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Advanced Analytical Methods For The Analysis Of Chemical And Microbiological Properties Of Beer, S. Sohrabvandi, A.M. Mortazavian, K. Rezaei

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Beer is a worldwide consumed and universally popular beverage due to its pleasant sensory properties and nutritional/medicinal functions. Chemical (flavor, safety, nutritional and medicinal aspects) and microbiological (brewing yeast and contaminating microorganisms) properties of beer are among its key attributes. In this article, application of advanced instrumental methods for the analysis of chemical and microbiological characteristics of beer is discussed. Advanced instrumental techniques for the quick, reliable, selective and relatively sensitive analysis of food products including beer are widely used for research or quality evaluation purposes.

Detection Of Major Rice Allergenic Proteins In Phytase-Transgenic And Non-Transgenic Rice, S.-L. Huang, H.-Y. Tsen, H.-C. Chen, W.-Z. Hwang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The 14-16 kDa rice allergenic proteins have been reported to be the products of a multigene family, and react most frequently with IgE in serum of rice allergic patients. The aim of this study was to assay the content of endogenous 14-16 kDa rice major allergenic proteins in both phytase-transgenic (GR) and non-transgenic rice (NR) (wild-type, Oryza sative L. cv. Tainung 67). We want to investigate whether the foreign gene will change the allergenicity of rice or not, should be evaluated in order to clarify its pre-market safety. First, the RA17 gene encoding 16 kDa rice allergenic protein was amplified …

Comparison Of Protective Effects Between Oat Β-Glucan And Phenol-Rich Extracts In Hyperlipidemic Icr Mice, Y. Li, Y.-C. Luo, G. Chen, Z.-L. Xiao, Q. Wang, L. Zhao, B.-P. Ji

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

β-Glucan in oat is widely considered as the main ingredient for the anti-hypercholesterol effects; however, phenolic compounds in oat are also regarded to possess potential activities against dyslipidemia. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms thoroughly, it is of great significance to evaluate and compare the hypolipidemic properties exerted by oat phenol-rich extract (PE) and β-glucan extract (GE) in hyperlipidemic ICR mice induced by high-fat diet. The study was conducted for 12 weeks. Both PE and GE showed a significant hypocholesterolemic action by reducing the concentration of serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic TC. Only PE …

Analysis Of Volatile Compounds In Noni Fruit (Morinda Citrifolia L.) Juice By Steam Distillation-Extraction And Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled With Gc/Aed And Gc/Ms, G.-J. Wei, C.-T. Ho, A.N.S. Huang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae), also known as noni, is a plant found in the Hawaiian and Tahitian islands. It is considered as one of the most important plants brought to Hawaii by the first Polynesians. The yellow fruits have a distinctive "grenade-like" shape and can grow up to a size of 12 cm. It has a foul taste and a soapy smell when ripe. It was proposed that the fruits of noni might suppress the growth of tumors by stimulating the immune system. In recent years, noni juice has been sold in the US market as a nutraceutical supplement. Here we …

Effect Of Shengmai San On Insulin Resistance, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha And Oxidative Stress In Rats Fed On A High-Fat Diet, H.-T. Yao, M.-T. Chiang, C.-K. Lii, Y.-W. Chang, S-H. Hsieh, J.-H. Lin, R.-H. Chou, T.-K. Yeh

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Shengmai San (SMS) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula prescribed for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Insulin resistance is the most likely explanation for the development and progression of this disease. To investigate the effect of SMS on high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress, male Wistar rats were fed with low-fat control diet, high-fat diet and high-fat diet supplemented with 4% SMS for eight weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted in the seventh week. Rats fed the SMS diet had significantly lower plasma fructosamine concentration (p < 0.05) and tended to have lower (p < 0.1) AUC values of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after glucose challenge, compared to those fed the high-fat diet. Moreover, SMS reduced TNF-α and lipid peroxidation levels in the liver and heart. However, SMS had no effect on fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment; HOMA) in rats. Our results show that SMS may have little or no significant effect on reducing insulin resistance, but display anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

Hepatoprotective Activity Of Fresh Polygonum Multiflorum Against Hep G2 Hepatocarcinoma Cell Proliferation, B.-H. Lee, Y.-Y. Huang, S.-C. Wu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The modulatory activity of water extracts from fresh roots of Polygonum multiflorum (WRP) on oxidative stress in two liver cell lines was investigated for the first time. WRP increased antioxidant enzyme activities in Clone 9 cells, including catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The intracellular glutathione (GSH) level was also increased in the Clone 9 cells owing to antioxidase activity elevating effect by WRP treatment for 24 h. On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in abundance upon WRP treatment in Hep G2 cells, resulting in the suppression of cell proliferation. Apoptosis …

Hepatoprotective And Antioxidative Properties Of Chinese Herbal Medicine Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang Formulated With Bupleurum Kaoi Liu On Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity In Rats, C.-Y. Wu, Y.-M. Weng, C.-T. Liu, P.-T. Chuang, S.-Y. Liu, C.-Y. Tseng

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The Chinese herbal medicine, Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (XCHT), with Bupleurum radix as the main ingredient, is used for treating hepatitis. Although there are many varieties of Bupleurum in the herbal market, Bupleurum kaoi is the only indigenous species belonging to the Bupleurum genus plant in Taiwan which is commercially cultivated for making health-promoting products. The present study examined the hepatoprotective and antioxidative properties of XCHT formulated with commercially cultivated B. kaoi. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as well as lipid peroxidation in rats treated with …

Evaluation Of Carotenoid Extract From Dunaliella Salina Against Cadmium-Induced Cytotoxicity And Transforming Growth Factor Β1 Induced Expression Of Smooth Muscle Α-Actin With Rat Liver Cell Lines, J.-T. Lin, Y.-C. Lee, C.-C. Hu, Y.-C. Shen, F.-J. Lu, D.-J. Yang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The carotenoid extract from Dunaliella salina was identified and quantitated. The effects against cadmium (Cd)-induced hepatotoxicity and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were evaluated. All-trans-β-carotene (474.82 mg/g extract) and 9- or 9′-cis-β-carotene (425.64 mg/g extract) were major carotenoids in the extract, accounting for 90.30% of total carotenoids (997.17 mg/g extract). Other carotenoids were all-trans-lutein (22.77 mg/g extract), all-trans-zeaxan-thin (39.26 mg/g extract), 13- or 13′-cis-β-carotene (17.18 mg/g extract), all-trans-α-carotene (9.26 mg/g extract) and 9- or 9′-cis-α-carotene (8.24 mg/g extract). The algal extract had a higher effect (p < 0.05) than all-trans-β-carotene in the reduction of cytotoxicity for CdCl2-treated Clone 9 cells and expression of smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) for TGF-β1-treated HSC-T6 cells. These effects were shown to be concentration-dependent.

Dibenzoylmethane Altered Adipose Mass, Serum Lipid And Sex Steroid Hormone In Female Mice, C.-C. Lin, M.-T. Huang, C.-T. Ho

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Dibenzoylmethane (DBM), a β-diketone structural analogue of curcumin, has been reported to exhibit anti-tumorigenic and chemopreventive activities in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Our previous study indicated that DBM modulates estrogenic action both in vitro and in vivo. In this report, the potential role of DBM as modulator of lipid metabolism in two mouse models was investigated. Several biomarkers and intermediate metabolites related to lipid consumption were measured. The results indicated that the parametrial fat pad weight, the level of triglyceride in both CD-1 and Senear mice fed with 1% DBM, was remarkably reduced. In addition, the estradiol level, uterus and mammary …

Antioxidant Activity Of Aqueous Extract Fractions Of Velvet Antler (Census Elaphus Linnaeus), L. Zhao, R.-S. Pei, B.-P. Ji, Y.-C. Luo, D. Zhang, Z.-Y. Xu, X.-N. Jia

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Velvet antler is believed to have body strengthening, immunomodulatory and anti-aging effects. It is used in Chinese commercial functional foods and nutraceuticals. The antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of velvet antler (AEVA) from Cervus elaphus Linnaeus was evaluated with DPPH-radical scavenging, FRAP, Fe2+-chelating and inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation assays. AEVA showed antioxidant activity in all four assays. After removal of protein from AEVA, the antioxidant activity was significantly elevated. A semi-preparative HPLC equipped with a C18 column was used for further separation of the non-protein components (AEVA-S). Identification of the most active fraction (AEVA-SII) of AEVA-S was accomplished …

Determination Of Odour-Active Compounds In The Cooked Meat Of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) By Solid Phase Microextraction, Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry And Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, D.-W. Chen, M. Zhang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Odour-active compounds in the cooked meat of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were investigated. Samples were extracted by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC/O). Fifteen odours were detected with GC/O, and 14 odour descriptors: fishy, crabmeat, toasted, meaty, ammonia, green, sweet, raw egg, sulfury, mud, mushroom, boiled potato, caramel and nutty were used to describe the odours. Trimethylamine, dimethyl sulfide, 1-octen-3-one, dimethyl trisulfide, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-(methythio)-propanal, benzaldehyde and 2-acetylthiazole were identified with GC/MS and proven to be odour-active compounds. There were 8 odour compounds detected with GC/O but not identified …

Study On The Components And Antioxidant Activity Of The Bletilla Plant In Taiwan, T.-Y. Wu, C.-C. Chen, H.-L. Lay

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Bai ji (Rhizoma Bletillae) is a well known traditional Chinese medicine, and Taiwan bai ji (Bletilla formosana (Hayaata) Schltr.) is commonly available in Taiwan. In this study, B. formosana (Hayata) Schltr. was collected from Wutai township (Pingtung county), Shaolin township (Hualien county) and Datung township (Yilan county), while B. formosana (Hayata) Schltr. f. kotoensis (Hayata) T. P. Lin was collected from Orchid Island (Taitung county). Four components, namely militarine, cinnamic acid, 1,8-bi(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4- methoxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol (BHMD), and 4,7-dihydroxy-1-p-hydroxybenzyl-2- methoxy-9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene (DHMD), were used as marker compounds for quantitative analysis by HPLC. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total phenolic content in …

Analysis Of Soy Isoflavones In Foods And Biological Fluids: An Overview, B.-Y. Hsu, B.S. Inbaraj, B.-H. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens mainly present in soybean and soybean products. Isoflavones have been reported to possess physiological activities such as inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, reduction of cardiovascular risk, prevention of osteoporosis and alleviation of postmenopausal syndrome. This paper gives an overview of soy isoflavone analysis in foods and biological fluids. Extraction of isoflavones is often carried out by polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone or acetonitrile, or in combination with acid-containing water. The separation, identification and quantification of isoflavones are usually conducted by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector or mass spectrometer (GC/FID or GC/MS), high-performance …

Dietary Cholestin (Red Yeast Extract) Reduces Toxicity Of Oxidized Cholesterol In Rats, Y.-H. Yeh, Y.-T. Lee, H.-S. Hsieh, D.-F. Hwang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This study focused on the effects of dietary cholestin (red yeast extract) on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats. The rats were divided into eight groups and fed with or without supplement of 1% cholestin and 3% oxidized cholesterol in their diets for 8 weeks. It was found that cholestin could improve the body weight decrease and the glutathione (GSH) level in the liver, and increase of liver and kidney weight to body weight ratio, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level in the liver of rats caused by oxidized cholesterol (P < 0.05). It also reduced the plasma content of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), indicating that cholestin could prevent the hepatotoxicity induced by oxidized cholesterol (P < 0.05). In addition, cholestin possessed recovering effect and a short-term preventing effect on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats. Taking all these data together, cholestin may play an important role in diminishing the toxic effects of oxidized cholesterol in rats.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Soymilk And Fermented Soymilk Prepared With Lactic Acid Bacterium And Bifidobacterium, C.-L. Liao, H.-Y. Huang, L.-Y. Sheen, C.-C. Chou

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

In the present study, anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extracts of soymilk and soymilk fermented with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus CCRC 14805 alone or in conjunction with Bificobacterium infantis CCRC 14603 was evaluated. It was found that extracts of soymilk and the prepared fermented soymilk dose-dependently suppress nitric oxide (NO) production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages, with soymilk showing the highest inhibition ability followed by S. thermophilus-fermented soymilk. Extracts of soymilk and fermented soymilk did not affect the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The extracts of the fermented soymilk inhibited the protein expression of iNOS in LPS-induced macrophages, but …

Antioxidant And Modulatory Effect Of Ethanolic Extract Of Madagascar Harungana (Harungana Madagascariensis) Bark On Cyclophosphamide Induced Neurotoxicity In Rats, G. Oboh, T.L. Akomolafe, S.A. Adefegha, A.O. Adetuyi

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The present study focused on the antioxidant and modulatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Madagascar Harungana bark on cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress in rat's brain. Ethanolic extract of Madagascar Harungana bark yielded a yellow dye. Subsequently, the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities, including total phenol content, free radical scavenging ability, reducing power, Fe2+ chelating ability and in vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat's brain, were determined. The protective effect of dietary inclusion of these extracts (0.5 and 1.0%) on cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg body weight) induced oxidative stress in rat's brain was also assessed. The dietary supplementation of Madagascar …

Potential Antioxidant Components And Characteristics Of Fresh Polygonum Multiflorum, H.-T. Lin, S.-L. Nah, Y.-Y. Huang, S.-C. Wu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The leaf, stem and root of fresh Polygonum multiflorum plant were investigated. The contents of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant potential were studied by several radicals scavenging assay, and the antioxidative substances measured. The total phenolic contents were 179.0, 70.3 and 118.0 mg/g, whereas flavonoids contents were 7.3, 8.0 and 37.5 mg/g for water extracts from root (R), stem (S) and leaf (L), respectively. Further HPLC analysis revealed that the leaf and stem of this functional plant contained quercetin at 13,469 and 1,095 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the root and stem contained rich emodin-related compounds that were 6,620 and 1,245 mg/kg, …

Date Fiber Concentrate: Chemical Compositions, Functional Properties And Effect On Quality Characteristics Of Beef Burgers, S. Besbes, R. Ghorbel, R.B. Salah, M. Masmoudi, F. Jedidi, H. Attia, C. Blecker

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Chemical composition of second-grade dates (with hard texture) from Tunisian Deglet Nour cultivar was similar to that of commercial dates. Date fiber concentrate (DFC) was extracted and characterized in terms of chemical composition and techno-functional properties. DFC showed interesting functional properties. In fact, it presented high water binding capacities (WBC) and oil binding capacities (OBC) reaching 15.82 g/g and 11.31 g/g, respectively. These values were higher than those reported for the most fruits and vegetable fiber concentrates. The use of DFC in beef burger formulations improves cooking properties, e.g. increase cooking yield and decrease shrinkage and minimize production cost without …

Repeatedly Heated Mix Vegetable Oils-Induced Atherosclerosis And Effects Of Murraya Koenigii, Gul Ambreen, Afshan Siddiq, Kashif Hussain, Abdul Saboor Hussain, Zara Naz

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Background: Statins are considered as standard drugs to control cholesterol levels, but their use is also associated with renal hypertrophy, hemorrhagic stroke, hepatomegaly, and myopathy. Murraya koenigii is an herb that is used in traditional cuisine and as a medicine in South Asia. Here we assessed the antidyslipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of this spice in repeated heated mix vegetable oils (RHMVO)-induced atherosclerotic models.
Methods: Aqueous extract of M. koenigii leaves (Mk LE) was prepared and its phytoconstituents were determined. Rabbits were divided into 5 groups (n = 10). Except for the control group, all the other four groups were treated …

Effect And Feasibility Of District Level Scale Up Of Maternal, Newborn And Child Health Interventions In Pakistan: A Quasi-Experimental Study, Zahid Memon, Shah Muhammad, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Nimra Khan, Nadia Akseer, Atif Habib, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Woman and Child Health

Introduction: Pakistan has a high burden of maternal, newborn and child morbidity and mortality. Several factors including weak scale-up of evidence-based interventions within the existing health system; lack of community awareness regarding health conditions; and poverty contribute to poor outcomes. Deaths and morbidity are largely preventable if a combination of community and facility-based interventions are rolled out at scale.
Methods and analysis: Umeed-e-Nau (UeN) (New Hope) project aims is to improve maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) in eight high-burden districts of Pakistan by scaling up of evidence-based interventions. The project will assess interventions focused on, first, improving the quality …

Combined Anthocyanins And Bromelain Supplement Improves Endothelial Function And Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation Status In Adults: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomised Crossover Clinical Trial, Elizabeth J. Pekas, Jaehyun Shin, Ronald Headid Iii, Won-Mok Son, Gwenael Layec, Santosh K. Yadav, Steven D. Scott, Song-Young Park

Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications

Anthocyanins and bromelain have gained significant attention due to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Both have been shown to improve endothelial function, blood pressure (BP) and oxygen utility capacity in humans; however, the combination of these two and the impacts on endothelial function, BP, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxygen utility capacity have not been previously investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of a combined anthocyanins and bromelain supplement (BE) on endothelial function, BP, TAC, oxygen utility capacity and fatigability in healthy adults. Healthy adults (n 18, age 24 (SD 4) years) received BE or …

Non-Destructive Technologies For Detecting Insect Infestation In Fruits And Vegetables Under Postharvest Conditions: A Critical Review, Akinbode A. Adedeji, Nader Ekramirad, Ahmed Rady, Ali Hamidisepehr, Kevin D. Donohue, Raul T. Villanueva, Chadwick A. Parrish, Mengxing Li

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

In the last two decades, food scientists have attempted to develop new technologies that can improve the detection of insect infestation in fruits and vegetables under postharvest conditions using a multitude of non-destructive technologies. While consumers' expectations for higher nutritive and sensorial value of fresh produce has increased over time, they have also become more critical on using insecticides or synthetic chemicals to preserve food quality from insects' attacks or enhance the quality attributes of minimally processed fresh produce. In addition, the increasingly stringent quarantine measures by regulatory agencies for commercial import-export of fresh produce needs more reliable technologies for …

Determination Of The Summer Origins Of American Kestrels ( Falco Sparverius ) Wintering In Northern And Central Illinois, Taylor P. Joray

Theses and Dissertations

The seasonal and interannual movements of the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) are not fully understood. Although one of the most widespread and abundant raptors found in North America, information on where many populations summer and overwinter is lacking. We used stable hydrogen isotope values obtained from feathers (δ2Hf) of known origin to create age-specific calibration functions for juvenile and adult American Kestrels. We then used these calibration functions to determine the most likely summer origins of the American Kestrels that wintered in northern and central Illinois during 2015-16, classified these individuals as year-round residents or wintering migrants, and validated these …

Social Impacts For Residential Neighbourhood Development - Case Study: Leed, Usa., Mohamed Elsayed, Saad Makram, Ahmed Elserwi

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The process of developing a residential neighbourhood should focus on two major factors; the build-up space and the social group which will resident the neighbourhood, hence the rating of the Neighbourhood development should be able to identify the quality of the community social construction. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - Neighbourhood Development (LEED-ND) is a rating system that integrates the principles of smart growth, urbanism and green building into the first USAsystem for neighbourhood design rating. LEED-ND, as a sustainability assessment tool which is used to rate the level of success in achieving the green development goals, it should …

Data Science In The Public Interest: Improving Government Performance In The Workforce, Joshua D. Hawley

Upjohn Press

This book is about how new and underutilized types of big data sources can inform public policy decisions related to workforce development. Hawley describes how government is currently using data to inform decisions about the workforce at the state and local levels. He then moves beyond standardized performance metrics designed to serve federal agency requirements and discusses how government can improve data gathering and analysis to provide better, up-to-date information for government decision making.

Rsif Weekly Vol.1 No.7, Regional Scholarship And Innovation Fund (Rsif)

Rsif Newsletters

No abstract provided.

Exploration Of The Factors Causing Autoimmune Diseases Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps With Concentric Neutrosophic Hypergraphic Approach, Nivetha Martin, Florentine Smarandache, I. Pradeepa, N. Ramila Gandhi, P. Pandiammal

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems

No abstract provided.

Ecology Of The Roseau Cane Scale (Nipponaclerda Biwakoensis, Hemiptera: Aclerdidae) In Coastal Louisiana, Leslie Alejandra Aviles Lopez

LSU Master's Theses

Common reed, Phragmites australis, is the dominant plant in the Mississippi River Delta (MRD), Louisiana. Phragmites australis stands reduce soil erosion from wave action, protect the oil infrastructure, and freshwater habitats. In the fall of 2016, widespread reed die-backs in the MRD were associated with outbreaks of an invasive scale Nipponaclerda biwakoensis (Hemiptera: Aclerdidae). Due to the recent detection of the scale, there was limited knowledge of its ecology in the adventive range, and its impacts on P. australis lineages. Therefore, the objectives of my thesis were to determine (1) the host specificity of the N. biwakoensis in important economic …

"I Learned That I Am Loved": Older Adults And Undergraduate Students Mutually Benefit From An Interprofessional Service-Learning Health Promotion Program., Britteny M. Howell, Leslie C. Redmond, Samantha Wanner

Articles

No abstract provided.

Explaining Relationships Between Stress And Resilience In Pharmacy Students, Rebecca Jones

Dissertations

ABSTRACT

Stress is a growing issue on college campuses, and students in a professional pharmacy program may be at an even greater risk for associated problems. The purpose of this study was to gain information about resilience and its relationship with stress, high-risk behaviors, and grade point averages (GPAs) in students who just completed their first professional (P1) year of a pharmacy program. The research questions for this study were: 1) What is the relationship between levels of stress and level of resilience in these pharmacy students, 2) What is the relationship between high-risk behaviors and level of resilience?, and …