplinary authority and separating authorized disciplinary measures from individual teacher discretion. This framework balances educator autonomy with student rights, although gaps remain in enforcement and …

Criminal And Administrative Liability For Money Laundering In Automated Digital Insurance Brokerage: An Oman-Centred Comparative Analysis, Omar Musbih, Ghazi Ayed Alghathian

Hasanuddin Law Review

The digital transformation of Gulf insurance intermediation creates difficulties applying anti-money laundering (AML) rules where customer assessment, transaction processing, and compliance decisions are materially automated. This study examines how Omani law allocates criminal and administrative responsibility for money laundering in automated digital insurance brokerage, using Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as functional comparators and the European Union (EU) as a supranational benchmark for preventive regulation and systems governance. A doctrinal-comparative methodology analyses AML legislation, penal provisions, electronic-insurance regulation, digital-governance instruments, and publicly accessible judicial and supervisory materials through a qualitative comparative matrix. Three interconnected gaps emerge: a …

Education Before Electricity: Ai-Facilitated Capability Formation As A Pre-Condition For Productive Energy Use In Off-Grid Communities, Kevin Hallinan, Lu Hao, Bennywhite Davidson, Divinegift Morris, Silas Clergy, Confidence Onuahu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Working Papers

Solar microgrids in sub-Saharan Africa routinely fail to generate the productive demand needed to service their investment, because the capability to convert electricity into economic activity does not exist at electrification. We report a 15-month deployment in Oloibiri, Nigeria, a community whose productive base was displaced by oil extraction, testing whether AI-facilitated learning can build that capability at a cost compatible with microgrid investment.

The Davidson AI Innovation Center enrolled 104 learners (136 accounts) with zero prior computer access. They recorded 4,134 learning sessions, and 25 individuals earned 90 certifications on unscaffolded work, for just over $20,000 in cumulative investment, …

From Language Access To Ownership In The Education For Deaf Children, Joanne R. Marshall

Society for American Sign Language Journal

No abstract provided.

Three Ways Of Asian Wisdom : Hinduism, Buddhism, Zen, And Their Significance For The West, Nancy Wilson Ross

Hannah Arendt Marginalia - All

New York : Simon and Schuster, 1966.

Call # : BL80.2 .R6

Contains underlining and marginal lining  PDF Information : 46 Pages, 5.6 MB

Roadmap For The Advent Of A Metric-Affine Resonant Planetary Civilization With Zero Inertia, Xavier Pillet

Defensive Publications Series

This document, produced with the assistance of Gemini 3.8 Reasoning, is released under the Apache License 2.0. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes : EPC Art. 54(2) (European Patent Convention), French IPC Art. L 611-11 (French Intellectual Property Code), 35 U.S.C. §102(a) (United States Patent Act), Chinese Patent Law Art. 22(5) (両匡丢氡儡吡嘡丣刡氢), and Japanese Patent Act Art. 29(1) (闘旧避). This technical disclosure provides an exhaustive and enabling compilation of 88 inventions covering metric-a!ne technologies, quantum and asymmetric tensor metrology, cold dielectric barrier discharge microreactors exploiting …