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2022

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A Case Study Of Medicalized Wellness Clinic Design Process And Result In The Context Of An Emerging Wellness Service Market, Jinoh Park, Damhui Kim Jun 2022

A Case Study Of Medicalized Wellness Clinic Design Process And Result In The Context Of An Emerging Wellness Service Market, Jinoh Park, Damhui Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This study presents a comprehensive design process of a medicalized wellness service clinic design project aligned with the emerging wellness service market. The project designer, who has a background in design research, design management, and interior design, utilized an evidence-based design framework to integrate the intangible wellness service provision sequence into the tangible design language. In addition, the project client, who is familiar with the evidence-based medicine framework, participated in the programming and schematic design phases of the evidence-based design framework. As a result, the project designer and client implemented a medicalized wellness service space that integrates concepts of Hospitality, …

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‘Making The Dust Fly’: (A Case Study Of) Design Research Promoting Health And Sustainability In Addressing Household Infections, Emmanuel Tsekleves, Collins Ahorlu, Andy Darby, Roger Pickup, Dziedzom De Souza, Daniel Boakye Jun 2022

‘Making The Dust Fly’: (A Case Study Of) Design Research Promoting Health And Sustainability In Addressing Household Infections, Emmanuel Tsekleves, Collins Ahorlu, Andy Darby, Roger Pickup, Dziedzom De Souza, Daniel Boakye

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Global health crisis, such as antimicrobial resistance, threaten planetary health, as they have a direct impact on the environment, as well as to humans and animals. Personal and environmental hygiene form the best and most natural ways of reducing home infections and hence the need to take antibiotics. Despite this our understanding of cleaning in the home and interventions on home cleaning are limited. In this paper we present a project, which combined design research with environmental microbiology, to address this issue and to co-design sustainable cleaning interventions for human and planetary health. We focus on the design of a …

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Framing Resilience In Public Transportation Systems, Inspired By Biomimicry, Garoa Gomez Beldarrain, Camilo Andrés Carvajal Ortega, Alisha Baan, Euiyoung Kim Jun 2022

Framing Resilience In Public Transportation Systems, Inspired By Biomimicry, Garoa Gomez Beldarrain, Camilo Andrés Carvajal Ortega, Alisha Baan, Euiyoung Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Resilience is a concept that describes the capability to be restored after unprecedented events, originally emerged from biology and human sciences. This paper aims to explore what a resilient public transportation system is and how nature’s wisdom can be used as an inspiration for the creation of resilience in the area of mobility, by linking public transportation systems, biomimicry and resilience together. To this end, qualitative co-creative workshops were conducted with eleven domain experts from public transportation, biomimicry, and biology. The experts addressed several factors contributing to resilience in public transport that could be categorized into four aggregated dimensions: resilience …

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Making-With The Environment Through More-Than-Human Design, Berilsu Tarcan, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Ferne Edwards Jun 2022

Making-With The Environment Through More-Than-Human Design, Berilsu Tarcan, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Ferne Edwards

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Current climate and ecological crises require questioning currently dominant under-standings and relations to nonhumans. While design is a human-centered field and practice, many intruders or competing theories challenge human-centered ap-proaches and propose ways to include nonhumans in design. This article explores different perspectives for post-anthropocentric design approaches and focuses on how design can approach the notion more-than-human as an intruder to human-centered design. Proposing practice-based studies of making-with the environment as an alternative to human-centered design, it explores how to design beyond ideas of “human progress”. Firstly, more-than-human and related concepts are introduced. Secondly, how human-centered design can be challenged …

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Investigating Materiality For A Renewed Focus On Data Design Practice, Youngsil Lee, Larissa Pschetz, Chris Speed Jun 2022

Investigating Materiality For A Renewed Focus On Data Design Practice, Youngsil Lee, Larissa Pschetz, Chris Speed

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper attempts to question reductionist processes of data science that help sustain digital economies and proposes a new perspective for a data design practice. It follows recent discussions about the materiality of data in design and proposes a new notion of data materiality that unfolds its ethical and ecological aspects from a philosophical point of view. This is presented as an opportunity to envision how data can be enacted as data practice within a system. We provide an example that illustrates different kinds of data and data practices, and how ethical and ecological challenges can emerge in a system. …

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Are Stereotypes, Such As The ‘Headclutcher’, In Stock Images For Mental Illness Stigmatizing?, Laura Orton Jun 2022

Are Stereotypes, Such As The ‘Headclutcher’, In Stock Images For Mental Illness Stigmatizing?, Laura Orton

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Public perception and attitudes of mental illness are heavily influenced by mass media, so it is important the visual communication delivered into society is responsible and not unintentionally damaging. Stereotypes are used frequently in visual communication for speed of understanding. However, stereotypes are often based on unfounded assumptions, and these assumptions can cause stigma towards the stereotyped group. This study questions what stereotypes, if any, are present in stock images of mental illness and discusses what effect they may have on stigma. There have been previous calls for images such as the ‘headclutcher’ to not be used to represent mental …

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North-South Design Education: Integrating Māori Knowledge In Design Using The Blend Approach, Luke Feast, Kei Hoshi Jun 2022

North-South Design Education: Integrating Māori Knowledge In Design Using The Blend Approach, Luke Feast, Kei Hoshi

DRS Biennial Conference Series

We investigated how to align design education that integrates mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) with the knowledge development aim of modern university education. Our main idea was to use culture-based knowledge as a source of creativity rather than socialization. We share insights from two critical cases where we tested whether the blend approach is a useful design method for integrating Māori knowledge in design education. The insights show that conceptual blending is an effective method for students to understand culture-based knowledge through creative design activity.

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Design Disciplines In The Age Of Climate Change: Systemic Views On Current And Potential Roles, Håkan Edeholt, Jomy Joseph Jun 2022

Design Disciplines In The Age Of Climate Change: Systemic Views On Current And Potential Roles, Håkan Edeholt, Jomy Joseph

DRS Biennial Conference Series

After working several years with industrial design as a tool for the kind of radical systemic change, climate change arguably requires; it now seems timely to discuss the systemic obstacles that make such a shift so hard to implement. Much at odds with current discourse, the article defends current design disciplinary skills by focusing on the tension between what designers tend to do for sustaining the present system vs. what designers could do to support transition to a radically different system and why the latter is so hard to achieve but still so urgently required. With the overarching question – …

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Designing For Dynamic Stability In An Uncertain World: A Media Content Study Of The Aviation Industry, Euiyoung Kim, Sara Beckman, Ki-Hun Kim, Sicco Santema Jun 2022

Designing For Dynamic Stability In An Uncertain World: A Media Content Study Of The Aviation Industry, Euiyoung Kim, Sara Beckman, Ki-Hun Kim, Sicco Santema

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused radical restructuring of many industries including the aviation industry. Seeking a deeper understanding of how organizations are responding to this disruption, we use media content analysis of 331 news articles to extract approaches used in the aviation industry in response to Covid-19 and clustered them in six categories: research, reframe, repurpose, reimagine, redesign and resile (be resilient). We suggest that, taken collectively, these six approaches may provide a framework that companies might leverage to achieve dynamic stability – the ability of a system to return to steady state after a significant disturbance – as the …

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The Value Of Being Close: Social And Ecological Sustainability In Co-Living For Students, Sara Ilstedt, Martin Sjöman Jun 2022

The Value Of Being Close: Social And Ecological Sustainability In Co-Living For Students, Sara Ilstedt, Martin Sjöman

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Sustainability challenges demands that we live smaller and more efficient in terms of re-sources and energy, at the same time, loneliness and mental unhealth are in-creasing among young people and students. One solution to both ecological and social sustain-ability is provided by coliving, where a small group of people share a home. Living in a shared home is an opportunity for friendship and sense of community but is also associated with frictions. This paper describes an interdisciplinary and experimental research project about coliving for students and particularly focuses on the social aspects and new practices of living together. We conclude …

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More-Than-Human Fluid Speculations, Paulina Yurman Jun 2022

More-Than-Human Fluid Speculations, Paulina Yurman

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper shares speculative questions and ideas that emerged from considerations about bodily fluids and other related fluids as materials used for drawing and as materials related to the subject of a drawing. Partly informed by post-humanist perspectives that view human agency as entangled with other non-human material agencies, this paper presents short experiments in drawing that have prompted reflections about the ways in which knowledge is partial, situated and influenced by other forms of knowledge.

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From Wine Tasting To Materials Sensorial Perception: A Framework For Materials Experience, Niki Boukouvala, Spyros Bofylatos Jun 2022

From Wine Tasting To Materials Sensorial Perception: A Framework For Materials Experience, Niki Boukouvala, Spyros Bofylatos

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper puts forward a novel approach to study material experience leaning on the wine tasting protocols. The framework proposed in this paper aims to help new (biofabricated and non-biofabricated) "growing" and "living" materials make a good name out of themselves by deploying all their unique sensorial qualities in a more poetic manner. We believe that adopting wine tasting philosophy and techniques in the field of (aesthetic) materials experience and the synthesis of a materials experience lexicon will enable the commercialization process of new materials. We identify three layers of the material experience and point to how adapting the wine …

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Social Commoning As A Way To Transition Towards Alternative Systems By Design, Julia Schaeper, Sumit Kothari, Gillian Hamilton Jun 2022

Social Commoning As A Way To Transition Towards Alternative Systems By Design, Julia Schaeper, Sumit Kothari, Gillian Hamilton

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Increased interest in systemic design approaches and their impact on climate and societal crises make revisiting the theories of the commons and their applicability to system transitions a timely endeavour. By examining a case study of a marine protected area in the South African ocean, the paper explores how a commoning practice could be applied more intentionally in system design to increase cooperation amongst system actors and apply a multispecies - as opposed to human-centred - perspective to the management of natural, social, and immaterial resources. By tracing the historical understandings of the commons, the study explores how Ostrom’s design …

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Investigating The Design Opportunities For Mood Self-Tracking And Regulating, Renate Overdijk, Deniz Iren, Armağan Karahanoğlu Jun 2022

Investigating The Design Opportunities For Mood Self-Tracking And Regulating, Renate Overdijk, Deniz Iren, Armağan Karahanoğlu

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Many studies have demonstrated the positive impact of self-tracking technology on people’s health and wellbeing. Research on the effects of the tools for tracking moods to create awareness of people’s affective health is also gaining attention. In addition, studies show that people are open to using tools that contribute to sharing their moods and reflecting on them. In this paper, we aim to contribute to this emerging field. We carried out a three-phase study (i.e., exploratory survey, co-creation, and testing) with a total of 46 participants to explore preferred ways of mood tracking and the ways design can support these …

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The Unfolding Of Textileness In Animated Textiles: An Exploration Of Woven Textile-Forms, Alice Buso, Holly Mcquillan, Kaspar Jansen, Elvin Karana Jun 2022

The Unfolding Of Textileness In Animated Textiles: An Exploration Of Woven Textile-Forms, Alice Buso, Holly Mcquillan, Kaspar Jansen, Elvin Karana

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Designers of textile-based interactive systems tend to treat woven fabrics as static materials and lack deeper understandings of how the textile can be designed for responsive behaviours in artefacts. As a result, in most studies across design and HCI, textiles are employed as substrates for computational, biological, or smart materials. This narrow view limits the potential of textiles that can be programmed to express responsive behaviour through their inherent material qualities. Our paper aims at bridging this gap in the design of animated textile artefacts. We present woven textile-forms where textile structures are programmed to tune the behaviour of low-melt …

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Ceci N’Est Pas Une Chaise: Emerging Practices In Designer-Ai Collaboration, Vera Van Der Burg, Almila Akdag Salah, Senthil Chandrasegaran, Peter Lloyd Jun 2022

Ceci N’Est Pas Une Chaise: Emerging Practices In Designer-Ai Collaboration, Vera Van Der Burg, Almila Akdag Salah, Senthil Chandrasegaran, Peter Lloyd

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Emerging practices of using ‘off the shelf’ AI as a creative partner in design processes are receiving increasing attention in design research. This paper takes the well-known concept of ‘framing’ in design, along with the Schönian concept of ‘surprise’ to explore how a human-AI dialogue could work. The approach taken is practice-based, with the human designer documenting her process of inquiry and decision making. We show how artificial creativity is expressed through misfiring object detection algorithms, and further how these ‘mistakes’ can be perceived and interpreted by the human designer. The contribution of the research is in laying the foundations …

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Restrategizing For The Post-Pandemic Era: Service Design For Digital Transformation In The Art And Cultural Sector, Anu Norrgrann, Miia Lammi, Srushti Shah Jun 2022

Restrategizing For The Post-Pandemic Era: Service Design For Digital Transformation In The Art And Cultural Sector, Anu Norrgrann, Miia Lammi, Srushti Shah

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper explores the challenges of entrepreneurs and organisations within the art and cultural fields in meeting the challenges of digital transformation. Drawing on a multidisciplinary conceptual framework, and a qualitative empirical investigation comprising four case studies, which illuminate how cultural field organisations and entrepreneurs have adapted to the market disruption caused by the Covid19-pandemic through digital service innovation means, we propose a model for a four stage service design programme, which links design methods as concrete development tools for assisting companies develop innovative digital services and restrategise in post-pandemic markets.

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The Evolution Of Inclusive Design: A First Timeline Review Of Narratives And Milestones Of Design For Disability, Luka Kille-Speckter, Farnaz Nickpour Jun 2022

The Evolution Of Inclusive Design: A First Timeline Review Of Narratives And Milestones Of Design For Disability, Luka Kille-Speckter, Farnaz Nickpour

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper sets out to critically review the history of Inclusive Design on two distinct levels, i.e. the narratives that shape it and the historical milestones which contribute to its evolution. Through an illustrative review of literature and object ethnography, two sets of timelines are outlined. First, a milestone timeline helps establish the chronological evolution of Inclusive Design based on historical milestones and sociocultural perspectives. Second, a narrative timeline helps uncover the underlying narratives around matters of disability, design and inclusivity, and how they evolved. Though identifying historical and emerging shifts in mentality, the timeline review of narratives and milestones …

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Designing With Theories: Producing Legal Design Diffractively In Courts Of Justice, Joaquin Santuber, Jonathan A. Edelman Jun 2022

Designing With Theories: Producing Legal Design Diffractively In Courts Of Justice, Joaquin Santuber, Jonathan A. Edelman

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper proposes Designing with Theories as an invitation to approach Legal De-sign practices and studies differently. We take advantage of a rich and diverse theoretical tradition that allows us to expand the applications and impact of Legal Design. Building on diffraction as a methodology, we articulate this invitation by suggesting seven theories and approaches to designing for justice differently. In a generative and provocative style, we ask seven times the question “what if we design for justice from X theory?”. For each theory, we provide the main assumptions, followed by sense-making with examples from a case study on Chilean …

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Weaving Design As A Practice Of Freedom: Critical Pedagogy In An Insurgent Network, Bibiana Oliveira Serpa, Frederick M.C. Van Amstel, Marco Mazzarotto, Ricardo Artur Carvalho, Rodrigo Freese Gonzatto, Sâmia Batista E Silva, Yasmin Da Silva Menezes Jun 2022

Weaving Design As A Practice Of Freedom: Critical Pedagogy In An Insurgent Network, Bibiana Oliveira Serpa, Frederick M.C. Van Amstel, Marco Mazzarotto, Ricardo Artur Carvalho, Rodrigo Freese Gonzatto, Sâmia Batista E Silva, Yasmin Da Silva Menezes

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Design can be both a practice of freedom or a practice of oppression, depending on who designs and whose intentions are prioritized. When this practice underestimates, excludes, disrespects, or deceives people who are part of oppressed groups, it intensifies oppression. Design as a practice of freedom takes more than a new design method. It requires the union of the oppressed. This paper describes the weaving of the Design & Oppression network, which responded to the growth of political authoritarianism and naive consciousness in design. The network's goal is to establish bonds of solidarity between all struggles against oppression that cut …

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Sounds That Satisfy: Describing The Relationship Between Sound And Need Fulfilment, Gijs Louwers, Elif Özcan, Jasper Van Bommel, Sylvia Pont Jun 2022

Sounds That Satisfy: Describing The Relationship Between Sound And Need Fulfilment, Gijs Louwers, Elif Özcan, Jasper Van Bommel, Sylvia Pont

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Psychological needs of users as a basis for design are at the core of design practice, yet the importance of fundamental human needs when designing soundscapes has not been studied specifically. This paper investigates the relationship between nine fundamental human needs and the affective qualities and categories of soundscapes. In a free-labeling survey study, we collected descriptions of imagined sound environments for the fulfilment of the needs, as well as ratings of the perceived affective quality of these environments. We found that needs were associated with pleasant soundscapes, while their eventfulness varied. ‘Human’ sounds were a common category for each …

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Spatialized Video Communication Platforms: Applications In Design Education And Conferencing, Bjorn Sommer, Ayn Sayuti, Zidong Lin, Shefali Bohra, Emre Kayganaci, Jenny Hu, Caroline Yan Zheng, Chang Hee Lee, Seán O'Donoghue, Ashley Hall, Paul Anderson Jun 2022

Spatialized Video Communication Platforms: Applications In Design Education And Conferencing, Bjorn Sommer, Ayn Sayuti, Zidong Lin, Shefali Bohra, Emre Kayganaci, Jenny Hu, Caroline Yan Zheng, Chang Hee Lee, Seán O'Donoghue, Ashley Hall, Paul Anderson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

During the pandemic, the impact of video communication platforms drastically increased. But in front of a screen, flexible and serendipitous interactions known from real-life settings were reduced to a minimum. Zoom fatigue occurred very quickly and early on developments were started to provide more flexible alternatives to video-focused platforms. Spatialized Video Communication Platforms (SVCP) reintroduce more flexibility, serendipity and improved dynamic group forming by providing game-like environments. After a brief review on SVCPs, we are focusing here on the highly-customizable Gather.town platform. We developed an Open-Source pipeline to create 3D-based environments that meet the demand for visual requirements from design-engineering …

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Regeneration In Action: Toward A New Path For Sustainable Research Projects, Caroline Nowaki, Marguerite Foissac Jun 2022

Regeneration In Action: Toward A New Path For Sustainable Research Projects, Caroline Nowaki, Marguerite Foissac

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As COP26 just ended with moderate commitments from governments to keep global warming under 1.5°C, how can designers contribute to fight climate change? Systemic design has proposed to change design perspective from the user to the system in which the user and the designer operate to envision better our social and environmental impact. Regenerative design adds that we should aim for positive instead of net-zero impact and change our mindset and practices to create the conditions for all forms of life to thrive. If regenerative guidelines exist in urban design, it is unclear how UX-UI designers should change their practices …

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Birds, Bees And Bats: Exploring Possibilities For Cohabitation In The More-Than-Human City, Ferne Edwards, Ida Maria Corsepius Melen, Anna Caroline Syse, Ida Nilstad Pettersen Jun 2022

Birds, Bees And Bats: Exploring Possibilities For Cohabitation In The More-Than-Human City, Ferne Edwards, Ida Maria Corsepius Melen, Anna Caroline Syse, Ida Nilstad Pettersen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Urbanization pressures are creating conditions for greater urban density. However, cities are home for both humans and a diversity of nonhuman natures, where heightened proximity between species can cause friction and conflict. This paper explores possibilities for convivial multispecies cohabitation in more-than-human cities. It grounds more-than-human theory through the application of three case studies – birds, bees and bats – based in the city of Trondheim, Norway. Drawing on three related studies, these creatures help illuminate what kind of spaces, needs and considerations are required beyond a human-centric focus in the urban environment. Issues to consider include disease, insecure land …

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Mutant In The Mirror: Queer Becomings With Ai, Grace Leonora Turtle Jun 2022

Mutant In The Mirror: Queer Becomings With Ai, Grace Leonora Turtle

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper contributes to scholarly discourse on design and AI by using queerness as a theoretical grounding to explore potentialities for design to interface with and imagine artificial intelligence (AI) differently. The paper does so by reporting on an autotheoretical experiment in which I pose the questions: What if we understood AI as queer, a kind of mutant, in a state of becoming; a dynamic, relational, non-binary gender variant? How then might AI show up in and act on the world (with us humans) differently? The experiment uses a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to unsettle how AI is understood today, …

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New Perspectives In Fashion Sustainability Through The Use Of Bacterial Cellulose, Patrizia Bolzan, Daria Casciani, Arianna Regaglia Jun 2022

New Perspectives In Fashion Sustainability Through The Use Of Bacterial Cellulose, Patrizia Bolzan, Daria Casciani, Arianna Regaglia

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Fashion constitutes a sector with a high environmental impact, particularly because of shorter product life cycles and an exponential increase in the speed of production and in the number of goods created, sold, or unconsumed and thrashed. This paper aims to explore new perspectives of design and production processes toward environmental, social, and cultural sustainability through bio-fabrication. After an analysis of the context of reference and a review of existing literature, the research focuses on experimentation with bacterial cellulose (BC) to investigate the limits and potentials of controlled growth, waste processing and integration, accessories creation and recyclability, and the assembly/disassembly …

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Designing With Chemical Haptics, Jasmine Lu Jun 2022

Designing With Chemical Haptics, Jasmine Lu

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Designers have developed a vast array of rich interactions to stimulate the mind and body. While much of the focus has been on creating visual systems (such as in VR), there is increasing interest in developing ways to reproduce touch sensations. This turn suggests a desire to create interactive experiences that involve our whole bodies and not solely our visual senses. However, a major part of the human sensorium has been neglected: our chemosensory systems, the sensory pathways that respond to chemical stimuli. Chemical receptors exist all throughout our body and are embedded throughout our skin. In this paper, I …

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Is This Alive? Towards A Vocabulary For Understanding And Communicating Living Material Experiences, Hazal Ertürkan, Elvin Karana, Ruth Mugge Jun 2022

Is This Alive? Towards A Vocabulary For Understanding And Communicating Living Material Experiences, Hazal Ertürkan, Elvin Karana, Ruth Mugge

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Living materials are a nascent material class where living organisms are embedded and kept alive in the design outcome to achieve novel functionalities, expressions, and interactions. Experiential characterisation studies with potential end-users will provide insights for developing these novel materials for meaningful material applications. Nevertheless, the current literature lacks a vocabulary to communicate and discuss living materials in user studies. To bridge this gap, our paper presents the development of a “Living Materials Vocabulary” consisting of 45 descriptive items. Through a term frequency analysis of relevant literature and in-depth interviews with eight biodesigners, we identified a set of descriptions which …

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The Impact Of A Pilot Virtual Synchronous Group-Based E3 Parent Education: A Qualitative Study, Yu Jiang Jun 2022

The Impact Of A Pilot Virtual Synchronous Group-Based E3 Parent Education: A Qualitative Study, Yu Jiang

Graduate Teacher Education

This study evaluated the accessibility and effectiveness of a pilot virtual synchronous group-based E3 Parent Education (E3PE) program initiated in Whitefish, Montana, in January 2021. It is a qualitative study of a model designed initially for a virtual live group-learning setting to empower parents in building a nourishing family environment. Parent education has been proven as an effective intervention and prevention of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and K-12 student mental health problems and behavioral issues. However, a lack of universal access and the busyness of parents are significant barriers to participation. The Literature Review showed rapid …

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Role Of Lipid-Lowering Therapy In Peripheral Artery Disease, Agastya Deepak Belur, Aangi J. Shah, Salim S. Virani, Mounica Vorla, Dinesh K. Kalra Jun 2022

Role Of Lipid-Lowering Therapy In Peripheral Artery Disease, Agastya Deepak Belur, Aangi J. Shah, Salim S. Virani, Mounica Vorla, Dinesh K. Kalra

Office of the Provost

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, lipoprotein-driven condition that leads to plaque formation within the arterial tree, leading to subsequent arterial stenosis and thrombosis that accounts for a large burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally. Atherosclerosis of the lower extremities is called peripheral artery disease and is a major cause of loss in mobility, amputation, and critical limb ischemia. Peripheral artery disease is a common condition with a gamut of clinical manifestations that affects an estimated 10 million people in the United States of America and 200 million people worldwide. The role of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, such as LDL and remnant …

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