Digital Commons Network^™

Lithologic Study Of Ceramic Water Pipes And Bricks From The Ottoman-Period Aqueducts In The Northern Israeli Coastal Plain, Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

An assemblage of 109 ceramic water pipes and bricks that originated from Ottoman-period water-supply systems along the northern Israeli coastal plain were studied. The aim of this study was to define the raw materials used in their production and identify possible sources, as well as to access technological aspects of their manufacturing process. It was found that the high percentage of sand in the clay, the vitrification obtained due to the use of seawater and the high firing temperatures made the water pipes less prone to leaks and more durable—qualities of outmost importance for items used to convey water. It …

A Unique Historical Water Lifting System In Southern Palestine, Avraham Sasson

'Atiqot

The high water-level of the aquifer in the southern coastal plain of Palestine sets the stage for many private wells in villages. Various researchers mentioned a unique method of drawing water in this region, the “self-emptying bucket,” which entailed attaching a rope rolled on a drum to a container and an animal that would pull it by walking away from the well. Once the container reached the surface, the water poured into a small collection pool. In order to ease the burden, the animal was guided downslope. This method was only useful for irrigating small areas, but since groundwater was …

Strategic Water Management In The Fortified Monasteries Of Western Samaria As A Tool For Controlling An Agricultural Region, Yair Elmakayes, David Ben-Shlomo, Naomi Hadad, Amos Frumkin

'Atiqot

Toward the end of the Roman and the beginning of the Byzantine periods, similar, impressive, fortified structures were built in Western Samaria. During the latter period, these structures began to function as fortified monasteries of martial character, all possessing highly sophisticated water systems that share a common construction plan. This article reviews the water systems of four sites—Deir Sam‘an, Deir Qal‘a, Deir Daqle and Deir el-‘Arab—as part of a renewed survey of water reservoirs in the area. The study revealed that their water storage capacities exceeded their inferred populations’ needs. Thus, it is concluded that the monasteries’ water infrastructure had …

The Naḥal ‘Avedat Reservoirs: A Unique Road Site In The Negev Highlands, Tali Erickson-Gini, Ofer Sion

'Atiqot

Multiple water reservoirs and structures on a bend of Naḥal ‘Avedat, south of Oboda (‘Avedat), have attracted the attention of researchers for some 70 years. The resercoirs lay along a road suggested to be the biblical Way of the Spies (Derekh Ha-Atarim, דרך האתרים), leading through the dry streambeds of Naḥal Niẓẓana, Naḥal La‘ana and Naḥal ‘Avedat, connecting ancient Qadesh Barneʻa to the central and northern Negev. This site includes a tenth-century BCE Israelite structure, a Nabataean fort (Meẓad Naḥal ‘Avedat), a small Byzantine-period hamlet and other structures, all built in the close vicinity of the reservoirs cut into the …

Exploring The Wall Graffiti In The Raqafot Reservoir, Be’Er Sheva‘, Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Deborah Cvikel

'Atiqot

Graffiti depicting ships, animals and human/anthropomorphic figures were incised into the late Byzantine plaster layer of an Early Roman period rock-cut reservoir, located c. 4 km north of ancient Be’er Sheva‘, Israel. Although the reservoir was in use over the centuries, and as late as World War I, the latest plaster layer was applied in the late Byzantine period. The ship graffiti, seemingly incised with a sharp thin-edged tool shortly after the plaster was applied, depict the outlines of the hulls and rigging elements, and the ships are depicted as square-rigged merchantmen, typical of the period. The knowhow displayed in …

Front Matter, Editorial Board, Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

Front Matter

Reassessing Indonesia's In-Kind Benefit Tax Regulation: Insights From Australia, Florencia Irena Gunawan, Maria Na Uli Salsabilah Sabililah

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

This research critically assesses Indonesia's in-kind benefit tax regulatory framework based on the principles of equity, certainty, and neutrality, drawing comparative insights from Australia's fringe benefits tax system. Utilizing a normative juridical method, this study finds that integrating in-kind benefits into Indonesia's income tax framework poses several challenges. First, under the equity principle, current valuation methods do not accurately reflect employees' ability to pay, potentially resulting in inequitable tax burdens. Second, under the certainty principle, ambiguities in the exemption rules may create risks of differing interpretations between taxpayers and tax authorities. Third, under the neutrality principle, differential treatment across industries …

Achieving Judicial Consistency Through The Establishment Of Civil And Criminal Chambers In Indonesia's District And High Courts, Dwi Bintang Satrio, Efa Laela Fakhriah, Artaji Artaji

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia has implemented the chamber system to achieve judicial consistency and fulfil the fundamental objectives of law, namely legal certainty, justice, and expediency. However, despite this effort, inconsistencies in judicial decisions remain prevalent, particularly in civil and criminal cases at the district and high court levels. This study employed a normative juridical approach supported by case analysis to examine the effectiveness of the current chamber system in achieving judicial consistency and to identify structural weaknesses that hinder its optimal implementation. The results reveal that judicial inconsistencies are found in several court decisions, such …

The Death Penalty For Bribery-Related Corruption In Social Assistance During Non-Natural Disasters: A Legal Certainty Perspective, Elly Sudarti, Sahuri Lasmadi, Andi Agus Salim, Riana Devi Lestari, Mohammad Thoriq Bahrie

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

This article analyzes the judge's verdict regarding the bribery corruption of social assistance during a non-natural disaster committed by Juliari Batubara. It questions whether such bribery corruption can be punishable by the death penalty. Juliari was not sentenced to death because the law only threatens the death penalty under natural disaster conditions, and COVID-19 is not considered a natural disaster. The death penalty is only threatened for corruption under Article 2, paragraph 2, not for bribery corruption. The judge's decision followed conventional legal norms, resulting in a verdict that was overly normative and failed to address the issue. This article …

Reapproaching International Law Through Twail: Reclaiming Marine Sovereignty And Rights Of The Global South Within Law Of The Sea, Ria Wierma Putri, Febryani Sabatira, Orima Melati Davey, Afandi Sitamala

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), also understood as a theory of decolonizing international law, offers a critical framework for analyzing the historical evolution of international law and its continuing impact on Global South nations. This article examines TWAIL's perspective within the Law of the Sea, with particular attention to the ways in which the dominance of marine resource use by industrialized states perpetuates structural inequities over less powerful states. Since the 1950s, TWAIL scholars have emphasized the importance of amplifying Global South voices to challenge entrenched colonial legacies and reshape the future of international law. The purpose of …

Debating Expert Authority In Corruption Cases: The Challenge Of Interpreting State Financial Losses Under The 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code, Wendy Kenafiana Assanti, Hendry Julian Noor

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

The 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code revises the formulation of corruption offenses, including rules on proving state financial losses; however, the elucidation of Article 603 raises questions regarding the competent institution and the evidentiary weight of audit results. This study examines how the provision may perpetuate ongoing debates over experts’ authority to determine state financial losses, which are often perceived as affecting legal certainty, and proposes a reformulation to provide clearer legal guidance. This doctrinal study employs statutory and case law approaches, utilizes qualitative methods, and applies Gustav Radbruch’s perspective as an analytical lens. It finds that Article 603’s elucidation uses …

Legal Implication And Solution: The Exemption For Apartment And Flat Developer's Bankruptcy Request As Insufficient To Meet Simple Proof Requirements, Veri Antoni, Azka Farrell Razaga

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) 3/2023 states that apartment and/or flat developers do not meet the simple proof requirements referred to in Article 8 paragraph (4) of Law 37/2004. This paper aims to answer what is the legal implication of the exception to the bankruptcy request against apartment and/or flat developers that were considered insufficient to meet the simple proof requirement in SEMA 3/2023? and what the solutions as a recommendation that can be provided? This research is normative legal research that employs legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches through document studies to obtain secondary data. Simple proof in bankruptcy law refers …

Antitrust In Practice: Case-Based Comparative Analysis Of Predatory Pricing Enforcement In Indonesia And The United States, Anna Maria Tri Anggraini, Ahmad Sabirin, Farhandi Himawan

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

Business entities employ predatory pricing as a strategy primarily aimed at eliminating competitors. The regulation and detection of predatory pricing are complex processes, and each country adopts distinct mechanisms to address the issue. The scientific contribution of this study lies in its comparative analysis of two different legal systems—Indonesia’s civil law and the United States’ common law—in addressing predatory pricing practices under competition law. It examines how differing legal frameworks influence the methods of proof, the application of the rule of reason principle, and the pattern of sanctions imposed on business actors. In addition, this study adopts an interdisciplinary approach …

Algorithmic Advantage: How Ai Is Reshaping Ncaa Recruiting Strategy And Athlete Mobility, Lawrence W. Judge, Marshall Magnusen

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming NCAA sports recruiting by offering scalable, data-rich tools that enhance how talent is identified, evaluated, and strategically pursued. Amid the complexities introduced by the transfer portal, name, image, and likeness (NIL) regulations, and rising recruitment costs, AI enables collegiate programs to make faster, more accurate, and financially informed recruiting decisions. Drawing on examples from emerging technologies and real-world institutional practices, the paper highlights the operational benefits of AI, such as efficiency gains, enhanced evaluation accuracy, and expanded reach to under-resourced or geographically remote athletes. At the same time, it critically explores challenges around algorithmic bias, …

From Enhancement To Substitution: A Strategic Provocation On Simulation-Based Sport, Grant B. Morgan, Andreas Stamatis

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Advances in artificial intelligence, large-scale machine learning, and simulation technologies are rapidly transforming how sport is played, analyzed, and consumed. To date, most scholarly and industry discussions frame these technologies as tools that enhance embodied sport by improving performance, officiating, media production, and fan engagement. This paper extends that conversation by posing a more provocative strategic question: under what conditions might simulation move from enhancement to substitution? Focusing explicitly on sport as a business and entertainment enterprise, we argue that many of sport’s core sources of cultural and economic value—uncertainty of outcome, narrative continuity, legitimacy, and collective meaning—are structurally …

Examining Herd Behavior In The Saudi Stock Market, Salah Ahmed Oraby

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Economics and Administration

The study aims to determine whether market conditions motivate individual investors to engage in herd behavior from 2013 to 2023 for the Saudi stock capital as an emerging market. To achieve this goal, the study used the cross-sectional absolute mean–median difference as the proxy for herd behavior and as the dependent variable, market returns as the independent variable. In addition, the study used descriptive statistics to describe the study variables and the least square regression models to test the study's hypotheses. The overall results for the entire study period found that individual investors exercised irrational herd behavior. However, the yearly …

Obstacles To Business Incubators In The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia And The Proposed Vision To Overcome Them: Perspective Of Entrepreneurs, Thamer Saud Alkhaldi

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Economics and Administration

Business incubators in our current era play an important role in economic and social development, by encouraging entrepreneurship and the trend towards self-employment, and creating new generations of entrepreneurs with creative ideas. it’s also play a major role in providing full support to emerging projects in terms of converting ideas into viable projects. To implement, and follow up until its maturity and exit. This study aims to discover the obstacles that limit or prevent business incubators in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from achieving their goals. It also aimed to propose a vision to overcome these obstacles from Saudi entrepreneurs’ …

Analyzing The Antecedents Influencing Job Satisfaction Among Information Technology Employees In Saudi Arabia, Khalid Alqarni

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Economics and Administration

The factors influencing job satisfaction among Information Technology (IT) staff, vital for effective technology adoption in businesses, have received limited attention. This study examines six components of job satisfaction—promotion opportunities, salary, characteristics of the immediate supervisor, work environment, management philosophy in dealing with subordinates, and performance appraisal systems—in addition to overall job satisfaction. The research aims to evaluate employees' job satisfaction, explore correlations between job satisfaction antecedents and overall satisfaction levels, and determine the relative importance of job satisfaction dimensions from the perspective of IT employees. Analysis of 500 valid responses using SPSS reveals a significant relationship between employees' job …

Enhanced Antimicrobial Potential Of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) And Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) Extracts Against Pathogenic Microorganisms, Nidal Mohammed Zabermawi

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture

Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Piper nigrum (black pepper) have long been integral to traditional medicine, known for their potential antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of these spices against two pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and one pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Twelve aqueous extracts of turmeric (TE) and black pepper (BPE) were prepared at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% and tested using the agar well diffusion method. Turmeric extracts at all concentrations demonstrated significant antibacterial and antifungal effects against all the tested isolates. In contrast, black pepper extracts at 20% and 30% showed …

The Role Of Institutional Excellence In Developing Job Performance: A Field Study On The Administrative Employees Of The General Court In Jeddah Province, Mohammad Fawzi Mohammad Salem Yamani, Kamal Taher Khawaldi

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Economics and Administration

The General Court in Jeddah, as a judicial institution, faces continuous challenges to improve the quality of services provided to citizens. Institutional excellence represents a framework that can contribute to raising the level of performance and achieving efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the role of institutional excellence in its various dimensions (leadership excellence, technical excellence, operational excellence, employee empowerment) in developing job performance among administrative employees at the General Court in Jeddah Governorate. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and used the questionnaire as the main tool to collect data from a convenience sample …

Characteristics Of Organisational Behaviour Studies Published In Peer-Reviewed Journals In Administrative Sciences Issued By Saudi Universities And Their Research Trends: A Bibliometric Study, Dr. Abdullah Medari Abdullah Alharbi

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Economics and Administration

This study aimed to identify the characteristics of administrative sciences journals issued by Saudi universities from 1991-2023, the authors of organisational behaviour studies published in these journals and research trends of these studies. To achieve these objectives, bibliometric analysis was used to determine, classify, and analyse these studies. The study revealed that the number of these studies is still modest, 164 studies, compared to specialists’ number in this field and the period covered by the study, 33 years. It also noted that the authors of these studies relied on individual authorship style, most of them were academics and males. In …

Design Of A Sequential Logic Control System For Water Recycling In Car Wash Operations For Minimising Utility Costs, Enock W. Nshama, Mussa Iddi Mgwatu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The car wash sector in Tanzania is expected to expand in the next few years, since the trend of imported cars is increasing. However, the traditional method of washing cars is subjected to water overuse and environmental pollution. This study presents a design of water recycling sequential logic control system to come up with a cost-effective car wash operation aimed at effectively utilising water and electricity resources. Data were collected at 78 car wash stations in Dar es Salaam region to determine water and electricity costs. Data were analysed using MS Excel and Minitab to establish the trend of utility …

Enhancing Seed Germination In Ceratonia Siliqua L.: Comparative Effects Of Scarification, Chemical, And Hormonal Pre-Treatment, Adel Sultan Alhjami, U. A. Humaid

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture

This study investigated effective methods to overcome seed dormancy in Yemeni carob through comparative analysis of 14 pre-sowing treatments, including chemical scarification with sulfuric acid, hot water soaking, and GA3 priming in addition to mechanical scarification. The experiment followed a completely randomized design and was analysed using ANOVA and LSD tests (p ≤ 0.05). The 20-minute sulfuric acid treatment (T5) was optimal, achieving 100% germination, the shortest germination time (4.0 days), the highest vigor index (13.3), and the longest seedling length (13.4 cm). The 10-minute acid treatment (T4) also performed well, resulting in 83.3% germination and a high vigor …

Coastal Landform Characteristics Of Qawz Al Ja'afirah Of The Jazan Area, Saudi Arabia, Omar Ali O. Alharbi

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture

This study investigates the diverse coastal landforms along the Qawz al Ja'afirah shoreline in the Jazan region and examines the natural processes responsible for shaping them. The area hosts a variety of geomorphological features, including vegetated zones, sabkhas, sandy beaches, sand sheets, intertidal flats, alluvial terrace deposits (notably associated with wadi systems), sand dunes and mangrove stands. The presence and arrangement of these features reflect significant transformations in the coastal environment, particularly along the beach zones. To identify and classify these landforms, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager satellite imagery was processed using digital image analysis techniques. Interpretations drawn from the …

Copyright Page

Tulsa Law Review

No abstract provided.

Treatment Patterns For Genitourinary Syndrome Of Menopause: A Trinetx Analysis, Anushka Ghosh, Maria D'Amico, Yash B. Shah, Whitney R. Smith, Mihir S. Shah, Costas D. Lallas, Alana M. Murphy

Department of Urology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a highly prevalent, underdiagnosed condition that can significantly impair quality of life (QoL). This study evaluates real-world treatment trends for GSM to better understand current management practices and highlight ongoing gaps in care. The background is in a different font than the rest of the abstract.

METHODS: We queried the TriNetX database for patients with a diagnosis of postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis (ICD N95.2) and treatment information from 2004-2024. A combination of RxNorm and International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD) codes was used to classify disease and treatment type, including topical estrogen (RxNorm 4083, 4099), …

Virtual Influencers, Real Liability: Strategies For Companies To Ensure Consumer Protection When Using Ai Influencers, Sherri Hufstedler

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

No abstract provided.

When You Wish Upon A Clause, Hannah Lee

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

No abstract provided.

Fair Use Or Foul Play? Copyright Law’S Battle Over Using Sound Recordings In Ai Training, Matthew Schurz

UC Law SF Communications and Entertainment Journal

No abstract provided.

Techno-Economic Analysis Of Captive Solar Power Systems For Tanzania’S Manufacturing Sector: Barriers, Opportunities, And Feasibility, Edson Uhale, Sarah P. Ayeng'o

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the barriers, opportunities, and feasibility of adopting captive solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Tanzania’s industrial manufacturing sector. Despite Tanzania’s high solar irradiation potential, averaging 4.5 to 7.0 kWh/m²/day, the uptake of captive solar systems remains minimal, with only 2.3 percent of surveyed firms currently using solar energy, primarily for non-productive uses such as security lighting. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 43 manufacturing firms in the Dar es Salaam and Pwani regions through structured questionnaires, supported by PVSyst simulations and financial modelling to assess two system configurations: grid-connected PV systems …