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2024

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Effects Of Low Dose Exposure To Radiation And Sleep Fragmentation On Discrimination In String-Pulling Behavior With Female Rats, Jonathan F. Cortez, Diana Lloyd, T. L. Garcia, A. Adhikari, N. M. Attallah, N. Moges, D. H. Rodgers, K. S. Dhede, K. D. Omengan, A. A. Blackwell Nov 2024

Effects Of Low Dose Exposure To Radiation And Sleep Fragmentation On Discrimination In String-Pulling Behavior With Female Rats, Jonathan F. Cortez, Diana Lloyd, T. L. Garcia, A. Adhikari, N. M. Attallah, N. Moges, D. H. Rodgers, K. S. Dhede, K. D. Omengan, A. A. Blackwell

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

Astronauts will face harmful stressors, such as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and sleep fragmentation (SF), on a three-year space flight mission to Mars and back. Astronauts perform skilled reach-to-grasp behaviors on these missions, including interacting with controls to navigate the spacecraft. Recent work has shown that GCR and SF disrupt skilled reach-to-grasp behavior in rodent models; however, the underlying nature of these deficits is unknown. To determine if tactile sensation and proprioceptive feedback contribute to these impairments, this study evaluated the effects of radiation and SF exposure on memory and sensorimotor discrimination in a rodent model. Twenty-one outbred Wistar, retired …

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Editorial: Special Issue On The Latest Advances And Challenges In Pancreas Cancer Research In Memory Of S Perwez Hussain, Christine Alewine, Curtis C Harris, Anirban Maitra, Sharon R Pine, David Tuveson Nov 2024

Editorial: Special Issue On The Latest Advances And Challenges In Pancreas Cancer Research In Memory Of S Perwez Hussain, Christine Alewine, Curtis C Harris, Anirban Maitra, Sharon R Pine, David Tuveson

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Zircon, November 22, 2024 [Spoof Issue], Dordt University Nov 2024

The Zircon, November 22, 2024 [Spoof Issue], Dordt University

Dordt Diamond

No abstract provided.

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Efficacy Of Banana Fibre Paper For The Management Of The Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita, On Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) In Kenya, Dorris W. Kamau, Wanjohi Waceke, Laura Cortada, Onesmus Mwaura, Tahira Pirzada, Tim L. Sit, Eric Davis, Dick Guenther, Reny Mathew, Lokendra Pal, Saad Khan, Solveig Haukeland, James Kisaakye, Charles Opperman, Danny Coyne Nov 2024

Efficacy Of Banana Fibre Paper For The Management Of The Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita, On Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) In Kenya, Dorris W. Kamau, Wanjohi Waceke, Laura Cortada, Onesmus Mwaura, Tahira Pirzada, Tim L. Sit, Eric Davis, Dick Guenther, Reny Mathew, Lokendra Pal, Saad Khan, Solveig Haukeland, James Kisaakye, Charles Opperman, Danny Coyne

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Globally, potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a key staple food crop. In Kenya, it is the second most important food crop after maize. Among the various constraints to potato production are plant-parasitic nematodes. In particular, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are a significant impediment to potato production, suppressing yield and reducing the quality of harvested tubers. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a lignocellulose fibre matrix (banana paper) either impregnated with a chemical or drenched with a biologically-based nematicide for the management of root-knot nematodes on potatoes, in Kenya. The experiment was conducted in both field and pot …

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Neuroprotective Effect Of L-Dopa-Induced Interleukin-13 On Striatonigral Degeneration In Cerebral Ischemia, Eunhae Jeon, Myeong-Seong Seo, Enkhmaa Lkhagva-Yondon, Yu-Ree Lim, Seung-Woo Kim, Yu Jeong Kang, Jun Seok Lee, Byoung Dae Lee, Rayul Wi, So-Yoon Won, Young Cheul Chung, Eun S Park, Eunhee Kim, Byung Kwan Jin, Myung-Shin Jeon Nov 2024

Neuroprotective Effect Of L-Dopa-Induced Interleukin-13 On Striatonigral Degeneration In Cerebral Ischemia, Eunhae Jeon, Myeong-Seong Seo, Enkhmaa Lkhagva-Yondon, Yu-Ree Lim, Seung-Woo Kim, Yu Jeong Kang, Jun Seok Lee, Byoung Dae Lee, Rayul Wi, So-Yoon Won, Young Cheul Chung, Eun S Park, Eunhee Kim, Byung Kwan Jin, Myung-Shin Jeon

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment is a clinically effective strategy for improving motor function in patients with ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms by which modulating the dopamine system relieves the pathology of the ischemic brain remain unclear. Emerging evidence from an experimental mouse model of ischemic stroke, established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), suggested that L-DOPA has the potential to modulate the inflammatory and immune response that occurs during a stroke. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA in regulating the systemic immune response and improving functional deficits in mice with ischemia. Transient MCAO led to progressive degeneration …

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Navigating Crisis: The Intersection Of Politics, Culture, And Suicide In South Korea And Japan, Natasha A. Burke Nov 2024

Navigating Crisis: The Intersection Of Politics, Culture, And Suicide In South Korea And Japan, Natasha A. Burke

Honors College Theses

Suicide is an important global issue, and there need to be measures put in place to help prevent such a problem. Existing literature finds that culture and politics do significantly impact suicide rates. I assess how the perceptions of suicide differ from culture to culture and how culture plays a role in the rates of suicide and reasons for it. I also examine at how socioeconomic status, unemployment, and economics affect people as well. In this study, I research how politics and culture affect suicide rates in Asia, specifically how politics and culture influence suicide rates in South Korea and …

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Identification Of Lrp1+Cd13+ Human Periosteal Stem Cells That Require Lrp1 For Bone Repair, Youngjae Jeong, Lorenzo Deveza, Laura Ortinau, Kevin Lei, John R Dawson, Dongsu Park Nov 2024

Identification Of Lrp1+Cd13+ Human Periosteal Stem Cells That Require Lrp1 For Bone Repair, Youngjae Jeong, Lorenzo Deveza, Laura Ortinau, Kevin Lei, John R Dawson, Dongsu Park

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Human periosteal skeletal stem cells (P-SSCs) are critical for cortical bone maintenance and repair. However, their in vivo identity, molecular characteristics, and specific markers remain unknown. Here, single-cell sequencing revealed human periosteum contains SSC clusters expressing known SSC markers, podoplanin (PDPN) and PDGFRA. Notably, human P-SSCs, but not bone marrow SSCs, selectively expressed identified markers low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and CD13. These LRP1+CD13+ human P-SSCs were perivascular cells with high osteochondrogenic but minimal adipogenic potential. Upon transplantation into bone injuries in mice, they preserved self-renewal capability in vivo. Single-cell analysis of mouse periosteum further supported the preferential …

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Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenavirus Utilises Intercellular Connections For Cell To Cell Spread, Owen Byford, Amelia B Shaw, Hiu Nam Tse, Alex Moon-Walker, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Sean P J Whelan, Martin Stacey, Roger Hewson, Juan Fontana, John N Barr Nov 2024

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenavirus Utilises Intercellular Connections For Cell To Cell Spread, Owen Byford, Amelia B Shaw, Hiu Nam Tse, Alex Moon-Walker, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Sean P J Whelan, Martin Stacey, Roger Hewson, Juan Fontana, John N Barr

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The Arenaviridae family of segmented RNA viruses contains nearly 70 species with several associated with fatal haemorrhagic fevers, including Lassa, Lujo and Junin viruses. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis arenavirus (LCMV) is associated with fatal neurologic disease in humans and additionally represents a tractable model for studying arenavirus biology. Within cultured cells, a high proportion of LCMV spread is between directly neighbouring cells, suggesting infectivity may pass through intercellular connections, bypassing the canonical extracellular route involving egress from the plasma membrane. Consistent with this, we visualized abundant actin- and tubulin-rich connections conjoining LCMV-infected and uninfected cells within cultures, resembling tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs). Within …

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Impact Of Dietary Fiber On Inflammation Related To Type 2 Diabetes, Alexander Berg Nov 2024

Impact Of Dietary Fiber On Inflammation Related To Type 2 Diabetes, Alexander Berg

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The American diet, marked by high refined carbohydrate intake and low dietary fiber, is closely linked to the rising prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and associated inflammatory diseases. This review highlights the role of dietary fiber in preventing and managing inflammation from T2D. A daily intake of over 25 g for women and 38 g for men can reduce T2D risk by 20-30%. Specifically, high cereal fibers correlate with a 33% reduction in risk, while soluble fibers from fruits and vegetables mitigate postprandial glucose spikes, enhancing insulin sensitivity. Additionally, a high-fiber diet can reverse insulin resistance; a study revealed …

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Gender Perspectives In Contemporary Eco-Theology, Metti Amirtham Nov 2024

Gender Perspectives In Contemporary Eco-Theology, Metti Amirtham

Budhi: A Journal of Ideas and Culture

Despite several decades of research and education programs, humanity continues to deplete natural resources and pollute the ecosystem of the planet at an alarming rate. Given the widespread secular engagement with environmental issues, i am conscious of the crucial need for Christian theologians to take on board the scale and extent of the development of eco-theology right across the globe from within their own traditions. in this process of brewing theology, gender perspectives play a vital role, because, gender is an integral component of every aspect of the lives of individuals and societies. Moreover, there are important connections between the …

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Interview With Walter Newton, Bill Mcleish Nov 2024

Interview With Walter Newton, Bill Mcleish

Kansas Oral History Collection

An interview with Walter Newton on early farming techniques. Audio is on tape MS016_13-1_00-004.

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Vol. 12, No. 6, Glen Goodknight Nov 2024

Vol. 12, No. 6, Glen Goodknight

Mythprint

Mythprint is the monthly bulletin of the Mythopoeic Society, a nonprofit educational organization devoted to the study, discussion, and enjoyment of myth and fantasy literature, especially the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Charles Williams. To promote these interests, the Society publishes three magazines, maintains a World Wide Web site, and sponsors the annual Mythopoeic Conference and awards for fiction and scholarship, as well as local and written discussion groups.

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Vol. 12, No. 5, Glen Goodknight Nov 2024

Vol. 12, No. 5, Glen Goodknight

Mythprint

Mythprint is the monthly bulletin of the Mythopoeic Society, a nonprofit educational organization devoted to the study, discussion, and enjoyment of myth and fantasy literature, especially the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Charles Williams. To promote these interests, the Society publishes three magazines, maintains a World Wide Web site, and sponsors the annual Mythopoeic Conference and awards for fiction and scholarship, as well as local and written discussion groups.

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Responding To The Global Crisis: Jacques Maritain, World War Ii, And New York's École Libre, Jacob Saliba Nov 2024

Responding To The Global Crisis: Jacques Maritain, World War Ii, And New York's École Libre, Jacob Saliba

Journal of Global Catholicism

This article offers an interdisciplinary study of the French Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain during World War II in order to provide an historical resource for understanding the global dimensions and possibilities at work in modern Catholicism. In 1941, while living in New York City, Maritain helped to cofound and lead the École Libre des Hautes Études (the “Free French University”). An initiative primarily created by American and French intellectuals, the university became an important hub for rescuing and employing nearly two hundred individuals from across the world. Elected president in late-1942, Maritain worked closely with the New School for Social …

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The Ministries Of New Communities In The Ivory Coast Scrutinised Under The Lens Of The Theological And Magisterial Vision Of The Church, Joseph Loïc Mben Sj Nov 2024

The Ministries Of New Communities In The Ivory Coast Scrutinised Under The Lens Of The Theological And Magisterial Vision Of The Church, Joseph Loïc Mben Sj

Journal of Global Catholicism

The goal of this article is to show that the ministries of new communities are in conformity with the theological and magisterial vision of the Church and that, in many cases, they contribute to its enrichment. Following some lexical clarifications, it makes particular use of the schema of the threefold offices of Christ in which the members of new communities partake as the baptized, to show how the ministries realize each of the dimensions of Christ’s office.

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The Meanings Of The Hospital De San Lázaro In Seventeenth-Century Manila, Francis Galasi Nov 2024

The Meanings Of The Hospital De San Lázaro In Seventeenth-Century Manila, Francis Galasi

Journal of Global Catholicism

The Hospital de San Lázaro was a specialized health facility in the early modern Philippines, dedicated to the care of lepers and sufferers of other contagious diseases. While it was established for this specific purpose, its role in colonial society varied. This versatility reflected the distinct priorities and commitments of the groups pulled into its orbit, as each charged San Lázaro with a unique meaning. This article explores how and why these groups—the indigenous Filipinos, the Spanish residents and the Discalced Franciscans—understood San Lázaro in their own way. It highlights the ability of fixed institutions, such as a hospital, to …

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Food Safety, Livestock Health, And Productivity Of A Layer Farm Following Implementation Of A Certified Haccp System In Japan, Hiroshi Akaike, Makoto Nagai, Tomomitsu Alexandre Okatani, Sumalee Boonmar, Yukio Morita Nov 2024

Food Safety, Livestock Health, And Productivity Of A Layer Farm Following Implementation Of A Certified Haccp System In Japan, Hiroshi Akaike, Makoto Nagai, Tomomitsu Alexandre Okatani, Sumalee Boonmar, Yukio Morita

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study examined the safety and productivity of a layer farm over a 3-year period following the implementation of a farm Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system in 2019. The critical control point was “automatic egg collection” and no deviations from critical limits were observed, indicating the eggs were safe. In addition, the egg production rate increased and the feed conversion rate decreased. In contrast, the viability after the introduction of a farm HACCP system, in which the replenishment of new hens was discontinued after forced molting, showed an increasing trend. These results suggest that the HACCP system …

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Tissue Proteomics Of Feline Mammary Carcinoma: Identification Of Potential Biomarkers Based On Metastatic Status And Histopathological Characteristics, Weejarin Paphussaro, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Narumon Phaonakrop, Sawanya Charoenlappanit, Anudep Rungsipipat, Theerawat Tharasanit, Gunnaporn Suriyaphol Assoc. Prof. Nov 2024

Tissue Proteomics Of Feline Mammary Carcinoma: Identification Of Potential Biomarkers Based On Metastatic Status And Histopathological Characteristics, Weejarin Paphussaro, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Narumon Phaonakrop, Sawanya Charoenlappanit, Anudep Rungsipipat, Theerawat Tharasanit, Gunnaporn Suriyaphol Assoc. Prof.

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is a prevalent and aggressive cancer with high metastatic potential. Few tissue biomarkers have been reported to help evaluate disease progression in FMC. This study aimed to analyze the tissue proteomic profiles of metastatic feline mammary carcinoma (mFMC) and non-metastatic FMC (NmFMC) across various histological grades (HGs) and histological types (HTs) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Tissue samples were collected from 13 NmFMC, 26 mFMC and 13 healthy controls (CTRL). Samples were trypsinized and subjected to LC-MS/MS. Proteome results were analyzed based on the metastatic status, HGs and HTs of the samples. The findings revealed …

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Spartan Daily, November 21, 2024, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications Nov 2024

Spartan Daily, November 21, 2024, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications

Spartan Daily, 2024

Volume 163, Issue 38

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Tyler Snodgrass, Piano, November 21, 2024 [Program], University Of Northern Iowa. School Of Music. Nov 2024

Tyler Snodgrass, Piano, November 21, 2024 [Program], University Of Northern Iowa. School Of Music.

Music Recital Programs

Program of a music recital given by faculty, students, or guest artists from the School of Music at the University of Northern Iowa.

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Pro-Choice Legalism Vs Pro-Life Grace: How Soteriology Informs Our Idea Of Personhood, Stephen Bauer Nov 2024

Pro-Choice Legalism Vs Pro-Life Grace: How Soteriology Informs Our Idea Of Personhood, Stephen Bauer

Achieve

This paper was presented in the Bioethics Section of the Evangelical Theological Society. It explores how arguments for elective abortion and also for some forms of euthanasia treat personhood (and thus the sanctity and sacredness of that individual life) as something that is merited by possessing certain functional capabilities and behaviors. By contrast, this paper argues that in the Bible this personhood is conferred by grace apart from meritorious capacities. Thus the first mimics legalism while the second reflects the principles of Gospel salvation. A brief exploration of end of life limitations that allows for conceding defeat without intentionally killing …

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Moral Of The Story: Secondary Language Arts Teachers’ Perceptions Of Students’ Moral Intelligence, Sadia Fauzia Zaman Nov 2024

Moral Of The Story: Secondary Language Arts Teachers’ Perceptions Of Students’ Moral Intelligence, Sadia Fauzia Zaman

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The literature review reveals a gap in secondary English Language Arts (ELA) teachers’ perception of students’ moral intelligence (MI). While many character education studies examine the student perspective, this study contributes to the limited research on secondary ELA teachers’ perceptions of students’ moral intelligence and how it can be cultivated. This dissertation addresses that gap by collecting and analyzing ELA teachers’ lived experiences and perceptions of students’ MI, as well as exploring how ELA teachers and schools can support students’ moral development by integrating moral and ethical topics into instructional practices. This qualitative study used narrative inquiry to gather interview …

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Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Incorporation Of An Ecojustice Framework In An Undergraduate Stem Integration Course, Rita G. Ortiz Nov 2024

Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Incorporation Of An Ecojustice Framework In An Undergraduate Stem Integration Course, Rita G. Ortiz

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Environmental education across the K-12 science curriculum lacks critical examination of human and ecological relationships, particularly in relation to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. While the Next Generation Science Standards include environmental topics within their disciplinary core ideas and many schools offer environmental science courses, this gap can be addressed in teacher preparation programs, particularly for those teaching younger students. Ecojustice centers on socioecological topics by addressing cultural assumptions we, as humans, live by in relation to natural systems. Ecojustice education is a critical pedagogy that engages learners about social issues related to our current ecological crisis. This …

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Supporting The Cultural Identity Development Of Indigenous Youth: Findings From An Indigenous Educators' Community-Of-Practice, Angela Lunda, Amber Frommherz, William Gamaas Bolton, Barbara Dude, Naomi Leask, Roberta Littlefield, Jennifer Mccarty, Shawna Puustinen, Natasia Vaska Nov 2024

Supporting The Cultural Identity Development Of Indigenous Youth: Findings From An Indigenous Educators' Community-Of-Practice, Angela Lunda, Amber Frommherz, William Gamaas Bolton, Barbara Dude, Naomi Leask, Roberta Littlefield, Jennifer Mccarty, Shawna Puustinen, Natasia Vaska

Faculty and Staff

Research reveals a positive impact on educational achievement for Indigenous students when their teachers are also Indigenous. The educational value of shared identity between students and teachers manifests in the form of increased student attendance rates, grades, and graduation rates. Fewer than 5% of public-school teachers in Alaska are Indigenous, while nearly 20% of students are Indigenous. Thus, it is unlikely that most Indigenous students in Alaska will experience a shared cultural identity with their teachers—nor would it be desirable, in this age of global mobility, for society to strive for teachers and students to share cultural identity in all …

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Dog Sniffing Biomechanic Responses In An Odor Detection Test Of Odorants With Differing Physical Properties, Lydia Burnett, Nicholas Hebdon, Pete A. Stevens, Monica Moljo, Lindsay D. Waldrop, Lauryn Degreeff Nov 2024

Dog Sniffing Biomechanic Responses In An Odor Detection Test Of Odorants With Differing Physical Properties, Lydia Burnett, Nicholas Hebdon, Pete A. Stevens, Monica Moljo, Lindsay D. Waldrop, Lauryn Degreeff

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Dogs are utilized in forensic science for their extensive scent detection capabilities. They are often considered the “gold standard” in field detection for targets such as illicit drugs and explosives. Despite their prevalence in the field, relatively little is known about how dogs interact with and transport volatile organic compounds through their olfactory system. In this study, two groups of dogs were utilized – Sport detection dogs (n=19) that participate in the National Association of Canine Scent Work and have achieved advanced standing through training and successful search competitions and law enforcement explosive detection dogs (n=8) which were included for …

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Curriculum Curation: Centering Mirrors And Windows In An Inclusive Bookshelf Project, Kelly P. Vaughan Nov 2024

Curriculum Curation: Centering Mirrors And Windows In An Inclusive Bookshelf Project, Kelly P. Vaughan

Education Department Faculty Articles

From increasing calls for multicultural and inclusive books to media stories about books being banned in elementary schools,  curriculum debates have become increasingly contentious. These debates illuminate key questions in curriculum studies: What is the knowledge of most worth? And who decides? In this article, I utilize a curriculum studies in education framework to engage and extend the literature supporting multicultural and inclusive children’s literature and critical literacy while emphasizing the role of teachers-as-curators. After analyzing the results of a year-long project in which preservice teachers (PSTs) curated collections of multicultural books representing a mirrors and windows approach to text …

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Development Of Long-Term Studies Evaluating The Potential Of Chondrostereum Purpureum As A Mycobiocontrol On Invasive Buckthorn, Abraham F. Stone Nov 2024

Development Of Long-Term Studies Evaluating The Potential Of Chondrostereum Purpureum As A Mycobiocontrol On Invasive Buckthorn, Abraham F. Stone

Michigan Tech Undergraduate Scholarship

Chondrostereum purpureum is a circumboreal polypore with high potential as a native fungal biocontrol for weedy, deciduous tree species in the Northern Hemisphere. This thesis describes the development of three multi-year studies designed to evaluate the effectiveness of C. purpureum as a management tool for invasive buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus) in Upper Michigan, in a manner that tests a broader range of application methods beyond girdling or cut-stump treatments. Our experiments focused on a) developing a viable liquid inoculum to spray on buckthorn whips and b) creating a symptomatic assessment scale to quantify disease progression of C. purpureum …

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November 21, 2024, The Dakota Student Nov 2024

November 21, 2024, The Dakota Student

The Dakota Student

No abstract provided.

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Are Embryos Or Fetuses Brain Dead? Implications For The Abortion Debate, Greer Donley Nov 2024

Are Embryos Or Fetuses Brain Dead? Implications For The Abortion Debate, Greer Donley

Pace Law Review

Most state abortion definitions exclude the removal of a dead fetus, attempting to distinguish miscarriage and abortion care. But what does “dead” mean at the earliest stages of potential life? There is a consensus at the end of life that death not only encompasses the cessation of cardiac activity, but also brain death. This symposium essay considers whether life can only begin with the emergence of brain life and if so, how that might impact the abortion debate. The most rudimentary brain waves cannot be detected in an embryo before roughly the eighth week of pregnancy; the capacity for feeling …

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We Have Lost Our Minds, Teneille Ruth Brown Nov 2024

We Have Lost Our Minds, Teneille Ruth Brown

Pace Law Review

This Article examines the paradoxical treatment of autonomy in American healthcare law. While autonomy has become the dominant principle in medical ethics and neoliberal market philosophies, pregnant people have been systematically denied this same autonomy through increasingly restrictive abortion statutes. Using the rhetoric of “informed consent,” abortion-restrictive statutes ironically pervert the animating principles behind the doctrine—rendering it almost meaning- less. I argue that this contradiction stems from the dehumanization of pregnant people who seek abortions, particularly through the denial of their capacity to have individual, complex mental states and feelings. Drawing on moral psychology, the Article demonstrates how pregnant people …

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