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2022

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Can Androgenetic Alopecia Be Reversed And What Are The Effective Treatments?, Michelle Aminova Jan 2022

Can Androgenetic Alopecia Be Reversed And What Are The Effective Treatments?, Michelle Aminova

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Androgenic alopecia (AGA), also known as male and female pattern baldness, is the loss of hair on the scalp for both men and women. The onset of hair loss for men suffering from this condition can occur as early as their teens or early 20s. Symptoms include a receding hairline and gradual disappearance of hair at the vertex and frontal scalp. When women have female pattern baldness (FPB), their hair doesn’t appear thinning until they reach their 40s or older. Generally, women experience a thinning of the hair over the whole scalp, with the most extensive hair loss at the …

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Are Clear Aligners Better Than The Conventional Orthodontic Fixed Appliances?, Adelle Perkelvald Jan 2022

Are Clear Aligners Better Than The Conventional Orthodontic Fixed Appliances?, Adelle Perkelvald

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Clear aligner therapy (CAT) has become an attractive alternative for orthodontic treatment as more adolescents and young adults pursue othodontic care. CAT is comprised of removable transparent appliances that offer a more aesthetic appearance to prospective patients. Recent studies have shown that CAT efficiency and efficacy for orthodontic procedures for cases of mild to moderate malocclusions are of equal or greater caliber to those of conventional fixed appliances. Clear aligners are also found to be less painful, better for periodontal health, and more accessible in comparison with fixed appliances. For those meeting the criteria for CAT, clear aligners may be …

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In-Person Or Via Technology?: Drawing On Psychology To Choose And Design Dispute Resolution Processes, Jean R. Sternlight, Jennifer K. Robbennolt Jan 2022

In-Person Or Via Technology?: Drawing On Psychology To Choose And Design Dispute Resolution Processes, Jean R. Sternlight, Jennifer K. Robbennolt

Scholarly Works

Covid-19 fostered a remote technology boom in the world of dispute resolution. Pre-pandemic, adoption of technical innovation in dispute resolution was slow moving. Some attorneys, courts, arbitrators, mediators and others did use technology, including telephone, e-mail, text, or videoconferences, or more ambitious online dispute resolution (ODR). But, to the chagrin of technology advocates, many conducted most dispute resolution largely in-person. The pandemic effectively put the emerging technological efforts on steroids. Even the most technologically challenged quickly began to replace in-person dispute resolution with videoconferencing, texting, and other technology. Courts throughout the world canceled all or most in-person trials, hearings, conferences, …

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Girls, Assaulted, India Thusi Jan 2022

Girls, Assaulted, India Thusi

Articles by Maurer Faculty

Girls who are incarcerated share a common trait: They have often experienced multiple forms of sexual assault, at the hands of those close to them and at the hands of the state. The #MeToo movement has exposed how powerful people and institutions have facilitated pervasive sexual violence. However, there has been little attention paid to the ways that incarceration perpetuates sexual exploitation. This Article focuses on incarcerated girls and argues that the state routinely sexually assaults girls by mandating invasive, nonconsensual searches. Unwanted touching and display of private parts are common features of life before and after incarceration—from the sexual …

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The Long Shadow Of United States V. Rosenberg: A Biographical Perspective On The Hon. Irving Robert Kaufman, Rodger D. Citron Jan 2022

The Long Shadow Of United States V. Rosenberg: A Biographical Perspective On The Hon. Irving Robert Kaufman, Rodger D. Citron

Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.

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Earthquake! We Were Crying Everyday! The Resilience Of Haitian Survivors In Academia, Luceandy Tooley Jan 2022

Earthquake! We Were Crying Everyday! The Resilience Of Haitian Survivors In Academia, Luceandy Tooley

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study aimed to explore the experiences of Haitian immigrant college students who sought higher education attainment in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in the United States. This study focused on understanding participants migration experience, immigration policy, and their decision to pursue a college degree in the United States after surviving the 2010 earthquake. The four themes that emerged from the data were: barriers, self-preservation, self-motivation, and support. The findings demonstrated that participants felt supported by family and friends and were heavily involved in college groups and organizations. Haitian earthquake survivors revealed how resilient and hard-working …

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Educators Perspectives On Bullying And Cyberbullying Prevention And Intervention Efforts Within The Autism Spectrum Disorder Population, Lisa Bridgewater Jan 2022

Educators Perspectives On Bullying And Cyberbullying Prevention And Intervention Efforts Within The Autism Spectrum Disorder Population, Lisa Bridgewater

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

All students are at risk of being bullied or cyberbullied. One group of students that may be more at risk of bully victimization is students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Much of the research on bullying and cyberbullying has focused on prevalence rates, students effectiveness in identifying bullying, and protective factors to reduce the likelihood of bullying. Although Indiana law mandates that students receive research-based instruction in bullying prevention each year, there is limited discussion across the literature of how instruction is provided to students. The purpose of this study was to collect qualitative information surrounding participants experiences with bullying …

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Exploring Double Consciousness For Black Students In K-12 Settings, Virgil Khalid Griffin Jan 2022

Exploring Double Consciousness For Black Students In K-12 Settings, Virgil Khalid Griffin

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to learn about double consciousness with Black students in K–12settings. The research questions considered how experiences with race and racism altered Blackstudents perspectives on race and racial identity. Moreover, the research questions referencedthe usage of double consciousness for Black students as they navigated K–12 settings. Blackstudents were recruited from colleges and universities in Indiana. Each participant had to beBlack American, between the ages of 18–24, and have experienced all learning in Americanschools. Participants in the study represented various walks of life and educational backgrounds.Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were completed for each participant. One-on-oneinterviews were intentional. …

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Haemosporidians & White-Throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia Albicollis): Parasite Diversity, Factors Influencing Infection, And Effects Of Infection On Fitness, Zoã© Delefortrie Jan 2022

Haemosporidians & White-Throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia Albicollis): Parasite Diversity, Factors Influencing Infection, And Effects Of Infection On Fitness, Zoã© Delefortrie

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Host-parasite interactions play a significant role in the comprehension of co-evolutionary mechanisms such as the host-parasite arms race. Those co-evolutionary mechanisms allow a better understanding of the parasite distribution, emergence of zoonotic diseases, and the impact on hosts populations. In this Ph.D.dissertation, I study the interaction between haemosporidian parasites ( Plasmodium, Haemoproteus , and Leucocytozoon ) and a polymorphic species, the white-throated sparrow ( Zonotrichia albicollis ). First, I examined the occurrence of haemosporidian parasites in a breeding population of white-throated sparrows in the Adirondacks, NY, and assessed their parasite diversity. Then, I evaluated the landscape and individual characteristics influencing …

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I Felt Like I Couldn't Be Myself: The Experiences Of Black First-Generation College Students At Historically White Institutions And The Role Parental Support Played In Their College Navigation, Angelia D. Forrest Jan 2022

I Felt Like I Couldn't Be Myself: The Experiences Of Black First-Generation College Students At Historically White Institutions And The Role Parental Support Played In Their College Navigation, Angelia D. Forrest

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Black first-generation college students enrolled at historically White institutions as well as their parents and how parental support influences their experiences in successfully navigating the collegiate process at historically White institutions in order to provide a better understanding of the need for recognition of the cultural capital of Black first-generation college students in order to create an environment that encourages and provides support for college retention and persistence. This study utilized a qualitative research approach to answer the following questions: What are the experiences of Black first-generation college students …

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“My Background Is A Little Bit More Than What I Am Now", 21cleo Research Team Jan 2022

“My Background Is A Little Bit More Than What I Am Now", 21cleo Research Team

21CLEO Research Project Blog Posts

No abstract provided.

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Conspiracy Theories Through A Cross-Cultural Lens, Roland Imhoff Jan 2022

Conspiracy Theories Through A Cross-Cultural Lens, Roland Imhoff

Online Readings in Psychology and Culture

Conspiracy beliefs and an overarching conspiracy mentality binding them together are hot topics in psychology, not the least due to potential societal costs that are associated with them. Despite anecdotal evidence supporting the ubiquity of such beliefs across the globe, very little research has systematically explored cross-cultural differences, let alone tested theory-based hypotheses about such differences. The present paper highlights important methodological and theoretical considerations in developing a sound research program in predictors of country-level variations in conspiracy endorsement.

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Tooth Life Expectancy And Burden Of Tooth Loss: Two Cross-Sectional Studies In Taiwan, Ling-Yu Liang, Ming-Che Tsai, Kuang-Chung Shih, Shiu-Ming Huang, Donald E. Morisky, Earl Fu Jan 2022

Tooth Life Expectancy And Burden Of Tooth Loss: Two Cross-Sectional Studies In Taiwan, Ling-Yu Liang, Ming-Che Tsai, Kuang-Chung Shih, Shiu-Ming Huang, Donald E. Morisky, Earl Fu

Journal of Dental Sciences

Abstract Background/purpose Life expectancy (LE) is a hypothetical measure to predict life longevity and the indicator of society's overall health. Tooth loss is a worldwide enigma; however, the LE for tooth (LET) are obscure. LET and the burden of tooth loss in Taiwan were estimated using the scheme of National Health Insurance (NHI). Materials and methods Using NHI data, mortality rate, age-specific mortality rate, tooth-extraction rate, and age-specific tooth-extraction rate (ASTER) of Taiwanese in 2004 and 2013 were estimated. ASTER for the individual tooth (ASTER-T) was analyzed for each of 28 permanent teeth according to ID code and tooth location. …

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Alterations In Cortisol Profiles Among Mothers Of Children With Asd Related To Poor Child Sleep Quality, Wasmiah Bin Eid, Mengyu Lim, Giulio Gabrieli, Melanie Kölbel, Elizabeth Halstead, Gianluca Esposito, Dagmara Dimitriou Jan 2022

Alterations In Cortisol Profiles Among Mothers Of Children With Asd Related To Poor Child Sleep Quality, Wasmiah Bin Eid, Mengyu Lim, Giulio Gabrieli, Melanie Kölbel, Elizabeth Halstead, Gianluca Esposito, Dagmara Dimitriou

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience poorer sleep, but studies have not yet used objective measures to investigate how child and caregiver sleep affect each other. In this study, 29 mothers and their child with ASD aged between 6 and 16 years were recruited. Questionnaires measuring child autism, maternal depression, and maternal and child sleep quality were administered. Cortisol salivary samples were also obtained from the mothers over the course of a day. Results revealed that maternal depression is significantly correlated with their subjective sleep quality, sleep latency and daytime dysfunction. Child sleep quality was also found …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Highly Photocatalytic Active Ce And Cu Co-Doped Novel Spray Pyrolysis Developed Moo3 Films For Photocatalytic Degradation Of Eosin-Y Dye, Olfa Kamoun, Abdelaziz Gassoumi, Mohd Shkir, Nima Ghadiri, Najoua Turki-Kamoun Jan 2022

Synthesis And Characterization Of Highly Photocatalytic Active Ce And Cu Co-Doped Novel Spray Pyrolysis Developed Moo3 Films For Photocatalytic Degradation Of Eosin-Y Dye, Olfa Kamoun, Abdelaziz Gassoumi, Mohd Shkir, Nima Ghadiri, Najoua Turki-Kamoun

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

The current work deals with the fabrication of novel MoO3 nanostructured films with Ce and Cu co-doping through the spray pyrolysis route on a glass substrate maintained at 460◦C for the first time. The phase of developed films was approved by an X-ray diffraction study, and the crystallite size was determined between 82 and 92 nm. The optical transmission of the developed films was noticed to be reduced with doping and found between 45 and 90% for all films, and the absorption edge shifted to a higher wavelength with doping. The optical energy gap of the fabricated …

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Dominant Frequency Component Tracking Of Noisy Time-Varying Signals Using The Linear Predictive Coding Pole Processing Method, Jin Xu, Mark Davis, Ruairí De Fréin Jan 2022

Dominant Frequency Component Tracking Of Noisy Time-Varying Signals Using The Linear Predictive Coding Pole Processing Method, Jin Xu, Mark Davis, Ruairí De Fréin

Articles

The linear predictive coding pole processing (LPCPP) method proposed in our previous work overcomes the shortcomings of the LPC method, especially its sensitivity to noise and the filter order. The LPCPP method is a parameterised method that involves processing the LPC poles to produce a series of reduced-order filter transfer functions to estimate the dominant frequency components of a signal. This paper analyses the ability of the LPCPP method to track the frequency changes of noisy, time-varying signals in real-time. Linear chirped frequency modulation signals are used in a series of experiments to simulate signals with different rates of frequency …

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Cloud-Based Knowledge Management Framework For Decision Making In Higher Education Institutions, Muhammad Younas, Ahmad Shukri Mohd Noor, Muhammad Arshad Jan 2022

Cloud-Based Knowledge Management Framework For Decision Making In Higher Education Institutions, Muhammad Younas, Ahmad Shukri Mohd Noor, Muhammad Arshad

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

The education sector is now necessitated to align itself with the latest innovative technological trends in the industry to be competitive while transform-ing database management practices. The Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are currently using cloud-based applications at varied implementation levels while others are following the shifting trends. On-demand availability of consolidated information is a critical success factor to perform decision-making activities; as a result, quite a bit of research work has been performed in this realm. The study is aimed to propose an efficient framework that is capable of extracting the desired information from an educational setup intended to be …

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A Qualitative Analysis Of A Caregivers’ Experience Of Complementary Feeding In A Population Of Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander And Filipino Infants: The Timing Of The Introduction Of Complementary Foods, And The Role Of Transgenerational Experience, Kara Mulville, Jessie Kai, John Kearney, Jacqueline Ng-Osorio, Carol J. Boushey, Marie K. Fialkowski Jan 2022

A Qualitative Analysis Of A Caregivers’ Experience Of Complementary Feeding In A Population Of Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander And Filipino Infants: The Timing Of The Introduction Of Complementary Foods, And The Role Of Transgenerational Experience, Kara Mulville, Jessie Kai, John Kearney, Jacqueline Ng-Osorio, Carol J. Boushey, Marie K. Fialkowski

Articles

The aim of this study was to investigate caregivers’ experiences of complementary feeding (CF) among the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI), and Filipino populations. Research focused on the timing of CF commencement, and the influence of transgenerational experience on feeding practices. The experiences and practices of those who fed human milk exclusively (HME), were compared to those who included infant formula (F&HM). Caregivers of a subset of 32 infants who were participating in a larger longitudinal study relating to CF and diet diversity, took part in voluntary in-depth interviews relating to CF practices. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. …

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Bias Impedes Progress In Physical Biology, Consciousness Studies And Quantum Gravity, Maurice Goodman Jan 2022

Bias Impedes Progress In Physical Biology, Consciousness Studies And Quantum Gravity, Maurice Goodman

Articles

If scientists hope to make progress in consciousness studies they needs to accept that biased judgments have a major influence on the sciences, how we divide them up, how they are funded and this, in turn, has a profound impact on progress. The imbalance in funding, resulting from bias, in favour of the life and health sciences needs to be addressed as does why perversely little of this funding is devoted to a physics explanation of self-organisation and life on the mesoscopic scale? While life (the cell) is an outstanding example of self-organisation on the mesoscopic scale we need to …

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An Exploration Of Elementary School Teachers’ Experiences With Implementing The Response To Intervention Model Remotely During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Shani Nicole Challenor Jan 2022

An Exploration Of Elementary School Teachers’ Experiences With Implementing The Response To Intervention Model Remotely During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Shani Nicole Challenor

Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-

The COVID-19 pandemic quickly removed teachers from their classroom, and they were forced to enter the world of distance learning. The presented research is unique and ground-breaking as this is the first pandemic in over one-hundred years to this magnitude. This dissertation assesses the impact that the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic had on a diverse group of Nassau County elementary school teachers as they implemented the Response to Intervention (RTI) framework remotely. The Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method was used to reveal the insights of elementary school teachers’ experiences with delivering the RTI model remotely during the coronavirus pandemic. The IPA …

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Probing With Noise: Unpicking The Warp And Weft Of Taxonomic And Thematic Meaning Representations In Static And Contextual Embeddings, Filip Klubička Jan 2022

Probing With Noise: Unpicking The Warp And Weft Of Taxonomic And Thematic Meaning Representations In Static And Contextual Embeddings, Filip Klubička

Doctoral

The semantic relatedness of words has two key dimensions: it can be based on taxonomic information or thematic, co-occurrence-based information. These are captured by different language resources—taxonomies and natural corpora—from which we can build different computational meaning representations that are able to reflect these relationships. Vector representations are arguably the most popular meaning representations in NLP, encoding information in a shared multidimensional semantic space and allowing for distances between points to reflect relatedness between items that populate the space. Improving our understanding of how different types of linguistic information are encoded in vector space can provide valuable insights to the …

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Identification Of Nanotechnology Skill Shortages In Ireland’S Agri-Food Sector: Towards The Safe, Innovative And Sustainable Development Of Nano-Food Technology, Eileen Mccarron Jan 2022

Identification Of Nanotechnology Skill Shortages In Ireland’S Agri-Food Sector: Towards The Safe, Innovative And Sustainable Development Of Nano-Food Technology, Eileen Mccarron

Doctoral

The purpose of this research was to assess the nanotechnology skill and capacity shortages in Irelands Agri-food sector. In 2008 the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) published its statement on ‘The Relevance for Food Safety of Applications of Nanotechnology in the Food and Feed Industries’. The importance of the food sector to the Irish economy was clearly emphasised by the FSAI’s statement. The report identified the urgent need for focused research programs into the potential of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector and it highlighted the need for a multi-organisation approach between state agencies, industry and academia to ensure safe …

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Development Of Novel Anticancer Agents Targeting G Protein Coupled Receptor: Gpr120, Ajay Pal Jan 2022

Development Of Novel Anticancer Agents Targeting G Protein Coupled Receptor: Gpr120, Ajay Pal

Doctoral

The G-protein coupled receptor, GPR120, has ubiquitous expression and multifaceted roles in modulating metabolic and anti-inflammatory processes. GPR120 - also known as Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFAR4) is classified as a free fatty acid receptor of the Class A GPCR family. GPR120 has recently been implicated as a novel target for cancer management. GPR120 gene knockdown in breast cancer studies revealed a role of GPR120-induced chemoresistance in epirubicin and cisplatin-induced DNA damage in tumour cells. Higher expression and activation levels of GPR120 is also reported to promote tumour angiogenesis and cell migration in colorectal cancer. A number of agonists …

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Perceived Inequality In The Restaurant Industry For Women, Amanda Wicelinski Jan 2022

Perceived Inequality In The Restaurant Industry For Women, Amanda Wicelinski

Student Publications

Perceived inequality permeates the hospitality industry at large, and women chefs have to overcome many obstacles, like gender roles, on their path to success in a restaurant. As time settles into the 21st century, the principles of equality and diversity are topics at the forefront of discussions about industries like hospitality. Many aspiring chefs entering the industry can easily name a cisgender, white, and male role model chef that they look up to while struggling to come up with a single name of a female chef as a role model. This apparent homogeneity in leaders reveals greater issues at …

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Black Diners And Tipping: An Analysis Of Tipping Culture Amongst Black Restaurant Diners, Steven Mcintyre Jan 2022

Black Diners And Tipping: An Analysis Of Tipping Culture Amongst Black Restaurant Diners, Steven Mcintyre

Student Publications

Tipping began as a means to gain prompt service. Today the practice serves as a primary source of income within the service industry. Within that time, Black diners have achieved the perception of being poor tippers. Throughout this paper, the author will discuss how the Jim Crow era aided in tipping. Additionally, this research examines how the government intervened to ensure discrimination in the workplace was eliminated. Finally, the paper will discuss the correlation of tipping in the United States society, its relations to cultural norms, and social constructs. These topics will support the tie discrimination has to tipping. This …

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Western Herbalism: What Drives Individuals Within Rhode Island To Study This Ancient Healing Modality?, Kyla Shea Jan 2022

Western Herbalism: What Drives Individuals Within Rhode Island To Study This Ancient Healing Modality?, Kyla Shea

Student Publications

People globally rely on herbal practices as their main form of healing, yet few people in the West understand how to properly identify and effectively use herbs. This loss of knowledge regarding traditional healing practices was done so intentionally during enslavement and colonization, resulting in exploitation and misinterpretation of herbal practices. By reclaiming this knowledge, it is not only a way to improve the health of communities and the land, but it is also a way of reclaiming ancestral traditions and connection with oneself. Furthermore, this research paper explores the complexities of Western herbalism and determines what drives individuals within …

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Using Feature Selection With Machine Learning For Generation Of Insurance Insights, Ayman Taha, Bernard Cosgrave, Susan Mckeever Jan 2022

Using Feature Selection With Machine Learning For Generation Of Insurance Insights, Ayman Taha, Bernard Cosgrave, Susan Mckeever

Articles

Insurance is a data-rich sector, hosting large volumes of customer data that is analysed to evaluate risk. Machine learning techniques are increasingly used in the effective management of insurance risk. Insurance datasets by their nature, however, are often of poor quality with noisy subsets of data (or features). Choosing the right features of data is a significant pre-processing step in the creation of machine learning models. The inclusion of irrelevant and redundant features has been demonstrated to affect the performance of learning models. In this article, we propose a framework for improving predictive machine learning techniques in the insurance sector …

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Human Mental Workload: A Survey And A Novel Inclusive Definition, Luca Longo, Christopher D. Wickens, Gabriella Hancock, P.A. Hancock Jan 2022

Human Mental Workload: A Survey And A Novel Inclusive Definition, Luca Longo, Christopher D. Wickens, Gabriella Hancock, P.A. Hancock

Articles

Human mental workload is arguably the most invoked multidimensional construct in Human Factors and Ergonomics, getting momentum also in Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics. Uncertainties exist in its characterization, motivating the design and development of computational models, thus recently and actively receiving support from the discipline of Computer Science. However, its role in human performance prediction is assured. This work is aimed at providing a synthesis of the current state of the art in human mental workload assessment through considerations, definitions, measurement techniques as well as applications, Findings suggest that, despite an increasing number of associated research works, a single, reliable and …

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Towards An Inclusive Co-Design Toolkit: Perceptions And Experiences Of Co-Design Stakeholders, Eamon Aswad, Emma Murphy, Claudia Fernandez-Rivera, Sarah Boland Jan 2022

Towards An Inclusive Co-Design Toolkit: Perceptions And Experiences Of Co-Design Stakeholders, Eamon Aswad, Emma Murphy, Claudia Fernandez-Rivera, Sarah Boland

Articles

Participatory design holds great potential for the creation of inclusive technology but existing toolkits and resources to support co-design are not always accessible to designers and co-designers with disabilities. In this paper we present two studies to assist in facilitating the creation of a sustainable, accessible, inclusive co-design toolkit for individuals with intellectual disabilities i) exploration of the perceptions and experiences of lecturers (n =5) and students (n= 5) involved in co-design activities via individual interviews and ii) a protocol and initial findings from focus groups with men and women with intellectual disabilities to inform on best co-design practices (n=15). …

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Using Burdens Of Proof To Allocate The Risk Of Error When Assessing Developmental Maturity Of Youthful Offenders, David L. Faigman, Kelsey Geiser Jan 2022

Using Burdens Of Proof To Allocate The Risk Of Error When Assessing Developmental Maturity Of Youthful Offenders, David L. Faigman, Kelsey Geiser

Faculty Scholarship

Behavioral and neuroscientific research provides a relatively clear window into the timing of developmental maturity from adolescence to early adulthood. We know with considerable confidence that, on average, sixteen-year-olds are less developmentally mature than nineteen-year-olds, who are less developmentally mature than twenty-three-year-olds, who are less developmentally mature than twenty-six-year-olds. However, in the context of a given case, the question presented might be whether a particular seventeen-year-old defendant convicted of murder is “developmentally mature enough” that a sentence of life without parole can be constitutionally imposed on him or her. While developmental maturity can be accurately measured in group data, it …

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