Digital Commons Network^™

Autistic Menopause: Where Should Research Go From Here?, Christine A. Jenkins, Margaret Janse Van Rensburg

Faculty and Staff Publications

Plain language summary

This letter lists seven priorities for future research on autism and menopause. It is written by an early career researcher/assistant professor and a community researcher. Both are neurodivergent themselves.

The Evolution Of Reliability Methods For Nondestructive Evaluation (Nde): From Probability Of Detection (Pod) Conception To Contemporary Practices, Christine E. Knott, Jennifer Brown, John Aldrin, Christine M. Schubert Kabban

Faculty Publications

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are powerful tools for detecting and characterizing flaws in structural components, but their reliability must be evaluated before they can be used in critical applications. For more than 50 years, probabilistic and statistical methods have been used effectively to estimate reliability by describing an NDE system’s Probability of Detection (POD) for flaws of realistic sizes. The POD methods used by the USAF and NASA, like Hit/Miss, Signal-Response (â vs. a), and Point Estimate method (PEM, a.k.a. 29/29) have evolved, alongside newer approaches like Limited Sample POD (LS-POD) method, and Model Assisted Probability of Detection …

A Guided Size Exclusion Chromatography Demonstration For Teaching Polymer Separation And Characterization, Daniel Rivero, Nicole Paccha, Amrita Sarkar

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

Practical experience with modern analytical instruments is an essential component of undergraduate chemistry education, yet access to advanced instruments varies widely among institutions because of differences in available resources. Although size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is extensively used in polymer characterization in both academia and industry, undergraduate students at Montclair State University previously had limited opportunities to gain hands-on experience to this technique. To address this need, a demonstration using a multidetector-equipped Malvern Panalytical OMNISEC system was developed and incorporated into a second-year organic chemistry laboratory course during the 2025–2026 academic year. This activity engaged more than 300 undergraduate students representing …

What Determines Free Speech On College Campuses?, Town Oh, Abbylin Sellers

School of Business and Leadership Working Papers

This paper asks two questions. Which institutional characteristics are associated with stronger or weaker campus speech climates? And do institutions take corrective action when they are publicly ranked near the bottom? A university faces two costs of restricting speech: a legal cost that binds only public institutions, and a reputational cost is paid when its climate is publicly observed and private institutions also bear this cost. The evidence comes from five waves of the FIRE College Free Speech Rankings, 1,112 institution-waves covering 257 colleges from 2022 to 2026, merged with IPEDS. On the first question, being a public institution is …

Intouch Week Of Sept. 7, 2026, New York Medical College

InTouch

• Faculty Senate Ushers in New Leadership Team
• NYMC Faculty Undertake Medical Missions to Improve Global Health
• Sleepy Hollow High School Student Builds a Foundation for a Future in Research
• NYMC Club Fair 2026 Highlights Student Involvement and Inclusion
• New Puzzle Room Offers Recreation and Relaxation
• Faculty Author Celebration Set for October 8
• Free Shipping on NYMC Gear
• Real Life Experiences Prepare Students for TCDM
• Employee Spotlight: Lifesaving Skills in Action

An Interval-Valued Spherical Fuzzy Critic–Waspas Framework For Prioritizing Healthcare Delivery Models To Enhance Patient Satisfaction Under Uncertainty, Mariam Hamada, Ahmed Samy, Mohamed M. Abdelhafeez, Shrouk El-Amir

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Selecting an appropriate healthcare delivery model is important for improving the quality of healthcare services and enhancing patient satisfaction. However, this decision is complex because it involves several criteria, uncertainty, and different expert opinions. To handle this uncertainty, this paper uses Interval-Valued Spherical Fuzzy Sets (IVSFSs), which allow experts to express their evaluations more flexibly. This paper proposes an integrated interval-valued spherical fuzzy CRITIC-WASPAS approach to prioritize healthcare delivery models. The CRITIC method is used to determine the objective weights of the evaluation criteria, while the WASPAS method is used to rank the healthcare delivery models. Expert evaluations are expressed …

Newborn Screening Reduces Survival Disparities In Scid After Stem Cell Transplant: A Pidtc Report, Lena E Winestone, Brent R Logan, Xuerong Liu, Olatundun Williams, Elizabeth A Dunn, Monica S Thakar, Sharon A Kidd, Talal Mousallem, Morna J Dorsey, Richard J O'Reilly, Neena Kapoor, Lisa Forbes Satter, Malika Kapadia, Soma C Jyonouchi, Sharat Chandra, Christen L Ebens, Deepakbabu Chellapandian, Sonali Chaudhury, Karin Chen, Blachy J Dávila Saldaña, Ahmad Rayes, Troy C Quigg, Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan, Jeffrey J Bednarski, Kenneth B Desantes, Pierre Teira, Alfred P Gillio, Hesham Eissa, Alan P Knutsen, Victor M Aquino, Evan B Shereck, Theodore B Moore, Emi H Caywood, Mark T Vander Lugt, Jacob Rozmus, Larisa Broglie, Lolie C Yu, Ami J Shah, Avni Y Joshi, Rebecca H Buckley, Jasmeen Dara, Joseph H Oved, Hisham Abdel Azim, Caridad A Martinez, Susan Prockop, Kathleen E Sullivan, Jack J Bleesing, Michael D Keller, Lisa M Madden, Suhag Parikh, Shalini Shenoy, Christine M Seroogy, Tamar Rubin, Jennifer Licata, Jeffrey R Andolina, Donald B Kohn, Lauri Burroughs, Jennifer W Leiding, Rebecca A Marsh, Luigi D Notarangelo, Sung-Yun Pai, Troy R Torgerson, Michael A Pulsipher, Jennifer Heimall, Geoffrey D E Cuvelier, Linda M Griffith, Jennifer M Puck, Christopher C Dvorak, Morton J Cowan, Elie Haddad

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Black race and Hispanic ethnicity are associated with higher mortality in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), though mechanisms remain unclear. We evaluated 796 children with SCID who received nonsibling HCT between 1982 and 2020 using data from the Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium. Overall survival for Black (aHR 2.47, 95%CI 1.64, 3.71) and Asian/Pacific Islander patients (aHR 1.82, 95%CI 1.00, 3.30) was significantly lower compared with non-Hispanic White patients, while Hispanic patients had lower event-free survival (aHR 1.83, 95%CI 1.27, 2.63) compared with non-Hispanic White patients. Even after adjusting for age and infection, Black patients with …

Impact Of Nurse Residency Programs On Soft Skills In Newly Graduated Nurses: An Integrative Review, Hyejung Lee, Heemoon Lim, Jungwoo Hwang

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Soft skills (non-technical skills) are increasingly recognized as essential for facilitating newly graduated nurses’ transition into professional nursing roles. Newly graduated nurses often face challenges in this transition, and nurse residency programs have been implemented to support the process. Despite growing recognition of the importance of soft skills, understanding of how these programs influence soft skills remains limited.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the soft skills addressed in nurse residency programs and examine how these programs influence the soft skills of newly graduated nurses.

Methods: A literature search was conducted in May 2024 using seven electronic databases: APA …

The Forest's Gift: Ritual Resilience, Nature, And Faith In The Malay Postpartum Tradition Of Pelimau Dapur, Nurul Asmaa Akmal Md Din, Sri Qamariah Mohd Samsir, Awang Azman Awang Pawi, Tengku Intan Marlina Tengku Mohd Ali, Nurul Haniza Samsudin

Forest and Society

This article examines pelimau dapur, a Malay post-confinement ritual practised by some families in Kampung Alor Limbat, Terengganu. It investigates how ritual knowledge is transmitted, how natural and processed materials acquire cultural, spiritual, and perceived therapeutic meanings, and how the practice is reshaped by religious, social, healthcare, and material change. The study employed a focused ethnographic case study design involving semi-structured interviews with eight purposively selected participants (two traditional midwives and six women with direct experience of the ritual), together with participant observation, field notes, and visual documentation. The data were analysed thematically. The findings show that pelimau dapur …

Gender Differences In The Association Between Marriage And Epigenetic Age, Theo O. Moran, Alina M. Kushner, Theodore F. Robles, Jennifer W. Robinette

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Introduction:

Being married is related to better health, but many studies reveal greater health benefits among men relative to women. Some research has indicated that married individuals exhibit decelerated epigenetic age relative to individuals who are not married, but questions remain regarding gender differences therein. The purpose was to investigate gender differences in associations of marital status to epigenetic age (ing) assessed on three clocks/algorithms (PhenoAge, GrimAge, and DunedinPACE).

Methods:

Data from 762 participants in the national Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS II; men N = 382, women N = 380) were used. Weighted linear regressions were conducted …

In Silico Analysis Of Momordica Charantia Triterpenoids As Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Ligands For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapy, Anita Dwi Puspitasari

Chimica et Natura Acta

Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to rise and calls for safe therapeutic leads. This study assessed the potential of triterpenoids from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) ligands at the ATP-binding site through an in silico approach. AMPK (PDB ID: 4QFG) was prepared in YASARA; nine M. charantia triterpenoids and metformin were docked in PLANTS. Redocking of staurosporine validated the protocol (RMSD 0.2376 Å; ≤2.0 Å). Kuguacin J (-89.9934), Karavilagenin B ( 86.4084), and Kuguacin R (-85.8514) yielded lower (more favorable) docking scores than metformin (-56.5325) and interacted with hinge residues (Val96 and Glu94/Glu100). As expected, the …

Effect Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (Hermetia Illucens) And Microbial Probiotics With Multi-Enzymes On Protein Efficiency Ratio, Metabolic Profile, And Immune Status Of Broiler Chickens, Ahmed Abd-Elaziz Abdallah, Mona. Mahmoud Ahmed, Mohamed Mowed Khalifah, Marwa Ramdan El-Deken, Bahaa Mohamed Abou-Shehema, Mohamed Elsaeid Farag, Afaf Bobaker Abu_Shouk, Reda Mohamed Zaki, Asmaa Ahmed Saad, Merfat Salah El-Deen, Mervat A. Berikaa

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture

Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM; Hermetia illucens) has been authorized in the EU as an insect-derived protein for feed and is a promising alternative to soybean meal (SBM), with potential functional benefits attributed to lauric acid (LA), chitin, and bioactive peptides; however, evidence is limited regarding its interaction with probiotic–multi-enzyme complexes. Thus, we investigated whether replacing SBM with BSFLM, with or without a microbial probiotic and multi-enzyme blend (MPE). A total of 225 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were allocated to nine treatments in a 3× 3 factorial design (five replicates of five chicks) from 1–38 d, using mash …

`Environmental Policies And Sustainable Development Nexus: A Comprehensive Review On Current Strategies Of Saudi Arabia', Waleed A. Alsiary

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture

This research paper analytically reviews the legal frameworks and environmental governance related to internationally acknowledged standards of sustainability in Saudi Arabia. Its focus is on Vision 2030 that promotes the practices of sustainability in accordance with diversified economic resources and environmental preservation. Therefore, the review examines the history of environmental degradation as a result of the oil-based economy and the efforts exerted to address issues of climate change, renewable energy, and water scarcity. It reveals that Saudi Arabia has attained sustainable reforms in environmental regulations, such as the inclusion of sustainable development in the national plans. Nevertheless, it underscores that …

Protective Factors Among African American Offspring Of Teen Parents, Janelle Ewing

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adolescent pregnancy remains a major public health and social issue, but research has primarily focused on risk factors and not the protective factors that contribute to resilience among those who successfully break the cycle. This qualitative study explored protective factors that African American adult offspring of teenage parents identified as supporting them in avoiding teenage pregnancy and parenthood. The study was theoretically grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, which was used to explore the role of influence across environmental systems in participants’ developmental outcomes. The primary research question was “How do African American adult offspring of teenage parents describe the …

From Service To Start-Up: Personality Prediction Of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation In Female Veterans And Current Service Members, Carolyn Flinn Gaskill

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The entrepreneurial orientation of female veterans and current service members remains insufficiently understood despite their growing presence in the military and small-business sectors. Organizational leaders need to understand this concern as an important indicator of entrepreneurial potential, innovation capacity, and business development outcomes among women with military experience. Grounded in personality theory and the individual entrepreneurial orientation framework, this quantitative predictive correlational study examined whether the Big Five traits, individually and collectively, predicted individual entrepreneurial orientation (Ind-EO) among 135 U.S. female veterans and current female service members. They completed the Big Five Inventory-2 and the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale in …

Black American School Counselors’ Experiences Of Racial Discrimination In The Workplace, Tiffany Jackson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While school counselors play a pivotal role in promoting equity and inclusion within educational institutions, they may experience systemic challenges themselves, particularly in predominantly White professional environments. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of Black American school counselors who experienced racial discrimination in the workplace and how they made meaning of those experiences. The research addressed the lived experiences of Black American school counselors who experienced racial discrimination in the workplace and how they make meaning of those experiences. The study was grounded in hermeneutic phenomenology and critical race theory. Six Black American school …

Effective Strategies For Stewarding Artificial Intelligence In Wellness Entrepreneurship, Aliyah Harmon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Wellness entrepreneurs increasingly use artificial intelligence (AI) to manage growing business demands, yet responsible use requires strategies that protect human judgment, trust, and care-centered wellness practice. The specific business problem was that some wellness entrepreneurs lacked effective strategies to practice stewardship while using AI as a supportive tool to reduce burnout. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective strategies wellness entrepreneurs used to practice stewardship while using AI to reduce burnout. The participants consisted of six wellness entrepreneurs in the Northeastern United States who used effective wellness strategies. Stewardship theory grounded the project through …

Evaluation Of The Association Between School Prevention Programs And Adolescents’ Opioid Abuse In The United States, Lida Moazezi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study examined adolescent opioid misuse in the United States and the role of school-based prevention. Guided by the health belief model, the purpose was to test whether participation in school-based drug prevention lessons was associated with past-year opioid misuse among adolescents ages 14–17 and whether race and gender moderated that association. This quantitative, cross-sectional, nonexperimental secondary analysis used the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 8,965). Analyses included weighted descriptives, chi-square tests, and complex-samples logistic regression controlling for age and socioeconomic status. The sample included adolescents ages 14–17 with complete data on school-based prevention participation, …

Exploring Multicultural Competence Among Mental Health Workers When Providing Treatment To African American Males, Ashley Hightower

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

African American men experience disproportionately low rates of mental health service utilization and often report negative perceptions of mental illness. Despite documented mental health disparities, limited research has explored how mental health workers understand and apply multicultural competence when providing treatment to African American men. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior and social identity theory, the purpose of this qualitative descriptive phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of mental health workers regarding multicultural competence in their work with African American men. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven mental health workers recruited through purposive sampling. Interview …

Smaller State Development By Competitiveness In Productivity And Sustainability, Anthony Wayne Jerome Phillips-Spencer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Persistent poverty, middle-income traps, uneven growth, and productivity gaps expose smaller countries, defined as those with fewer than nine million people, to multidimensional vulnerability that retards development. Research revealed a positive relationship between competitiveness and growth in larger and developed countries. However, the competitiveness-development nexus in smaller and developing countries was omitted from previous research. Growth is not development. The purpose of this quantitative, longitudinal, comparative study was to examine the development-by competitiveness experiences of smaller states at different stages of development with productivity and sustainability through the lens of punctuated equilibrium theory and the national competitive development model. Results …

Global, Regional, And National Prevalence Of Second-Hand Smoke And Attributable Disease Burden In 204 Countries And Territories, 1990–2023: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2023, Gbd 2023 Second-Hand Smoke Collaborators, Debasish Kar

Peninsula Medical School

SummaryBackground Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure remains a major source of morbidity and mortality among nonsmokers. This study presents the first dedicated Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD)publication to systematically quantify SHS prevalence and evaluate its effect as a global risk factor across a broaderrange of outcomes.Methods Using the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework, we estimated SHS exposure prevalence andattributable disease burden across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, stratified by age and sex. Exposureestimates were derived by synthesising population-based surveys and household composition data throughspatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks for nine health …

Repeatability And Behavioral Relationships Of Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, Form, And Motion Perception Measurements Using A Novel Tablet-Based Vision Test Tool, Jonathan Green, Jan Skerswetat, Peter J. Bex, Gunnar Schmidtmann

School of Health Professions

Visual function tests are essential in basic and clinical vision research but are typically restricted to a limited range of visual functions and provide coarse diagnostic resolution. The response-adaptive Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) and Foraging Interactive D-prime (FInD) paradigms were recently developed as generalizable approaches for assessing multiple visual functions. Both methods present 4 × 4 stimulus arrays spanning ± 2σ around an adaptively estimated threshold. This study evaluated the repeatability, test duration, and relationships between AIM and FInD measures of near visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity function (CSF), and form and motion coherence using tablet-based vision tests. 38 healthy …

Unsex Me Here: Gendered Psychology In Shakespeare's Major Tragedies And Comedy, Md. Abu Bakkar

Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts

This study examines how gender shapes psychological experience across five of Shakespeare’s major plays: Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Twelfth Night. Existing scholarship treats Shakespeare’s tragic women, tragic men, and comic heroines as separate problems; this article asks whether one framework connects them. Its starting point is the reversal in psychological positions between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth: he resists killing on moral grounds and then grows recklessly violent, while she plans the murder with cold resolve and is later overwhelmed by guilt. The study asks whether this pattern recurs more broadly, and why. Drawing …

Characterization Of An Open-Channel Structure And Lateral Conduction Pathway In The Cation-Selective Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel, Elic, Mark J Arcario, Elizabeth J Wu-Chen, Yuna Shim, Jérôme Hénin, Grace Brannigan, Wayland W L Cheng

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Open-channel structures of multiple pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) have been determined, including the prokaryotic model pLGIC, Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC). For many of these structures, it remains uncertain whether they represent a physiologic open-channel state because the conditions used for structure determination do not match those of functional measurements in cell membranes. Here, MD simulation is used to examine the ion conduction properties of the ELIC open-channel structure, which was determined using a non-desensitizing mutant called ELIC5. Results from simulations show that the pore remains stably open on the microsecond timescale, but computational electrophysiology measurements demonstrate a large …

A Realist Review Of The Remediation Of Professionalism Lapses In Undergraduate Medical Students (Restore 3), Ross Raymond-Jones, Tom Gale, Nicola Brennan, Marie Bryce, Tristan Price

Peninsula Medical School

IntroductionProfessionalism is a core element of medical curricula worldwide and remains a cross-cutting theme across all aspects of a medical programme. When a medical student fails to demonstrate the expected attributes and behaviours, medical schools have a duty to step in, and where appropriate, offer remediation that aims to facilitate behavioural change. There is sparse explanatory theory on this complex topic, resulting in little evidence-based guidance for medical schools to utilise. This review aims to explain how, why, to what extent and in what circumstances professionalism remediation works for undergraduate medical students.MethodWe conducted a realist review that aligns with the …

20 Years Of Neutrosophic Statistics: A Bibliometric Analysis, Hammad Khalid, Arshad Hameed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Florentin Smarandache introduced neutrosophic statistics (NS), a formalism for representing uncertainty and indeterminacy in observations, parameters and statistics in an extension to classical and interval statistics. Although widespread in various contexts, such as statistical quality control, hypothesis testing, medical diagnosis, and decision science, and increasingly used and developed, the scientific evolution and conceptual framework of the science of decision making remain largely unexamined. To fill this gap, the present study has been conducted with a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of NS research articles published between 2003 to 2025 from Scopus which has been conducted following the SPAR-4-SLR protocol. In all, 501 …

Prevalence And Characteristics Of Feline Pleural Effusion In Khon Kaen, Thailand: A 2024–2025 Study, Karn Yongvanit, Naruepon Kampa

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Pleural effusion (PE) is a life-threatening condition in cats that can cause severe respiratory compromise. Identification of the underlying etiology is essential for prognosis and treatment planning. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of diseases associated with feline pleural effusion in northeastern Thailand. Medical records of cats diagnosed with pleural effusion at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, between January 2024 and January 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases lacking a complete diagnostic workup were excluded. Diagnoses were confirmed using cytology or histopathology for neoplasia, echocardiography for heart disease, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for …

Enhancing Clinical Trial Literacy In Singapore: A Dnp Evaluation Of A Hbm-Guided Educational Video, Harini S. Shunmuga Velu, Barnaby Edward Young, Wentao Zhou

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Clinical trials are a cornerstone of modern healthcare [4]. However, approximately 80% of trials fail to enrol participants on time, costing millions and delaying essential treatment [1].This directly impedes progress toward Sustainable Development Goal Target 3.b. In Singapore, community participation remains modest due to micro-level barriers, including misconceptions, fear of exploitation, and limited research literacy. Advanced nursing leadership must promote this by promoting research literacy and informed ethical decision-making.

Purpose: The purpose is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and implementation feasibility of a short, culturally-tailored educational video designed to enhance public knowledge, perceived safety, and willingness to participate in …

Building An Engaged Workforce: Assessment Of Unit Council Health Within A Large Healthcare System, Ray Gannon, Kasey Jackman, Reynaldo R. Rivera

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

While professional governance is an effective strategy for improving team engagement and empowerment in hospital systems, fews studies provide guidelines for how to measure the relative health of an organization's professional governance. Of note, the effectiveness of the unit council is fundamental to successful professional governance, professional competence, and leadership (Hess et al., 2020).

The purpose of this multi-site survey study is to evaluate clinical nurses’ and nurse leaders’ perspectives on their unit council’s health so that our organization can identify the gaps and implement strategies for improvement.

Led by a team of nurse scientists and leaders, this is an …

The Utilization Of Augmented Reality Haptic Feedback For Simulation-Based Education: A Quality Improvement Project, Arielle Kayla Vargas, Yasmine N. Campbell, Valerie J. Diaz

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Central line placement (CLP) is a critical skill for nurse anesthesiology residents, yet proficiency gaps can lead to serious complications, including arterial puncture, hematoma, and pneumothorax. Although ultrasound guidance is the current standard for teaching this procedure, it lacks tactile feedback, which limits learners’ spatial awareness and control—both essential for accurate needle tip tracking (NTT). This shortcoming in traditional simulation-based education (SBE) contributes to inconsistent skill acquisition and potential patient harm. . This project aimed to determine whether, among nurse anesthesiology residents, the use of AR haptic feedback versus ultrasound-guided methods in SBE would improve success in needle tip …