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2020

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Implementing A Professional Learning Community In A Private School In The Dominican Republic: An Instrumental Case Study, Miguelina Adelaida Coronado Cornelio Dec 2020

Implementing A Professional Learning Community In A Private School In The Dominican Republic: An Instrumental Case Study, Miguelina Adelaida Coronado Cornelio

Dissertations

The initiative of turning schools into Professional Learning Communities (PLC) is being implemented by many schools and school systems in different countries. PLC processes have shown to be successful in enhancing teachers’ and students’ learning (Gumus, 2013; Michalak, 2009; Mullen & Schunk, 2010). The fact that the Dominican Republic (DR) is committed to improving the quality of education, the implementation of PLC processes seems to be a compelling option to reach this goal. The Dominican Ministry of Education has followed the guidelines that research in the U.S. and other countries have set and has recently adopted PLCs’ features and processes …

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Participation In Ballroom Dancing: The Effects On The Social And Emotional Intelligence Of Adolescents, Ashley Baxter Dec 2020

Participation In Ballroom Dancing: The Effects On The Social And Emotional Intelligence Of Adolescents, Ashley Baxter

Master's Theses

The goal of this study was to determine the impact that ballroom dancing had on the social and emotional intelligence of adolescents as well as to examine which areas of social and emotional intelligence were most affected by participating in ballroom dancing. In the text Handbook of Social and Emotional Learning: Research and Practice, there are five competencies of social-emotional intelligence as defined by Celene E. Domitrovich et al.: “. . . self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making” (6). The researcher examined the effect that ballroom dancing had on four out of five of these social-emotional …

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Dignity And Respect In The Salsa Dance Classroom: Fostering Healthy Self-Esteem To Promote Compassion, Diana Sanchez Dec 2020

Dignity And Respect In The Salsa Dance Classroom: Fostering Healthy Self-Esteem To Promote Compassion, Diana Sanchez

Master's Theses

Many students that have attempted to take salsa dance classes often express their disillusionment in the way in which they are treated by salsa dance instructors. Salsa dance classes have the possibility to function to awaken in the student greater integration with the society in which people live, while stimulating actions, improving self-esteem, and self-confidence, improving vocabulary, awakening sensitivity, attenuating shyness, as well as increasing communicative and social skills. If the content of a course is well designed and delivered with an intentional student-centered approach, it can positively contribute to greater and more sincere learning. In this sense, the objective …

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With A Little Help From My Friends: Determining The Role Of Physical Activity And Belonging In Retention Of First-Year University Students, Bryson Kelly Dec 2020

With A Little Help From My Friends: Determining The Role Of Physical Activity And Belonging In Retention Of First-Year University Students, Bryson Kelly

Master's Theses

There exists an issue facing colleges and universities across the United States. Roughly 29% of first-year students do not return for their second year of school. Previous research has shown a significant relationship between a student’s sense of belonging or fit within the university and their decision to continue enrollment (retention). Physical activity has also been shown to have a significant relationship with a sense of belonging. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if physical activity and sense of belonging predict retention of university students from their first year to their second year using a Relationships …

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Educational Leadership Can Dance: A Deeper Look Into The Efficiency Behind Evaluations Of Dance Educators, Helen Brown Dec 2020

Educational Leadership Can Dance: A Deeper Look Into The Efficiency Behind Evaluations Of Dance Educators, Helen Brown

Master's Theses

The purpose of this study was to provide information on the issue of dance educator evaluation’s level of integrity, potential biases, and efficiency. Further, this study also acts as a review of current evaluation systems within public schools across the United States. The researcher received information about the evaluation systems from eleven dance educators in addition to how nine educational leaders evaluate their dance educators, along with one educational leader’s personal insight into their respective evaluation process. The research instruments utilized were online surveys and interviews. Both the surveys and interview responses were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively, depending on …

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Identifying Depressive Symptoms From Tweets: Figurative Language Enabled Multitask Learning Framework, Shweta Yadav, Jainish Chauhan, Joy Prakash Sain, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Amit P. Sheth, Jeremiah Schumm Dec 2020

Identifying Depressive Symptoms From Tweets: Figurative Language Enabled Multitask Learning Framework, Shweta Yadav, Jainish Chauhan, Joy Prakash Sain, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Amit P. Sheth, Jeremiah Schumm

Publications

Existing studies on using social media for deriving mental health status of users focus on the depression detection task. However, for case management and referral to psychiatrists, healthcare workers require practical and scalable depressive disorder screening and triage system. This study aims to design and evaluate a decision support system (DSS) to reliably determine the depressive triage level by capturing fine-grained depressive symptoms expressed in user tweets through the emulation of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) that is routinely used in clinical practice. The reliable detection of depressive symptoms from tweets is challenging because the 280-character limit on tweets incentivizes the …

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Quantifying The Simultaneous Effect Of Socio-Economic Predictors And Build Environment On Spatial Crime Trends, Alfieri Daniel Ek Dec 2020

Quantifying The Simultaneous Effect Of Socio-Economic Predictors And Build Environment On Spatial Crime Trends, Alfieri Daniel Ek

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Proper allocation of law enforcement agencies falls under the umbrella of risk terrainmodeling (Caplan et al., 2011, 2015; Drawve, 2016) that primarily focuses on crime prediction and prevention by spatially aggregating response and predictor variables of interest. Although mental health incidents demand resource allocation from law enforcement agencies and the city, relatively less emphasis has been placed on building spatial models for mental health incidents events. Analyzing spatial mental health events in Little Rock, AR over 2015 to 2018, we found evidence of spatial heterogeneity via Moran’s I statistic. A spatial modeling framework is then built using generalized linear models, …

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Agricultural Irrigation Induced Evaporation In A Temperate Study Area: A Stable Isotope Approach, Lincoln Grevengoed Dec 2020

Agricultural Irrigation Induced Evaporation In A Temperate Study Area: A Stable Isotope Approach, Lincoln Grevengoed

Masters Theses

In regions where groundwater is used for irrigation, significant water losses take place due to evaporation. Previous studies demonstrated the utility of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in estimating evaporative water loss experienced during return flow back to an aquifer. Unlike arid regions where the other studies took place, this study examined the region around Kalamazoo, Michigan, the United States, which experiences a more temperate climate. Irrigation in the Kalamazoo area primarily uses center-pivot systems supplied by wells, unlike flood irrigation in previous study areas. Water samples were taken periodically from wells close to center-pivot irrigation systems. Water losses due …

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Development Of A Single Emitter Ionic Liquid Ion Source Research Platform, Thomas V. Kerber Dec 2020

Development Of A Single Emitter Ionic Liquid Ion Source Research Platform, Thomas V. Kerber

Masters Theses

A single emitter ionic liquid ion source using porous borosilicate glass was developed. Two emitters with different radii of curvatures were tested using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF4). I-V curves of the currents on the extractor electrode and a collector plate were obtained for potential differences between the emitter and the extractor ranging from 0 V to 3500 V. For the first emitter chip, extraction began near 2400 V. The highest emission current measured on the first chip was 80 µA at 3500 V with an interception current on the extractor of 4.86 µA. An new collector plate was used …

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Atherosclerosis: Pathology, Role Of Sd-Ldl, Particle Size Characterization Of Sd-Ldl With Multiangle Light Scattering, Akshay Sudhakar Ukey Dec 2020

Atherosclerosis: Pathology, Role Of Sd-Ldl, Particle Size Characterization Of Sd-Ldl With Multiangle Light Scattering, Akshay Sudhakar Ukey

Masters Theses

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease due to the accumulation of lipids in the inner wall of arteries. As per the report of Center of Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in every 4 deaths is due to heart diseases each year. Atherosclerosis occurs when artery walls harden by the buildup of cholesterol, forming multiple atherosclerotic plaques within the aorta (4). Out of the modern medicines available to control cholesterol, statin is amongst the foremost widely used because it is both safe and effective in lowering high risk patients (9). However, usage of high statins dosage typically leads to some mild …

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English Language Learners And Cultural Responsivity In The Art Classroom, Jessica Wycoff Dec 2020

English Language Learners And Cultural Responsivity In The Art Classroom, Jessica Wycoff

Masters Theses

English Language Learners are a heterogeneous population of students that face social, emotional, and academic obstacles as they assimilate into a new culture while learning new subjects in a new language. In this study, I discuss the educational, social, and emotional needs of English Language Learners (ELLs) in PK-12 education and offer strategies to support kindergartener’s social and cultural identity while improving their language and academic skills in the unique environment of the art classroom.

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Contribution Of Submarine Groundwater Discharge To Select Biogeochemical Fluxes In St. Louis Bay, Mississippi, Haley Spaid Dec 2020

Contribution Of Submarine Groundwater Discharge To Select Biogeochemical Fluxes In St. Louis Bay, Mississippi, Haley Spaid

Master's Theses

This thesis assesses the role of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in St. Louis Bay, Mississippi. Located along the northern Gulf of Mexico, St. Louis Bay (SLB) is a semi-enclosed bay that is important to the local area for recreation and tourism. SGD is the movement of any water into the water column across the sediment-water interface. In coastal environments, SGD can be a source of a variety of substances including nutrients and pollutants. In this study, a steady state mass balance approach was used to quantify SGD flux for SLB using 223Ra, 224Ra, and Ba. Using the water …

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Integration Of Lean Approach With Energy Efficiency: Application In Kitchenware Manufacturing Company, M Sagnak, E Ada, Y Kazancoglu, A Mishra Dec 2020

Integration Of Lean Approach With Energy Efficiency: Application In Kitchenware Manufacturing Company, M Sagnak, E Ada, Y Kazancoglu, A Mishra

Plymouth Business School

Energy efficiency in the industries is one of the leading problems of the 21st century. The main aim for the companies to deal with the energy efficiency paradigm is to save the resources in the manufacturing operations. Manufacturing opera-tions involve activities that creates wastes in any case; therefore, these wastes should be eliminated, or minimized as much as possible. In this paper, it is aimed to integrate the energy efficiency term with lean management principles. The barriers and the drivers of the energy efficiency was discussed, and the 8 wastes within lean perspective were translated into ener-gy counterparts. 8 wastes …

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Esg Investing, Fall 2020, Juliet Kamau, Anthony Qiu, Brent Schiller, Raheem Williams, Ge Yu, Zixin Zhou Dec 2020

Esg Investing, Fall 2020, Juliet Kamau, Anthony Qiu, Brent Schiller, Raheem Williams, Ge Yu, Zixin Zhou

Sustainability Exchange Projects

ESG Investing Project for Sustainability Exchange, Washington University in St. Louis, Fall 2020

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Dna Aptamer‑Based Rolling Circle Amplification Product As A Novel Immunological Adjuvant, Adil Sabr Al-Ogaili, Rohana Liyanage, Jack O. Lay Jr., Tieshan Jiang, Christine N. Vuong, Shilpi Agrawal, Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy Suresh Kumar, Luc R. Berghman, Billy M. Hargis, Young Min Kwon Dec 2020

Dna Aptamer‑Based Rolling Circle Amplification Product As A Novel Immunological Adjuvant, Adil Sabr Al-Ogaili, Rohana Liyanage, Jack O. Lay Jr., Tieshan Jiang, Christine N. Vuong, Shilpi Agrawal, Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy Suresh Kumar, Luc R. Berghman, Billy M. Hargis, Young Min Kwon

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

Several agonists to CD40 have shown to induce acquired immune responses. Here, we developed and evaluated the rolling circle amplification (RCA) products that are based on anti-CD40 DNA aptamers as a novel vaccine adjuvant. First, we developed DNA aptamers with specific binding affinity to chicken CD40 extra domain (chCD40ED). Next, we prepared the RCA products that consist of these aptamers to increase the spanning space and overall binding affinity to chCD40ED. Using 8 DNA aptamer candidates, 4 aptamer-based RCA products (aptamer RCAs) were generated, each consisting of two distinct aptamers. We demonstrated that all 4 aptamer RCAs significantly induced the …

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Covid-19: Descriptive Case Study Of A K-8 School District’S Abrupt Transition To Remote Learning From A Traditional In-Person Model, Matthew C. Ferreira Dec 2020

Covid-19: Descriptive Case Study Of A K-8 School District’S Abrupt Transition To Remote Learning From A Traditional In-Person Model, Matthew C. Ferreira

All Theses And Dissertations

COVID-19 resulted in many changes worldwide in how humans and organizations interact and operate. One such significant adjustment was the closure and transition from a classroom instruction model to a remote instruction model across the United States. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to explore student achievement, teacher preparation and instructional hours, and student attendance levels for grades kindergarten through eighth grade (K-8) at four schools in a single school district. The study examined these datasets at a school administrative unit (SAU) comprising of three terms during the 2019-20 school year, comparing pre-COVID-19 levels with post-COVID-19 levels. The …

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Formative Assessment In English Classroom At Secondary Level: Knowledge And Practice Of Teachers And Students, Muhammad Salahuddin, Mariam Begum Dec 2020

Formative Assessment In English Classroom At Secondary Level: Knowledge And Practice Of Teachers And Students, Muhammad Salahuddin, Mariam Begum

Education, Health & Behavior Studies Student Publications

An assessment helps to discover the truth or reality of learning progress. Students can be evaluated both formative and summative assessments in present schooling systems around the world. The main objective of this study is to explore the knowledge and practice of formative assessment (FA) in English classrooms at the secondary level in Bangladesh along with measuring the perception of teachers and students about FA. Following a convergent parallel design, the data were collected from teachers, students, and classrooms by using a questionnaire, in-depth interview schedule, FGD, Likert scale, and classroom observation checklist. A total number of 230 students, 10 …

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Special Issue On 6g Wireless Systems, Periklis Chatzimisios, David Soldani, Abbas Jamalipour, Antonio Manzalini, Sajal K. Das Dec 2020

Special Issue On 6g Wireless Systems, Periklis Chatzimisios, David Soldani, Abbas Jamalipour, Antonio Manzalini, Sajal K. Das

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

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Graphmp: I/O-Efficient Big Graph Analytics On A Single Commodity Machine, Peng Sun, Yonggang Wen, Nguyen Binh Duong Ta, Xiaokui Xiao Dec 2020

Graphmp: I/O-Efficient Big Graph Analytics On A Single Commodity Machine, Peng Sun, Yonggang Wen, Nguyen Binh Duong Ta, Xiaokui Xiao

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Recent studies showed that single-machine graph processing systems can be as highly competitive as cluster-based approaches on large-scale problems. While several out-of-core graph processing systems and computation models have been proposed, the high disk I/O overhead could significantly reduce performance in many practical cases. In this paper, we propose GraphMP to tackle big graph analytics on a single machine. GraphMP achieves low disk I/O overhead with three techniques. First, we design a vertex-centric sliding window (VSW) computation model to avoid reading and writing vertices on disk. Second, we propose a selective scheduling method to skip loading and processing unnecessary edge …

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Analysis Of Online Posts To Discover Student Learning Challenges And Inform Targeted Curriculum Improvement Actions, Michelle L. F. Cheong, Jean Y. C. Chen, Bingtian Dai Dec 2020

Analysis Of Online Posts To Discover Student Learning Challenges And Inform Targeted Curriculum Improvement Actions, Michelle L. F. Cheong, Jean Y. C. Chen, Bingtian Dai

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Past research on analysing end-of-term student feedback tend to result in only high-level course improvement suggestions, and some recent research even argued that student feedback is a poor indicator of teaching effectiveness and student learning. Our intelligent Q&A platform with machine learning prediction and engagement features allow students to ask self-directed questions and provide answers in an out-of-class informal setting. By analysing such high quality and truthful posts which represent the students’ queries and knowledge about the course content, we can better identify the exact course topics which the students face learning challenges. We have implemented our Q&A platform for …

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Identifying And Characterizing Alternative News Media On Facebook, Samuel S. Guimaraes, Julia C. S. Reis, Lucas Lima, Filipe N. Ribeiro, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jisun An, Haewoon Kwak, Fabricio Benevenuto Dec 2020

Identifying And Characterizing Alternative News Media On Facebook, Samuel S. Guimaraes, Julia C. S. Reis, Lucas Lima, Filipe N. Ribeiro, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jisun An, Haewoon Kwak, Fabricio Benevenuto

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

As Internet users increasingly rely on social media sites to receive news, they are faced with a bewildering number of news media choices. For example, thousands of Facebook pages today are registered and categorized as some form of news media outlets. This situation boosted the so-called independent journalism, also known as alternative news media. Identifying and characterizing all the news pages that play an important role in news dissemination is key for understanding the news ecosystems of a country. In this work, we propose a graph-based semi-supervised method to measure the political bias of pages on most countries and show …

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The Spatial And Temporal Impact Of Agricultural Crop Residual Burning On Local Land Surface Temperature In Three Provinces Across China From 2015 To 2017, Wenting Zhang, Mengmeng Yu, Qingqing He, Tianwei Wang, Lu Lin, Kai Cao, Wei Huang, Peihong Fu, Jiaxin Chen Dec 2020

The Spatial And Temporal Impact Of Agricultural Crop Residual Burning On Local Land Surface Temperature In Three Provinces Across China From 2015 To 2017, Wenting Zhang, Mengmeng Yu, Qingqing He, Tianwei Wang, Lu Lin, Kai Cao, Wei Huang, Peihong Fu, Jiaxin Chen

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

China has suffered from severe crop residue burning (CRB) for a long time. As a type of biomass burning, CRB leads to a huge alteration in climate due to the emission of greenhouse gases and particulates in the atmosphere and damages to surface characteristics on land. At present, a growing body of research focuses on the impact of biomass burning (BB) (e.g., forest fire, grass fire, and CRB) on climate change from the aspect of atmospheric process. Meanwhile, a small number of research studies have started to pay attention on the damage caused by BB (e.g. forest fire) on land …

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Optimal Collaborative Path Planning For Unmanned Surface Vehicles Carried By A Parent Boat Along A Planned Route, Ari Carisza Graha Prasetia, I-Lin Wang, Aldy Gunawan Dec 2020

Optimal Collaborative Path Planning For Unmanned Surface Vehicles Carried By A Parent Boat Along A Planned Route, Ari Carisza Graha Prasetia, I-Lin Wang, Aldy Gunawan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In this paper, an effective mechanism using a fleet of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) carried by a parent boat (PB) is proposed to complete search or scientific tasks over multiple target water areas within a shorter time . Specifically, multiple USVs can be launched from the PB to conduct such operations simultaneously, and each USV can return to the PB for battery recharging or swapping and data collection in order to continue missions in a more extended range. The PB itself follows a planned route with a flexible schedule taking into consideration locational constraints or collision avoidance in a real-world …

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Carbon Sequestration By Reforesting Legacy Grasslands On Coal Mining Sites, James F. Fox, J. Elliott Campbell, Peter M. Acton Dec 2020

Carbon Sequestration By Reforesting Legacy Grasslands On Coal Mining Sites, James F. Fox, J. Elliott Campbell, Peter M. Acton

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications

Future carbon management during energy production will rely on carbon capture and sequestration technology and carbon sequestration methods for offsetting non-capturable losses. The present study quantifies carbon sequestration via reforestation using measurements and modeling for recent and legacy surface coal mining grasslands that are re-restored through tree planting. This paper focuses on a case study of legacy coal mining sites in the southern Appalachia the United States. This five million-hectare region has a surface mining footprint of approximately 12% of the land area, and the reclamation method was primarily grassland. The results of the soil carbon sequestration rates for restored …

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Global Privacy Concerns Of Facial Recognition Big Data, Myranda Westbrook Dec 2020

Global Privacy Concerns Of Facial Recognition Big Data, Myranda Westbrook

Honors Theses

Facial recognition technology is a system of automatic acknowledgement that recognizes individuals by categorizing specific features of their facial structure to link the scanned information to stored data. Within the past few decades facial recognition technology has been implemented on a large scale to increase the security measures needed to access personal information. This has been specifically used in surveillance systems, social media platforms, and mobile device access control. The extensive use of facial recognition systems has created challenges as it relates to biometric information control and privacy concerns. This concern raises the cost and benefit analysis of an individual’s …

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Improving Engineering Education Through Cyber-Physical Systems: Instrumentation And Control Of A Unit Operations Laboratory, Shelby Musselman Dec 2020

Improving Engineering Education Through Cyber-Physical Systems: Instrumentation And Control Of A Unit Operations Laboratory, Shelby Musselman

Honors Theses

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a network of physical devices that are monitored or controlled by computer-based algorithms. A key enabler for future technology developments, CPS is an interdisciplinary research area that engages a broad spectrum of disciplines and could bring about revolutionary changes in domains such as energy, environment, and healthcare [1, 2] Using CPS to develop smart, connected products through hierarchies such as internet of things (IoT) allows for integration of systems and provides open access to data subsets for digital service applications. This technology has the potential to transform our everyday lives (e.g., smartphones, activity trackers), our …

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Statistics Of Branched Populations Split Into Different Types, Thierry E. Huillet Dec 2020

Statistics Of Branched Populations Split Into Different Types, Thierry E. Huillet

Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)

Some population is made of n individuals that can be of P possible species (or types) at equilibrium. How are individuals scattered among types? We study two random scenarios of such species abundance distributions. In the first one, each species grows from independent founders according to a Galton-Watson branching process. When the number of founders P is either fixed or random (either Poisson or geometrically-distributed), a question raised is: given a population of n individuals as a whole, how does it split into the species types? This model is one pertaining to forests of Galton-Watson trees. A second scenario that …

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Nonparametric M-Regression With Scale Parameter For Functional Dependent Data, Mebsout Mokhtaria, Attouch M. Kadi, Fetitah Omar Dec 2020

Nonparametric M-Regression With Scale Parameter For Functional Dependent Data, Mebsout Mokhtaria, Attouch M. Kadi, Fetitah Omar

Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)

In this paper, we study the equivariant nonparametric robust regression estimation relationship between a functional dependent random covariable and a scalar response. We consider a new robust regression estimator when the scale parameter is unknown. The consistency result of the proposed estimator is studied, namely the uniform almost complete convergence (with rate). Thus, suitable topological considerations are needed, implying changes in the convergence rates, which are quantified by entropy considerations. The benefits of considering robust estimators are illustrated on two real data sets where the robust fit reveals the presence of influential outliers.

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Estimation Of Transmission Dynamics Of Covid-19 In India: The Influential Saturated Incidence Rate, - Tanvi, Rajiv Aggarwal, Ashutosh Rajput Dec 2020

Estimation Of Transmission Dynamics Of Covid-19 In India: The Influential Saturated Incidence Rate, - Tanvi, Rajiv Aggarwal, Ashutosh Rajput

Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)

A non-linear SEIR mathematical model for coronavirus disease in India has been proposed, by incorporating the saturated incidence rate on the occurrence of new infections. In the model, the threshold quantity known as the reproduction number is evaluated which determines the stability of disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium points. The disease-free equilibrium point becomes globally asymptotically stable when the corresponding reproduction number is less than unity, whereas, if it is greater than unity then the endemic equilibrium point comes into existence, which is locally asymptotically stable under certain restrictions on the parameters value in the model. The impact of …

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A Mathematical Model Of Avian Influenza For Poultry Farm And Its Stability Analysis, Abdul Malek, Ashabul Hoque Dec 2020

A Mathematical Model Of Avian Influenza For Poultry Farm And Its Stability Analysis, Abdul Malek, Ashabul Hoque

Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)

This paper aims to estimate the basic reproduction number for Avian Influenza outbreak in local and global poultry industries. In this concern, we apply the SEIAVR compartmental model which is developed based on the well-known SEIR model. The SEIAVR model provides the mathematical formulations of the basic reproduction number, final size relationship and a relationship between these two phenomena. The developed model Equations are solved numerically with the help of Range-Kutta method and the values of initial parameters are taken from the several literatures and reports. The calculated result of basic reproduction number shows that it is locally and globally …

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