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Conspiracy Theorizing: Analysis And Scriptural Critique [Review] / Gerald Arbuckle., Valentin Zywietz

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

No abstract provided.

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The Ethical Theory Of Enrique Dussel: An Investigation Of Violence And Coercion In His Three Foundational Principles, Eric Antonio Del Valle Cruz

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

No abstract provided.

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Immanuel Kant On The End Of All Things Philosophical Eschatology As Theo-Political Critique, Daniël Muller

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

Immanuel Kant is his apocalyptically inflected essay “The End of All Things”. Throughout this text, Kant reflects upon the question of why humans expect an end to the world at all. What appears to be a series of mere metaphysical ruminations turns out to be a satirical critique of the new Prussian government’s religious policies. In this article, I argue that Kant, by teasing out moral, temporal and teleological meanings of “the end”, uses eschatological grammar to mount an ironic prophetic critique of the political enforcement of a particular type of religion by self-proclaimed Christian politicians.

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An Epistemological Reading Of Second Peter With An Application To Theological Discourse, Terry Robertson

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

community (2 Pet 1), contrasted with those of the false teachers (2 Pet 2), are applied to a truth versus error issue (2 Pet 3). The theme developed in 2 Peter of “growing in knowledge” may be viewed as relational, performative, and consequential. The Christian disciple is equipped to “be not deceived” and to “grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (2 Pet 3:17–18 NIV)—both in the discernment and proclamation of truth. I propose that Peter’s message speaks to theological discourse, how members of the learning community who pursue biblical theology engage one another …

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Theories Of Creation Day Inception: Their Nature, History, And Features, Brian Hollis

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

The debate over creation day inception, when the creation days commenced according to the day one account of Gen 1:3–5, has persisted since the earliest times of Christianity. This article explores why this debate has continued so long by surveying the history of the debate and by examining the components of the major theories which have been proposed. The connection of the debate to other theological disputes, along with the fact that neither morning nor evening theory has satisfactorily addressed the temporal challenges of the day one account as yet, have both contributed to the persistence of this debate. Though …

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Navigating Japanese Expatriate Children’S Linguistic, Cultural, And Psychological Adjustments To Their Host Communities In Southeast Michigan, Kiyotaka Suga

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

This case study explored how three Japanese expatriate children who moved to Southeast Michigan because of their parents’ job-transfer reacted and adjusted linguistically and culturally to new communities. Based on their experiences and perspectives, this study investigated what kind of potential supports can be provided to navigate their linguistic, cultural, and psychological adjustments to their new host communities in Southeast Michigan. To address these research questions, the three participants’ trajectories of their cross-linguistic, cultural, and psychological adjustments were examined through retrospective semi-structured interviews. Content analyses on their interview comments highlighted the following themes: (1) language-related challenges; (2) cross-cultural experiences and …

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Piloting Translation Earbuds With Newcomer Multilinguals: An Exploratory Case Study With Teachers In Michigan Public Schools, Robyn Edwards, Joe Terantino

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

This exploratory case study examines how in-service teachers (n = 6) piloted translation earbuds to support WIDA Level 1-2 newcomer multilinguals in Michigan K–12 public schools. Grounded in Sociocultural Theory, the study highlights teachers’ perceptions of how the earbuds mediated classroom participation and access to instruction. Teachers identified the earbuds as most effective during content-heavy teacher talk, where real-time interpreting supported newcomers’ comprehension of grade-level content and reduced communication barriers. Teachers also reported that the earbuds increased student participation, encouraged socioemotional engagement, and helped strengthen teacher-student relationships by enabling more immediate and meaningful interaction. At the same time, teachers emphasized …

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I Think, Therefore I Am I Am, Therefore I Think, Zrinka Tomašić

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This work is bringing forward questions about animal, plant, inanimate objects (including AI and molecules, atoms and subatomic particles) and even post-mortem consciousness. It gives examples and researches that are made and still being made. It connects the real examples with the philosophic thought past and present, Western and Chinese. It even mentions the research assignment about plant consciousness that is suitable for school children to do. And, although it has so many examples in biology, philosophy, physics and other fields, in the end it asks a question „Are they really conscious“ to every reader to reflect on. To come …

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Modified Frozen Elephant Trunk Repair For Aortic Coarctation With Segmental Post-Stenotic Aneurysms, Pham Quoc Dat, Ma Nguyen Thai Hoang, Dang Van Phuc, Ta Dinh Do, Ngo Phi Long

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association

Aortic coarctation can be complicated by descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in adults. A 31-year-old man presented with exertional chest pain radiating to the back. Preoperative evaluation showed a 27-mmHg arm-leg systolic pressure gradient, echocardiographic coarctation with a 10-mm narrowest diameter and 25-mmHg gradient, and computed tomography showing two segmental post-stenotic aneurysms, the largest measuring 62 mm. He underwent one-stage modified frozen elephant trunk repair using a Medtronic thoracic stent graft sutured to a surgical graft. The postoperative gradient decreased to 5 mmHg, with stable 9-month follow-up.

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Risk Factors Associated With Hair Loss Severity Among Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Study, Roaa Mohammed Jabbar, Rusul Mahdi Abid

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

Hair loss is a frequent health problem of women and can have an adverse impact on physical appearance, body image and quality of life. Its development has been attributed to a number of demographics, lifestyle and clinical factors, but which factors have the greatest influence on its development is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the demographical, lifestyle and clinical parameters with hair loss severity among female university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among female university students', and data collected using a structured questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post …

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Securing The Frontier: Environmental Adaptation Versus Urban Fortification In Strategic Border Gateways: The Case Of East Qantara, Ahmed M. Selim, Mohamed A. Shebl, Doha M. Saeed, Heba M. Gaber

HBRC Journal

Security-oriented urban design at strategic national gateways often restricts spatial openness, cultural identity, and social inclusion, all essential to functional public spaces. This study develops a multi-criteria framework for security-inclusive urban design at East Qantara, the primary vehicular gateway between continental Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula. This study employed a sequential quantitative–interpretive design approach. In the quantitative phase, 51 criteria were identified from Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM) guidance, publicness theory, and context-specific desert and socio-cultural literature, and subsequently revised to 37 criteria through expert panel validation. A structured expert questionnaire with a five-point …

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Updated Records And Confirmed Colonies Of The Asian Needle Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Brachyponera Chinensis) In Mississippi, Joseph A. Macgown, Kaitlin M. Baudier, Santos Portugal

Midsouth Entomologist

No abstract, this is a short communication.

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Financing Under The Income Share Agreement (Isa) Model: Towards A Shariah-Compliant Formula For Financing University Education, Asma Bint Mohammed Al-Amari

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics

This study examines financing under the Income Share Agreement (ISA) model as a contemporary financing instrument and seeks to introduce it as a new model at the local level. It aims to enable beneficiaries to access education in return for consideration linked to their future income. The study seeks to develop a Shariah-compliant structure by identifying its jurisprudential characterization and Shariah parameters and analyzing its contractual elements. The study concludes that the subject matter of the contract is the educational benefit rather than the transfer of ownership of money, which distinguishes it from a loan and other forms of financing …

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Web-Mapping Viewers To Enhance Environmental Education And Watershed Planning, Austin L Holland, John Strauser, Eric Olson

Journal of Extension

Extension professionals have been using web-based geographic information system (GIS) viewers to aid in education, outreach, and planning. This article highlights the Center for Land Use Education's new Watershed & Conservation Planning Web-Viewer, which was created in collaboration with Extension Lakes using publicly available GIS data. The tool has two objectives: to enhance public education on the relationship between land and water resources and to support the use of geospatial data in conservation planning. This article outlines the justification for the tool, its usefulness, and a path forward for those who can create their own version for their region or …

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Investigation Of The Scientific Value Of Some Inflammatory Biomarkers In Evaluating The Health Impact Of Drug Addiction, Rajaa Jaber Abdel Rasul, Hathama Razooki Hasan

Muthanna Medical Journal

Drug addiction is one of the most complex health and social phenomena of the modern era, leading to a comprehensive deterioration in the psychological, physical, and economic aspects of human life. This study investigated the changes in C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, the CRP/albumin ratio, and the Neutrophils/albumin ratio before and after receiving medical treatment. Blood samples were collected from control persons (n = 70), addicted to mixed drugs (n = 40), and those addicted to crystal meth only (n = 40). Furthermore, checked the influence of different factors on their response to a 21-day treatment. The results showed significant differences …

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Briefly Noted: Terry Pratchett By Andy Sawyer, Janet Croft

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Review of Terry Pratchett by Andy Sawyer, Writers and Their Work Series.

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Tolkien’S Glee: A Reading Of The Songs In The Hobbit And The Lord Of The Rings By John R. Holmes, Glenn R. Gray

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

This is a review of "Tolkien's Glee: A Reading of the Songs in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings" by John R. Holmes.

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A Diasporic Mythography: Myth, Legend And Memory In The Literature Of The Indian Diaspora By P.M. Biswas, G. Connor Salter

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Scholarship continues to explore how postcolonial Indian authors use speculative fiction to explore their country's identity, but book-length studies on the diasporic Indian experience are hard to find. Poet, novelist and scholar Pooja Mittal Biswas examines noted fantasy books by four acclaimed Indian authors born during the first two generations of the Republic of India: Salman Rushdie, Shashi Tharoor, Suniti Namjoshi, and Vikram Chandra. Each author offers a different vision of Indianness, drawing on their complicated experiences as Indians living outside their country of origin, shaped by and responding to colonialism's past, offering different views of how diasporic Indians should …

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Tolkien And The Mystery Of Literary Creation By Guiseppe Pezzini, Katherine Sas

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

This article reviews Tolkien and the Mystery of Literary Creation by Giuseppe Pezzini, a study of J.R.R. Tolkien’s creative process in which Pezzini argues for a remarkably consistent and comprehensive (if quirky) theory of literary creation as embodied in Tolkien’s legendarium.

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Science And Religion In The Imagination Of C.S. Lewis: The Quest For The Best Mental Model Of The Universe By Alister E. Mcgrath, Martina Juričková

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

This is a book review of Science and Religion in the Imagination of C. S. Lewis: The Quest for the Best Mental Model of the Universe by Alister E. McGrath

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J.R.R. Tolkien And G.B. Smith: With Wind In Our Ears, Edited By Guiseppe Pezzini, Mercury Natis

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

No abstract provided.

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Tolkien, Seta Teiji, And Kunikida Doppo: A Short Introduction, Adam Ellis

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

This note includes a short introduction to the Japanese critic, children’s literature scholar, and translator Seta Teiji alongside an English translation of his 1975 piece, “Tolkien Sensei’s Lingering Shadow: Seeking His Traces in a Berkshire Hamlet.” Seta translated J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia into Japanese, among many other titles. The introduction discusses Seta’s key translation practice of rendering character and place names into linguistically transparent Japanese equivalents, coincidentally conforming to Tolkien’s preferences for translating names. The introduction further argues that this practice of Japanization extends beyond Seta’s translations …

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"Making The Familiar Strange": The Ecocentric Power Of Climate Fantasy, John Cook

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Contributing to the failure to address climate change is a lack of public imagination, both in perceiving the threat of climate change and conceptualizing solutions. Climate fiction engages readers on an emotional level and speculative fiction in particular can invent alternative worlds illustrating different ways of thinking and living. Fantasy fiction is uniquely suited as a form of climate fiction, with its immersive, subversive qualities, prioritization of the nonhuman, and a tendency towards sprawling, multiple-volume epic series. This paper explores two categories of climate fantasy themes. One category is recovery—regaining a clear view of the natural world. The other is …

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Conservative Demons And Countercultural Creators: Hellish Societies In The Dark Or Modern Age Of Comics, Andrew Burt

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

In the Hellblazer and Sandman comic books, depictions of hell rely on the writer’s perspective and the decade they are writing because they account for contemporary folklore, political situations, and cultural conventions. This paper examines how hell appears as a parodic version of the regular world in these texts, accounting for the dark age of comics from the 1980s, where grim and gritty topics prevailed. While borrowing from Judeo-Christian conceptions of hell, demonology, and fears of everlasting torment and damnation like many other representations throughout the centuries, these comics also took elements from the creator’s personal lives and hopes for …

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The Political Vitalities Of Ursula K. Le Guin’S Earthsea, Joseph Charles Ironside

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

This article analyses the role of vitality within Ursula K. Le Guin’s Earthsea series (1968-2001), exploring the political implications of its presentation. Vitalist philosophy rejects positivist materialism, seeking instead to understand life in terms of immanent human experience. Vitalism is particularly relevant to fantasy literature: conceptions of life and our relationship with the material naturally play a role in fantasy worldbuilding; however, life conceptions carry political implications, and vitalism finds pertinence across the political spectrum, from anarchism to fascism. Earthsea makes for a valuable subject of analysis on this point, as Le Guin openly endorses anarchism. By comparing the presentation …

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The Engine Of Innocence: Discovery And Invention Of Eden In John Crowley's Engine Summer, Ian Berger

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

The article explores John Crowley's Engine Summer (1979) as a retelling of Genesis from the perspective of Adam and, in its depiction of Eden as the emblematic likeness of innocence throughout American history and Western Civilization—small, false, and ultimately unsustainable in light of modern experience—confronts the reader to "move beyond nostalgia" and challenge the myth of innocence.

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“Salvation Must Be Communicated”: An Ecumenical Reading Of The Place Of The Lion, Avery-Claire Galloway

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

While previous scholarship has cautioned against a reductive tendency in the analysis of Charles Williams’s work, this paper offers an analysis that explores the importantly multiplicable nature of meaning used in one of Williams’s most bizarre novels, The Place of the Lion. A close reading of a remark from the novel’s heroine that “salvation must be communicated” provides a lens by which the entire novel can be read, revealing how Williams presents a specific, culture-centered version of Christianity where communication leads to a salvation that is more cultural than doctrinal, more than the erasure of sins, but an experience …

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The Path Of Wisdom: Reassessing Tolkien’S Paremiology In The Hobbit And The Lord Of The Rings, Luis J. Tosina Fernández

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Using previous scholarship on the use of proverbs in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, the present study reevaluates Tolkien’s use of proverbs in the series, with special attention to the use of pseudoproverbs and trying to provide sources that may have served as inspiration for the creation of Middle-earth proverbs. After close inspection of The Hobbit and the three parts of The Lord of the Rings, the findings point towards a less frequent use of proverbs than anticipated or presumed by previous authors. Moreover, despite including a far from negligible number of pseudoproverbs, for many of which …

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Oxford At War: “Leaf By Niggle” As A Wartime Work, Part 1, Josh B. Long

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

J. R. R. Tolkien suggested that "Leaf by Niggle" was written around 1938-1939; however, Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull argue that it was actually composed in 1942. This corrected date changes how one reads the story: often viewed as an autobiographical allegory of art and faith, “Leaf by Niggle” falls into place as a wartime work, informed and transformed by the World War II pressures of Tolkien’s Oxford—the city and the University. This article situates the story within WWII and analyzes how that context influenced the imagery, characterization, symbols, and motifs of "Leaf."

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“A Story Must Be Told”: Narrative Engagement In The Lord Of The Rings, Matthew Thompson-Handell

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Much has been written on the allusions to untold tales in The Lord of the Rings and on the effects generated by such allusions. Any judgment on the importance of these effects should be treated with caution, as little work has been done to explore just how these effects operate on a reader. Nor have these effects been placed in a wider context that considers them alongside other aspects of narrative engagement. Much work could be done on the engagement generated by narrative techniques such as suspense, curiosity, and surprise - one example is provided here with an analysis of …

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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Conspiracy Theorizing: Analysis And Scriptural Critique [Review] / Gerald Arbuckle., Valentin Zywietz

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

The Ethical Theory Of Enrique Dussel: An Investigation Of Violence And Coercion In His Three Foundational Principles, Eric Antonio Del Valle Cruz

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

Immanuel Kant On The End Of All Things Philosophical Eschatology As Theo-Political Critique, Daniël Muller

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

An Epistemological Reading Of Second Peter With An Application To Theological Discourse, Terry Robertson

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

Theories Of Creation Day Inception: Their Nature, History, And Features, Brian Hollis

Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS)

Navigating Japanese Expatriate Children’S Linguistic, Cultural, And Psychological Adjustments To Their Host Communities In Southeast Michigan, Kiyotaka Suga

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

Piloting Translation Earbuds With Newcomer Multilinguals: An Exploratory Case Study With Teachers In Michigan Public Schools, Robyn Edwards, Joe Terantino

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

I Think, Therefore I Am I Am, Therefore I Think, Zrinka Tomašić

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Modified Frozen Elephant Trunk Repair For Aortic Coarctation With Segmental Post-Stenotic Aneurysms, Pham Quoc Dat, Ma Nguyen Thai Hoang, Dang Van Phuc, Ta Dinh Do, Ngo Phi Long

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association

Risk Factors Associated With Hair Loss Severity Among Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Study, Roaa Mohammed Jabbar, Rusul Mahdi Abid

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

Securing The Frontier: Environmental Adaptation Versus Urban Fortification In Strategic Border Gateways: The Case Of East Qantara, Ahmed M. Selim, Mohamed A. Shebl, Doha M. Saeed, Heba M. Gaber

HBRC Journal

Updated Records And Confirmed Colonies Of The Asian Needle Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Brachyponera Chinensis) In Mississippi, Joseph A. Macgown, Kaitlin M. Baudier, Santos Portugal

Midsouth Entomologist

Financing Under The Income Share Agreement (Isa) Model: Towards A Shariah-Compliant Formula For Financing University Education, Asma Bint Mohammed Al-Amari

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics

Web-Mapping Viewers To Enhance Environmental Education And Watershed Planning, Austin L Holland, John Strauser, Eric Olson

Journal of Extension

Investigation Of The Scientific Value Of Some Inflammatory Biomarkers In Evaluating The Health Impact Of Drug Addiction, Rajaa Jaber Abdel Rasul, Hathama Razooki Hasan

Muthanna Medical Journal

Briefly Noted: Terry Pratchett By Andy Sawyer, Janet Croft

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Tolkien’S Glee: A Reading Of The Songs In The Hobbit And The Lord Of The Rings By John R. Holmes, Glenn R. Gray

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

A Diasporic Mythography: Myth, Legend And Memory In The Literature Of The Indian Diaspora By P.M. Biswas, G. Connor Salter

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Tolkien And The Mystery Of Literary Creation By Guiseppe Pezzini, Katherine Sas

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Science And Religion In The Imagination Of C.S. Lewis: The Quest For The Best Mental Model Of The Universe By Alister E. Mcgrath, Martina Juričková

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

J.R.R. Tolkien And G.B. Smith: With Wind In Our Ears, Edited By Guiseppe Pezzini, Mercury Natis

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Tolkien, Seta Teiji, And Kunikida Doppo: A Short Introduction, Adam Ellis

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

"Making The Familiar Strange": The Ecocentric Power Of Climate Fantasy, John Cook

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Conservative Demons And Countercultural Creators: Hellish Societies In The Dark Or Modern Age Of Comics, Andrew Burt

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

The Political Vitalities Of Ursula K. Le Guin’S Earthsea, Joseph Charles Ironside

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

The Engine Of Innocence: Discovery And Invention Of Eden In John Crowley's Engine Summer, Ian Berger

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

“Salvation Must Be Communicated”: An Ecumenical Reading Of The Place Of The Lion, Avery-Claire Galloway

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

The Path Of Wisdom: Reassessing Tolkien’S Paremiology In The Hobbit And The Lord Of The Rings, Luis J. Tosina Fernández

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Oxford At War: “Leaf By Niggle” As A Wartime Work, Part 1, Josh B. Long

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

“A Story Must Be Told”: Narrative Engagement In The Lord Of The Rings, Matthew Thompson-Handell

Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature