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2020

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Overexpression Of Ferulate 5‑Hydroxylase Increases Syringyl Units In Sorghum Bicolor, Hannah M. Tetreault, Tammy Gries, Nathan Palmer, Deanna L. Funnell-Harris, Shirley Sato, Zhengxiang Ge, Gautam Sarath, Scott Sattler Jan 2020

Overexpression Of Ferulate 5‑Hydroxylase Increases Syringyl Units In Sorghum Bicolor, Hannah M. Tetreault, Tammy Gries, Nathan Palmer, Deanna L. Funnell-Harris, Shirley Sato, Zhengxiang Ge, Gautam Sarath, Scott Sattler

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) of the monolignol pathway catalyzes the hydroxylation of coniferyl alcohol, coniferaldehyde and ferulic acid to produce 5-hydroxyconiferyl moieties, which lead to the formation of sinapic acid and syringyl (S) lignin monomers. In contrast, guaiacyl (G) lignin, the other major type of lignin monomer, is derived from polymerization of coniferyl alcohol. In this study, the effects of manipulating S-lignin biosynthesis in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were evaluated. Overexpression of sorghum F5H (SbF5H), under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, increased both S-lignin levels and the ratio of S/G lignin, while plant growth and development …


A Systematic Review Of Durum Wheat: Enhancing Production Systems By Exploring Genotype, Environment, And Management (G × E × M) Synergies, Brian L. Beres, Elham Rahmani, John M. Clarke, Patricio Grassini, Curtis J. Pozniak, Cameron Guy Robinson Geddes, Kenton D. Porker, William E. May, Joel Ransom Jan 2020

A Systematic Review Of Durum Wheat: Enhancing Production Systems By Exploring Genotype, Environment, And Management (G × E × M) Synergies, Brian L. Beres, Elham Rahmani, John M. Clarke, Patricio Grassini, Curtis J. Pozniak, Cameron Guy Robinson Geddes, Kenton D. Porker, William E. May, Joel Ransom

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

According to the UN-FAO, agricultural production must increase by 50% by 2050 to meet global demand for food. This goal can be accomplished, in part, by the development of improved cultivars coupled with modern best management practices. Overall, wheat production on farms will have to increase significantly to meet future demand, and in the face of a changing climate that poses risk to even current rates of production. Durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] is used largely for pasta, couscous and bulgur production. Durum producers face a range of factors spanning abiotic (frost damage, drought, and sprouting) and …


Continuous Cropping Alters Multiple Biotic And Abiotic Indicators Of Soil Health, Pervaiz Ahmad, Javed Iqbal, Qingming Zhang, Dima Chen, Hui Wei, Muhammad Saleem Jan 2020

Continuous Cropping Alters Multiple Biotic And Abiotic Indicators Of Soil Health, Pervaiz Ahmad, Javed Iqbal, Qingming Zhang, Dima Chen, Hui Wei, Muhammad Saleem

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

The continuous cropping (CC) of major agricultural, horticultural, and industrial crops is an established practice worldwide, though it has significant soil health-related concerns. However, a combined review of the effects of CC on soil health indicators, in particular omics ones, remains missing. The CC may negatively impact multiple biotic and abiotic indicators of soil health, fertility, and crop yield. It could potentially alter the soil biotic indicators, which include but are not limited to the composition, abundance, diversity, and functioning of soil micro- and macro-organisms, microbial networks, enzyme activities, and soil food web interactions. Moreover, it could also alter various …


The Minimum Wage Change Effect To The Household Saving Between 2011 And 2013, Soraphong Smitintu Jan 2020

The Minimum Wage Change Effect To The Household Saving Between 2011 And 2013, Soraphong Smitintu

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In 2013, Thailand's minimum wage legislation change from multiple minimum wage levels in each province to a single national minimum wage. This study paper presents analyses of the relationship between the minimum wage change and low-income household savings. By using ordinary least square regression analysis. Sample data by Household Socio-economic survey in 2013 from National Statistical Office. The household saving is average monthly total income per household minus average monthly total expenditures per household. For a household to be considered as a low-income household, the household head must be between the ages of 18 and 60, have completed less than …


Metabolite Profiling And Gene Expression Analysis In Starch And Sugar Metabolisms Of Ripening Durian Durio Zibethinus Pulp, Lalida Sangpong Jan 2020

Metabolite Profiling And Gene Expression Analysis In Starch And Sugar Metabolisms Of Ripening Durian Durio Zibethinus Pulp, Lalida Sangpong

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.), an economically important fruit of Southeast Asian countries, expresses unique flavor at the edible ripe stage, resulting from metabolic changes during the ripening process. Nevertheless, the study in such modulations is still limited. In the first manuscript, we profiled metabolites from unripe and ripe pulps of durian cv. Monthong using capillary electrophoresis- (CE) and gas chromatography- (GC) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) and obtained the total 94 ripening-related metabolites from a combination of the two datasets, of which we focused on flavor-related metabolites. For sugar, sucrose is the most abundant sugar that increased during ripening, and the …


Torrefaction Of Cassava Rhizome For Catalytic Gasification Process With Mcm-41 Synthesis By Illite Waste, Punchaluck Sirinwaranon Jan 2020

Torrefaction Of Cassava Rhizome For Catalytic Gasification Process With Mcm-41 Synthesis By Illite Waste, Punchaluck Sirinwaranon

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In this research, the cassava rhizome (CR) was torrefied under different atmosphere to produce a superior green solid fuel for subsequent catalytic gasification. The research consists of 3 parts. The first part was to study the effect of torrefaction temperature (220–300°C) under nitrogen (N2) and simulated flue gas (SFG) at a residence time of 30 and 60 minutes. The highest carbon content in obtained solid fuel ranged from 51.45–65.09%, meanwhile the lowest oxygen content was 19.36% at a temperature over 260˚C. The decrease of O/C ratio benefited from the fuel characteristics improvement of torrefied CR. The higher heating value of …


Preserving Nature For The Benefit Of All Sentient Individuals, Eze Paez Jan 2020

Preserving Nature For The Benefit Of All Sentient Individuals, Eze Paez

Animal Sentience

I agree with Treves et al.’s proposal for a preservation ethics based on the principle that nonhuman well-being is a matter of justice and compassion. In this commentary, I advance two objections. First, only sentient beings, rather than all life, belong in the moral community. Second, given that nature is probably harmful overall for sentient individuals, preserving it for the benefit of future human and nonhuman generations requires us to modify it as far as practicable.


Disentangling Different Forms Of Justice, Anna Wienhues Jan 2020

Disentangling Different Forms Of Justice, Anna Wienhues

Animal Sentience

Treves et al.’s article is an important contribution to an emerging interdisciplinary literature on what constitutes a viable and just response to the current biodiversity crisis. My commentary addresses three interrelated themes: (1) overcoming divisions, (2) hierarchies of moral worth and (3) ‘multispecies justice’ in the broader context of justice.


Just Preservation, Trusteeship And Multispecies Justice, Francisco J. Santiago-Ávila, Adrian Treves, William Lynn Jan 2020

Just Preservation, Trusteeship And Multispecies Justice, Francisco J. Santiago-Ávila, Adrian Treves, William Lynn

Animal Sentience

We are grateful to all the commentators who engaged with our target article. Some commentators have offered important insights into our proposed design and methods for legally intervening on behalf of futurity. Others have focused on theoretical considerations central to our proposal for multispecies justice and trusteeship. All have inspired modifications and further elaboration of our initial proposal. In this Response, we engage with the commentaries, integrating their suggestions, striving for convergence and complementarity, but also discussing points of divergence with our proposed framework where necessary. There is substantial overlap in the points of view of the three co-authors, but …


Virus Like Particle Displaying The Major Allergen Der P 1 As A Vaccine Candidate Against House Dust Mite Allergy, Sirikarn Jitthamstaporn Jan 2020

Virus Like Particle Displaying The Major Allergen Der P 1 As A Vaccine Candidate Against House Dust Mite Allergy, Sirikarn Jitthamstaporn

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

House dust mite (HDM) represents one of the most important allergenic sources worldwide. HDM allergens trigger in atopic patients potent Th2-biased inflammatory responses leading to the development of allergic rhinitis/asthma and atopic dermatitis. The HDM allergic response is mediated mainly by the allergen-specific Th2 cells and IgE. Der p 1, a papain-like cysteine protease, is a major HDM allergen from the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus species, inducing allergic sensitizations in around 80 percent of HDM allergic populations. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) represents a unique specific treatment capable to revert the house dust mite (HDM) allergic response into immune tolerance through repetitive subcutaneous or …


A Corpus Linguistic Approach To Discursive Representation Of Lgbt Identities In The Bangkok Post Newspaper, Duangkamon Chuaikun Jan 2020

A Corpus Linguistic Approach To Discursive Representation Of Lgbt Identities In The Bangkok Post Newspaper, Duangkamon Chuaikun

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The present study examines how each group of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) is represented discursively in Bangkok Post, a major English-language newspaper in Thailand. The data comprise LGBT-related news articles from 2012 to 2019. Statistically significant collocates of each term were extracted via AntConc and Sketch Engine and were then categorized according to their semantic relations as observed from their concordance lines. Findings from the Bangkok Post corpus show that the key terms share common semantic preference patterns that point to the discourse about LGBT political movement. However, the terms; GAY and TRANSGENDER are also associated with “crime”, …


Minds Without Spines: Evolutionarily Inclusive Animal Ethics, Irina Mikhalevich, Russell Powell Jan 2020

Minds Without Spines: Evolutionarily Inclusive Animal Ethics, Irina Mikhalevich, Russell Powell

Animal Sentience

Invertebrate animals are frequently lumped into a single category and denied welfare protections despite their considerable cognitive, behavioral, and evolutionary diversity. Some ethical and policy inroads have been made for cephalopod molluscs and crustaceans, but the vast majority of arthropods, including the insects, remain excluded from moral consideration. We argue that this exclusion is unwarranted given the existing evidence. Anachronistic readings of evolution, which view invertebrates as lower in the scala naturae, continue to influence public policy and common morality. The assumption that small brains are unlikely to support cognition or sentience likewise persists, despite growing evidence that arthropods …


Whether Invertebrates Are Sentient Matters To Bioethics And Science Policy, Michael L. Woodruff Jan 2020

Whether Invertebrates Are Sentient Matters To Bioethics And Science Policy, Michael L. Woodruff

Animal Sentience

Mikhalevich & Powell provide convincing empirical evidence that at least some invertebrates are sentient and hence should be granted moral status. I agree and argue that functional markers should be the primary indicators of sentience. Neuroanatomical homologies provide only secondary evidence. Consensus regarding the validity of these functional markers will be difficult to achieve. To be effective in practice, functional markers of sentience will have to be tested and accepted species by species to overcome the implicit biases against extending moral status to invertebrates.


Farming Democracy: American Agricultural Policy From The Great War To The Great Society, Amanda Belle Biles Jan 2020

Farming Democracy: American Agricultural Policy From The Great War To The Great Society, Amanda Belle Biles

History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies

In the days of the early republic, agriculture provided more than just an economic foundation; it shaped the country socially, and politically, too. Thomas Jefferson and others wrote at length of the role farming played in the American moral and political order, but by the turn of the twentieth century, agriculture’s share of the overall economy had declined, even as it became enmeshed in the emerging class question that was convulsing US politics. Farm policy followed that shift. While many historians of agricultural policy in the twentieth century limited their studies to the so-called farm bills and thus saw only …


An Unintended Activist: Judge Ronald N. Davies And The Influence Of The Northern Plains On Twentieth-Century Civil Rights And Judicial Progressivism, Stacy Michelle Reikowsky Jan 2020

An Unintended Activist: Judge Ronald N. Davies And The Influence Of The Northern Plains On Twentieth-Century Civil Rights And Judicial Progressivism, Stacy Michelle Reikowsky

History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies

A devotion to an open and progressive interpretation of human rights and the law secured Judge Ronald N. Davies’ legacy as an unintended, yet influential activist for advancing civil rights and of the twentieth century. His views helped change the definition and meaning of judicial activism in the modern vernacular and transform it into a new notion of judicial progressivism. A biography of Davies crystallizes the meaning of the racial and civil relations across an evolving American landscape. A study of his life alters the way in which scholars and the public perceive and understand the role of the Northern …


Social Justice And Liturgical Practice: Engaging The Earth/ Cultivating Solidarity, Daniel O'Dea Bradley Jan 2020

Social Justice And Liturgical Practice: Engaging The Earth/ Cultivating Solidarity, Daniel O'Dea Bradley

Philosophy Faculty Scholarship

In North America, across the political spectrum, we have a strong tendency to reduce religion to nothing more than a tool to promote our own socio-political views. Tis is a natural consequence of our hyper-polarized culture and our impoverished view of “religion.” It is also, however, a problem—particularly for those inspired by the call to renewal through an integration of the quest for social justice and the pursuit of the spiritual life. By focusing on the value of participating in religious liturgy, I show how a renewed respect for religion can help the proponents of social justice fulfill some of …


A Rhetorical Consideration Of Christian Nationalism, Secular Society, And The Need For A Civic Religious Pluralism, Malcolm Andrew Jason Jan 2020

A Rhetorical Consideration Of Christian Nationalism, Secular Society, And The Need For A Civic Religious Pluralism, Malcolm Andrew Jason

Communication

This dissertation considers the place of religious argument in the public sphere. While deliberation about religion’s place in the formal public sphere within the United States has often been seen as taking place in a two-dimensional space, with Christian nationalism and pure secularism representing the opposite deliberative positions, I argue that in reality, rhetorical engagements over the place of religion often are contested by arguments hewing to Christian Nationalism on one side, but a kind of civic religious pluralism on the other. This dissertation explores the tensions that exist within public discourse in the United States between Christian nationalism and …


Unsettling Settlements: Examining Police Misconduct Lawsuits In The City Of Chicago, Chloe Nichele Robinson Jan 2020

Unsettling Settlements: Examining Police Misconduct Lawsuits In The City Of Chicago, Chloe Nichele Robinson

Criminal Justice and Political Science

There is limited empirical research related to lawsuits involving the police due in part to limited accessibility to relevant data sources. This study aims to examine the relationship between citizen, situational, and lawsuit factors and police misconduct litigation in the city of Chicago. Data were collected from two separate databases: The Chicago Reporter and The Invisible Institute. The analyses in this study demonstrate that there is a relationship between lawsuit payout amounts, lawsuit misconduct type and various situational factors. Policy implications are discussed.


The Mathematics Of The Astrolabe And Its History, Graziano Gentili, Luisa Simonutti, Daniele C. Struppa Jan 2020

The Mathematics Of The Astrolabe And Its History, Graziano Gentili, Luisa Simonutti, Daniele C. Struppa

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this article we trace the scientific and cultural history of the astrolabe, a mechanical instrument used in the past for astronomical measurements and navigational purposes. The story of the astrolabe is interesting from several points of view, since it intertwines mathematical developments, geographical explorations, changing worldviews, and different cultures and civilizations. In our explorations we move from the early understanding of the world due to the Greeks, to the loss of their work, its rediscovery, the reception of Arab thinkers in Western natural philosophy, and, finally, to the new European culture that emerged with the end of the Middle …


Management Strategies For The Cultivation Of Hop, A Specialty Crop For North Dakota, Nickolas Dana Theisen Jan 2020

Management Strategies For The Cultivation Of Hop, A Specialty Crop For North Dakota, Nickolas Dana Theisen

Plant Sciences

Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at the NDSU Horticulture Research Farm near Absaraka, ND to evaluate the growth and yield characteristics of twelve commercial hop cultivars in response to varied training densities. Cultivars were trained at two, four, and eight bines per crown each season. Cultivars produced significantly higher yield (kg/ha) trained with eight bines per crown in 2018. ‘Nugget’, and ‘Canadian Red Vine’ significantly yielded highest in 2017. ‘Nugget’, ‘Canadian Red Vine’, and ‘Cascade’ significantly yielded highest in 2018. Research investigating mulching as a weed control method on mature hop production systems was conducted. Hop cultivars …


Influence Of Droplet Velocity, Spacing, And Inter-Arrival Time On Line Formation And Saturation In Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing, Trenton Colton, Nathan B. Crane Jan 2020

Influence Of Droplet Velocity, Spacing, And Inter-Arrival Time On Line Formation And Saturation In Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing, Trenton Colton, Nathan B. Crane

Faculty Publications

Binder Jetting (BJ) is a low-cost Additive Manufacturing (AM) process that uses inkjet technology to selectively bind particles in a powder bed. BJ relies on the ability to control, not only the placement of binder on the surface but also its imbibition into the powder bed. This is a complex process in which picoliter-sized droplets impact powder beds at velocities of 1-10 m/s. However, the effects of printing parameters such as droplet velocity, size, spacing, and inter-arrival time on saturation level (fraction of pore space filled with binder) and line formation (merging of droplets to form a line) are unknown. …


Freedom Of Journalism In International Human Rights Law, Edward L. Carter, Rosalie Westenskow Jan 2020

Freedom Of Journalism In International Human Rights Law, Edward L. Carter, Rosalie Westenskow

Faculty Publications

Contemporary attacks of various types have prompted calls for stronger public support and legal protections for journalism. Around the world, journalism faces not only government regulation that affects editorial content but also economic and corporate pressures as well as lack of public understanding of its societal functions. In the United States, courts and even journalism organizations have been reluctant to define journalism or single it out for special protection. But international human rights law presents a possible solution. This article discusses the international human rights law provisions that protect individuals engaged in journalism. The United Nations Human Rights Committee has …


A Density Functional Theory And Many Body Perturbation Theory Based Study Of Photo-Excited Charge Separation In Doped Silicon Nanowires With Gold Leads: Toy Models For The Photovoltaic Effect, Nathan Thomas Walker Jan 2020

A Density Functional Theory And Many Body Perturbation Theory Based Study Of Photo-Excited Charge Separation In Doped Silicon Nanowires With Gold Leads: Toy Models For The Photovoltaic Effect, Nathan Thomas Walker

Physics

We analyze a toy model for p-n junction photovoltaic devices by simulating photoexcited state dynamics in silicon nanowires. One nanowire is approximately circular in cross section with a diameter of d = 1.17 nm. The other has an approximately rhombic cross-section with d1 = 1.16 nm and d2 = 1.71 nm. Both nanowires have been doped with aluminum and phosphorus atoms and capped with gold leads. We use Boltzmann transport equation (BE) that includes phonon emission, carrier multiplication (CM), and exciton transfer. BE rates are computed using non-equilibrium finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations, …


Study Of Organizational Transformation From Socio-Technical Perspective, Md Mahabubur Rahaman Jan 2020

Study Of Organizational Transformation From Socio-Technical Perspective, Md Mahabubur Rahaman

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Organizations are constantly striving for effective and flexible means for managing challenges due to globalization and increasing customer expectations. Many in business community attempted to implement the Toyota Production System, or lean in their organizations to address the challenges. While the intent in many cases were to create a more flexible, effective and efficient organizations that meets the challenges of survival under external and internal pressures. However, the existing body of knowledge on lean is disperse and diverse in nature with respect to the application and implementation of lean tools and practices, making it difficult for researchers and practitioners to …


Solving Russian Velars: Palatalization, The Lexicon And Gradient Contrast Utilization, Jeffrey R. Parker, Andrea D. Sims Jan 2020

Solving Russian Velars: Palatalization, The Lexicon And Gradient Contrast Utilization, Jeffrey R. Parker, Andrea D. Sims

Faculty Publications

The complexity of an inflection class system is the average extent to which elements in the system inhibit motivated inferences about the realization of lexemes’ paradigm cells. Research shows that systems tend to exhibit relatively low complexity in this sense. However, representations of inflectional systems tend to include only affixal and regular patterns, leaving questions about how irregular patterns and non-affixal ‘layers’ of inflectional exponence affect the complexity of a system. We address these questions by exploring four layers of inflectional exponence of Russian nouns, including irregular patterns within each layer. Our data show that the Russian noun system exhibits …


Factors Associated With Teacher Preparedness And Career Satisfaction In First Year Teachers, Kevin Ross Buth Jan 2020

Factors Associated With Teacher Preparedness And Career Satisfaction In First Year Teachers, Kevin Ross Buth

Statistics

The objective of this study is to determine the potential association between teaching state, subject taught, perceived preparation given by teacher preparedness programs, and perceived support from administration and colleagues, and overall happiness of teachers and their satisfaction with the university education program they attended. We use generalized Fisher’s exact tests, two-sample t-tests, linear regression, logistic regression to accomplish this objective. State and subject have very little effect on teacher satisfaction. Teacher support systems are associated with both the way a teacher perceives they were prepared, as well as the satisfaction they experience in their career. How well a teacher …


Supporting Students During Covid-19: Developing And Leveraging Academic Communities Of Engagement In A Time Of Crisis, Jered Borup, Michelle Jensen, Leanna Archambault, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham Jan 2020

Supporting Students During Covid-19: Developing And Leveraging Academic Communities Of Engagement In A Time Of Crisis, Jered Borup, Michelle Jensen, Leanna Archambault, Cecil R. Short, Charles R. Graham

Faculty Publications

As school closures require educators to transition to remote teaching, relevant models for supporting students are necessary. This article discusses Academic Communities of Engagement (ACE), a framework identifying two communities to help support student engagement: (a) the course community associated with course or school (teacher, peers, administrators, counselors) and (b) students’ personal community with long-standing relationships (parents, siblings, friends). Within the framework these communities can provide affective, behavioral, and cognitive support in online (remote) settings. Examples from two schools that had to go remote demonstrate application of the framework promoting student engagement and success.


Estimating The Need For Additional Bankruptcy Judges In Light Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Benjamin Iverson, Jared A. Ellias, Mark Roe Jan 2020

Estimating The Need For Additional Bankruptcy Judges In Light Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Benjamin Iverson, Jared A. Ellias, Mark Roe

Faculty Publications

In this Article, we present the first effort to use an empirical approach to bolster the capacity of the bankruptcy system during a national crisis—here, the COVID-19 crisis. We provide two analyses, one using data from May 2020, very early on in the crisis, and another using data from September 2020, closer to the publication of this Article. Our analysis is based on an empirical observation: Historically, an increase in the unemployment rate has been a leading indicator of a rise in bankruptcy filings. If this historical trend continues to hold, the May 2020 unemployment rate of 13.3% would have …


Sizing Up Corporate Restructuring In The Covid Crisis, Robin Greenwood, Benjamin Iverson, David Thesmar Jan 2020

Sizing Up Corporate Restructuring In The Covid Crisis, Robin Greenwood, Benjamin Iverson, David Thesmar

Faculty Publications

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the financial and legal system will need to deal with a surge of financial distress in the business sector. Some firms will be able to survive, while others will face bankruptcy and thus need to be liquidated or reorganized. Many surviving firms will need to be downsized or acquired. In normal times, this triage is supported by the court system, banks, and financial markets. The goal of this paper is to size up the coming surge of financial distress, list the challenges it presents in the current environment, and analyze potential policy solutions. …


New And Everlasting: The Relationship Between Gospel Covenants In History, Kerry Muhlestein, Joshua M. Sears, Avram R. Shannon Jan 2020

New And Everlasting: The Relationship Between Gospel Covenants In History, Kerry Muhlestein, Joshua M. Sears, Avram R. Shannon

Faculty Publications

Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints speak of covenants in general, baptismal covenants, temple covenants, the new and everlasting covenant, the Abrahamic covenant, and the Mosaic or Sinai covenant. But what are these covenants, and how are they related to each other? Students in many settings experience confusion about these questions. Each book of scripture shares aspects of covenants that students may not understand as well as they could. Greater clarity will allow them to draw more power from scriptural and current prophetic teachings about the centrality of the covenant in every dispensation.