Digital Commons Network^™

Determinants Of Consumer Preference For And Expenditure On Rice In The Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, Japhet S. Laizer, Ntam R. Baharanyi, Robert Zabawa, Reuben M.J. Kadigi

Professional Agricultural Workers Journal

The primary objective of the study was to examine determinants of consumer preferences for and expenditure on rice in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Data were collected from a random sample of 230 participants, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. The descriptive statistics revealed that domestic rice was preferred by a majority of the participants over imported rice. The most important attribute for consumers was aroma, followed by taste, cleanness, and price. The logistic regression analysis showed that price of a substitute, quality, and household size had significant effects on preference for rice, domestic or imported. The OLS analysis …

Improved Growth Estimates For Lethrinus Harak: Measuring Increments, Adjusting Ages, And Fitting Flexible Growth Models, Stephen Midway

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Predictors Of Death Including Quality Of Positive Pressure Ventilation During Newborn Resuscitation And The Relationship To Outcome At Seven Days In A Rural Tanzanian Hospital, Robert Moshiro, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Hussein Kidanto, Jan Terje Kvaløy, Paschal Mdoe, Hege L. Ersdal

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background Effective positive pressure ventilation (PPV) of non-breathing newborns is crucial in facilitating cardio-respiratory adaptation at birth. Identifying predictors of death in newborns receiving PPV is important in order to facilitate preventative strategies.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the perinatal predictors of death including the quality of PPV administered among admitted newborns.

Methods An observational study of admitted newborns who received PPV after birth was conducted. Research assistants observed all deliveries and recorded perinatal events on data collection forms. Measured heart rate (HR) and ventilation parameters were then compared between newborns who died and survivors.

Results …

Assessment For Learning In Africa: Insights From Classrooms In Tanzania, Anjum Halai, Veronica Sarungi, Therese N. Hopfenbeck

Book Chapters / Conference Papers

This paper reports on teachers’ practice regarding Assessment for Learning (AfL) mathematics in a study where AfL pedagogy was used to improve the quality of teaching. It draws on a multi-country research project entitled ‘Assessment for Learning in Africa’ that aimed to generate knowledge about how to develop and sustain teacher capacity in integration and use of assessment for improving learning in mathematics in challenging educational settings such as those in Tanzania. While AfL has the potential to significantly impact on improving student learning outcomes, there is a policy blind spot in international development on teachers’ assessment in particular in …

The Relationship Of Male And Female Pastoralist Income With Household Food Security And Nutrition Status In Tanzania: Maasai, Sukuma, And Barabaig Ethnic Groups, Henriette Gitungwa

Department of Agricultural Economics: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Although previous work provides a significant baseline for understanding the impact of gender on household decision making and resource (i.e. income and food) allocation, there are gaps in evidence for important groups, including East African pastoralists. Previous authors have noted that pastoralists’ gender roles and relations appear to be resistant to change, potentially impeding household development. This paper attempts to assess the relationship between male and female pastoralists’ income control and household food security and nutritional status in Tanzania. We use three surveys: a household-level livestock health and economics survey, a household food security survey, and an individual woman-level survey …

Evaluation Of A Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Assay For Cervical Cancer Screening In Tanzania, Kandali S. Kapie

School of Biological Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Abstract: Mucosal high-risk Human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been identified as the primary factor in causing cervical cancer, the most common cancer in women of low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Cervical cancer screening, incorporating the HPV test shown to be more advantageous than screening by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) alone. However, due to resources constrain these countries could not afford the available HPV tests. We, therefore, validated a cost-effective Multiplex PCR HPV (mPCR) assay, a recently developed assay for detecting sixteen genital HPV, fourteen HR-HPV and 2 low-risk genotypes. We postulate that this HPV multiplex assay will be at …

Levels Of Heavy Metals In Selected Facial Cosmetics Marketed In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Silvia John, Othman Chande Othman

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals: lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, arsenic and mercury in facial cosmetics (lipstick, lip glossy, facial powder, foundation, eyeliner, eye shadow and mascara) which were purchased randomly in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The levels of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The levels of arsenic were determined using Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HGAAS), and levels of mercury were determined using Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Prior to determination of the concentration of heavy metals, the samples were acid digested. The average order …

The Efficacy Of Raw Malangali Kaolin Clay In The Adsorptive Removal Of Cadmium And Cobalt Ions From Water, Nyemaga Masanje Malima, Esther Hellen Lugwisha, Alinanuswe Simon Mwakaboko

Tanzania Journal of Science

The suitability of raw Malangali kaolin (RMK) clay for the removal of cadmium and cobalt ions from water was investigated using a batch technique whereas the characterization of adsorbent material was performed by XRD, XRF, ATR-FTIR and N2 physisorption techniques. Various experimental parameters were tested for the effectiveness of RMK in removing heavy metals whereby quantitative determination of both Cd2+ and Co2+ ions has shown that, the factors such as adsorbent particle size, solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose as well as initial metal ion concentration had significant effects on the adsorption processes. The equilibrium data described by Langmuir and …

A Trans Influence And Π-Conjugation Effects On Ligand Substitution Reactions Of Pt(Ii) Complexes With Tridentate Pendant N/S-Donor Ligands, Grace A. Kinunda

Tanzania Journal of Science

The rate of displacement of the chloride ligands by three neutral nucleophiles (Nu) of different steric demands, namely thiourea (TU), N,N’-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and N,N,N,’N-tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) in the complexes viz; [Pt(II)(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine)Cl]ClO4, (Pt1), [Pt(II){N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-8-quinolinamine}Cl]Cl, (Pt2), [Pt(II)(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfide)Cl]Cl, (Pt3) and [Pt(II){8-((2-pyridylmethyl)thiol)quinoline}Cl]Cl, (Pt4) was studied under pseudo first-order conditions as a function of concentration and temperature using a stopped-flow technique and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The observed pseudo first-order rate constants for substitution reactions obeyed the simple rate law. The results have shown that the chloro ligand in Pt(N^S^N) complexes is more labile by two orders of magnitude than Pt(N^N^N) complexes due to the high trans labilizing …

Levels Of Heavy Metals In Deposited Dust And Soil From Selected Primary Schools In Dar Es Salaam, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Eliamini Ismail Mkenga, Othman Chande Othman

Tanzania Journal of Science

The objective of this study was to examine the levels of heavy metals, lead, manganese, nickel, copper, chromium and cadmium in standard one and kindergarten classroom dusts and playing ground soils from selected primary schools along Morogoro road highway (Kimara, Mbezi, Kibamba and Kiluvya primary schools) and away from Morogoro road highway (Makabe, Msumi and Mbopo primary schools) as well as in the Dar es Salaam city center (Uhuru, Mzimuni, Dr. Omari Ali Juma, Manzese and Ubungo National House primary schools), Tanzania. The samples were acid digested and the supernatant analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The …

In Silico Pharmacokinetic And Molecular Docking Studies Of N-Cinnamoyltetraketide Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Daniel M. Shadrack, Joan J. E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Recent phytochemical analysis of Toussaintia orientalis leaves yielded series of novel bioactive N-cinnamoyltetraketide derivatives namely toussaintines A-G (t_1 - t_8) some portraying cytotoxicity against the triple negative aggressive human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) among other potencies. Despite having broad bioactivity spectrum, their general drug-likeness profiles and mode of action (simulated or actual) targeting any enzyme remains uninvestigated. In silico pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness descriptors and molecular docking of the compounds t_1-t_8 targeting inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme were evaluated. The Lipinski Rule of Five heralded the pharmacokinetic properties of the studied metabolites. The studied compounds were docked with COX-2 following already …

Semisynthesis Of A Mellein-Type 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarin From Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Cnsl), Clarence A. Mgina, Fatma Kadir

Tanzania Journal of Science

Mellein-type 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin 39 (i.e., 8-methoxy-3-tridecyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin or 8-methoxy-3-tridecylisochroman-1-one), and its precursors, namely, methyl 2-methoxy-6-pentadecylbenzoate (37), methyl 2-methoxy-6-pentadecanoylbenzoate (38) and (E)-methyl 2-methoxy-6-(pentadec-1-enyl)benzoate (19) were synthesized from anacardic acid (12) as a starting material obtained from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) in an overall yield of 78%. The transformation of 12 to 39 involved protection of the reactive phenolic and carboxylic acid groups of compound 12 through methylation followed by hydrogenation so as to saturate the mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated C15 chains of anacardic acid (12). Subsequent benzylic oxidation and reduction of the keto functional group with concomitant dehydration of the alcohol led …

One-Compound-Two-Pharmacophores: Design, Synthesis And Antimalarial Activities Of Chloroquinoline-Cassiarin, Thobias M. Kalenga, Monica M. Ndoile, Quintino A. Mgani

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper describes the design and synthesis of a potential antimalarial compound, chloroquinoline-cassiarin (6) using 4,7-dichloroquinoline and the natural product barakol (1) extracted from the leaves of Cassia siamea as starting materials. In this paper a one compound-two-pharmacophores concept is introduced in which coupling of two known pharmacophores into one has been described. The concept is not only useful to organic synthesis but also to drug development researches. The synthesized compound 6 exhibited potent in vitro antimalarial activity at IC50 = 0.51 µM, and low toxicity where at 20 µM, 80% viability of HeLa cells was observed.

Bioactivities Of Extracts, Debromolaurinterol And Fucosterol From Macroalgae Species, Sartaz Begum, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Amelia S. Buriyo, John J. Makangara, Joan J. E. Munissi, Sandra Duffy, Vicky M. Avery, Mate Erdelyi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Parasitic diseases including malaria, and other numerous microbial infections and physiological diseases are threatening the global population. Tanzanian coast shores are endowed with a variety of macroalgae (seaweeds), hitherto unsystematically explored to establish their biomedical potentials. Thus, antiplasmodial activity using malarial imaging assay, antimicrobial activity using microplate dilution technique, antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging method and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp test were carried out on crude extracts from the selected species of algae (Acanthophora spicifera, Cystoseira myrica, Cystoseira trinodis, Laurencia filiformis, Padina boryana, Sargassum oligocystum, Turbinaria crateriformis, Ulva fasciata and Ulva reticulata) occurring along the coast of Tanzania. The …

Determination Of Toxic Diethylene Glycol In Toothpastes In Dar Es Salaam By High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography And Colorimetric Methods, John Andrew Marco Mahugija

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of this study was to determine the presence and the levels of diethylene glycol (DEG) in toothpaste products commonly used in Dar es Salaam. Forty five samples of different brands of imported and locally manufactured toothpastes were collected and processed prior to analysis. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used for the qualitative detection of diethylene glycol in the toothpastes. In quantitative analysis, a colorimetric method that involved ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric measurements of absorbances of prepared coloured samples and standards was used. DEG was found in 37.8% of the tested samples. The concentrations of the DEG …

In Silico Pharmacokinetic And Molecular Docking Studies Of N-Cinnamoyltetraketide Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Daniel M. Shadrack, Joan J. E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Recent phytochemical analysis of Toussaintia orientalis leaves yielded series of novel bioactive N-cinnamoyltetraketide derivatives namely toussaintines A-G (t_1 - t_8) some portraying cytotoxicity against the triple negative aggressive human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) among other potencies. Despite having broad bioactivity spectrum, their general drug-likeness profiles and mode of action (simulated or actual) targeting any enzyme remains uninvestigated. In silico pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness descriptors and molecular docking of the compounds t_1-t_8 targeting inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme were evaluated. The Lipinski Rule of Five heralded the pharmacokinetic properties of the studied metabolites. The studied compounds were docked with COX-2 following already …

Cost Effective Strategy For The Synthesis Of Azo Dyes By Using Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Cnsl), Mathias Yohana, Monica M. Ndoile, Quintino A. Mgani

Tanzania Journal of Science

The synthesis and dyeing properties of two types of azo dyes are reported in this paper. The two types of dyes were obtained from coupling of amino cardanol with unsaturated anacardic acid [ACUSA (Aminocardanol unsaturated anacardic acid)] and saturated anacardic acid [ACSA (Aminocardanol saturated anacardic acid)] separately. Both, anacardic acid and aminocardanol were obtained from CNSL as their source material. ACSA dyes were solid and dark brown while ACUSA were gelatinous and dark red. The performance of both ACUSA and ACSA dyes was moderate on textile fabrics with varying cotton content. The dyeing efficiency of the ACUSA was better than …

In Vivo Antimycobacterial Studies Of Toussaintine A-Chitosan Nanocomposites, Edward Rwegasila, Joan J.E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Paul Erasto

Tanzania Journal of Science

Chitosan (CS, molecular weight (MW) 20.2 kDA, stability of 210 °C and degree of deacetylation (DD) 73.31%) was obtained by deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell wastes. The encapsulation of the studied bioactive natural product, toussaintine A (TA) isolated from the leaves of Toussaintia orientalis, on a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) nanoformulation was attained through ionotropic gelation. Characterization of pure CS, CS/TPP and TA-CS/TPP nanocomposites was carried out by FTIR and SEM. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the TA were 69.33 and 0.46%, respectively. The in vitro release kinetics established an initial release of 27% of TA …

In Vivo Antimycobacterial Studies Of Toussaintine A-Chitosan Nanocomposites, Edward Rwegasila, Joan J.E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Paul Erasto

Tanzania Journal of Science

Chitosan (CS, molecular weight (MW) 20.2 kDA, stability of 210 °C and degree of deacetylation (DD) 73.31%) was obtained by deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell wastes. The encapsulation of the studied bioactive natural product, toussaintine A (TA) isolated from the leaves of Toussaintia orientalis, on a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) nanoformulation was attained through ionotropic gelation. Characterization of pure CS, CS/TPP and TA-CS/TPP nanocomposites was carried out by FTIR and SEM. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the TA were 69.33 and 0.46%, respectively. The in vitro release kinetics established an initial release of 27% of TA …

Assessment Of Initiation Of Breastfeeding Practice In Kassala, Eastern Sudan: A Community-Based Study, Ahmed A. Hassan, Zainab Taha, Mohammed Ahmed A. Ahmed, Abdel Aziem A. Ali, Ishag Adam

All Works

© 2018 The Author(s). Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) encourages early initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth with the objective of saving children's lives. There are few published research papers about factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding in Sudan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with the timely initiation of breastfeeding among mothers with children two years and under in Kassala, Eastern Sudan. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2016 to March 2017. Mothers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of …

Assessing The Impact Of A Partnership‐Based Work/Study Nursing Upgrade Programme In A Low And Middle‐Income Setting, Sharon Brownie, Samwel Gatimu, Abdul Haq Wahedna, Isabel Kambo, Eunice Ndirangu

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Aim: To evaluate the 15‐years impact of the work‐study nursing upgrading programme in East Africa.

Background: Working nurses in Africa are often primary family income earners, with limited ability to leave jobs and upgrade qualifications. In 2001, the university established a work‐study upgrade programme for enrolled‐ and diploma‐level nurses, allowing them to upgrade their qualifications while continuing to work and support families. Donor partnerships provided scholarships to further increase programme access.

Design: A mixed method design was used involving an online alumni survey and 24 interviews and 23 focus groups with 172 purposively selected representatives of nursing graduates, employers, regulatory …

"Waste Is Not Just Waste Anymore": Deconstructing The Relationship Between Sustainable Waste Prevention And Individual Socio-Demographic Characteristics (The Juxtaposition Of Ushongo Mtoni Village And Moshi Urban, Tanzania), Mahalia Smith

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

I am going to tell you a story about humans — their lives, livelihoods, environments, and their individual relationships to sustainable waste prevention. As developing countries, such as Tanzania experience economic growth, waste overflow and proper waste disposal become even more arduous challenges. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to explore sustainable solutions such as waste prevention. Through conducting semi-structured interviews in two distinctly unique locations, Moshi Urban of the Kilimanjaro Region and Ushongo Village on the coast of Tanga Region, Tanzania, I explored how levels of awareness and involvement in sustainable waste prevention practices, specifically reducing, reusing, and recycling, …

Tracking Facility-Based Perinatal Deaths In Tanzania: Results From An Indicator Validation Assessment, Marya Plotkin, Dunstan Bishanga, Hussein Kidanto, Mary Carol Jennings, Jim Ricca, Amasha Mwanamsangu, Gaudiosa Tibaijuka, Ruth Lemwayi, Benny Ngereza, Mary Drake

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background Globally, an estimated 2.7 million babies die in the neonatal period annually, and of these, about 0.7 million die from intrapartum-related events. In Tanzania 51,000 newborn deaths and 43,000 stillbirths occur every year. Approximately two-thirds of these deaths could be potentially prevented with improvements in intrapartum and neonatal care. Routine measurement of fetal intrapartum deaths and newborn deaths that occur in health facilities can help to evaluate efforts to improve the quality of intrapartum care to save lives. However, few examples exist of indicators on perinatal mortality in the facility setting that are readily available through health management information …

Regional Prevalence Of Health Worker Absenteeism In Tanzania, Tomoki Fujii

Research Collection School Of Economics

Absenteeism of health workers in developing countries is common and can severely undermine the reliability of health system. Therefore, it is important to understand where the prevalence of absenteeism is high. We develop a simple imputation method that combines a Service Delivery Indicators survey and a Service Provision Assessment survey to estimate the prevalence of absenteeism of health workers at the level of regions in Tanzania. The resulting estimates allow one to identify the regions in which the prevalence of absenteeism is significantly higher or lower than the national average and help policymakers determine the priority areas for intervention.

Technology Acceptance Model Limitations And Criticisms: Exploring The Practical Applications And Use In Technology-Related Studies, Mixed-Method, And Qualitative Researches, Patrick Ajibade

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Many researchers have been citing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) because of the simplicity of the model without considering actual applications in their studies. This paper presented some of the criticisms and limitations of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), taking into consideration, the use of the model technology-related studies across various disciplines particularly in social sciences, educations and management researches. The TAM limitations, critiques and criticism were presented based on the literature review, the model suitability and practical application of the model within enterprises and institutional context. The paper used a desktop research approach. The paper objective addressed the limitation and …

Low Voltage Ride Through Enhancement For Wind Turbines Equipped With Dfig Under Symmetrical Grid Faults, Francis Mwasilu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

In modern power systems with significant penetration of wind-turbines (WTs), improvement of low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of WTs equipped with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) is an important issue. Thus, this paper proposes a low voltage ride through (LVRT) strategy, which comprise of a capacitor connected in series with an inductor both connected in parallel to a resistor. The configuration is then connected to a small series resistor via a pair of antiparallel-Thyristors. The circuit and its switching control scheme of the proposed LVRT circuit are designed to: minimize the transition times, maintain the RSC connection to the rotor-windings, …

Modelling Transport Of Nitrogen Compounds In Geita Wetland Along Mtakuja River, Ezrael Masawe

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The impacts of excessive nitrogen loading to streams in a watershed occur in the receiving waters such as rivers at the outlet of the watershed. To quantify the impacts of land use and management practices on the nitrogen loading at the watershed outlet, simulation models are needed that can both predict the nitrogen loading at the edge of individual fields and predict the fate of nitrogen as it moves through the river network to the watershed outlet. This paper presents the results of a model analysis for describing the processes governing transformations and transport of nitrogen compounds (NO3-N and NH4-N) …

Analysis Of Drought Using Meteorological And Microwave Remote Sensed Data: A Case Of Wami Watershed, Tanzania, Deogratias Mulungu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Agricultural sector is important for the economy of Tanzania, but in recent years there is decline in its growth and performance because of persistent droughts. An in-depth study of droughts was conducted on Wami watershed through rainfall and satellite microwave remote sensing data leading for estimates of meteorological droughts and soil moisture based droughts, respectively. Rainfall data during 1973-2008 was used to obtain Drought Severity Index (DSI) and active imaging microwave radar data during 1997-2009 from ESA’s SAR missions of ENVISAT and ERS was used to obtain soil moisture anomalies (SMA). Soil map was used to explain discrepancies in droughts …

The Fate Of Nitrogen And Faecal Coliform In The Lubigi Wetland In Uganda, Aloyce Mayo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The capacity of the Lubigi wetland to reduce nitrogen and faecal coliform pollution entering Lake Kyoga in Uganda was investigated. Three transects with 5 sampling points in each, were established in the wetland. Wetland plants samples were collected from the specific locations along the transects, and laboratory tests and analyses were carried out for plants biomass and nitrogen contents determination. Samples of wetland sediments were also collected, and laboratory tests and analyses were done for determination of nitrogen content in the sediments. Wetland water samples were taken from the main wetland inlet and the main outlet from the wetland main …

Effects Of Methyl-Blue Addition In Sewage Substrate On The Performance Of Microbial Fuel Cell, Joseph H. Kihedu Dr.

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Experimental study was undertaken to evaluate performance of microbial fuel cell. Without addition of methyl blue, the cell generated 1.265 V, 0.403 mA and 56.12 mW/m2 after three hours of operation. With 300 µM methyl blue in sewage anolyte, 6.7% increase in voltage, 20.5% increase in current and 28.6% increase in power density was observed. By using ash water catholyte, addition of methyl blue in anolyte led to increase of 9.0% in voltage, 38.5% in current and 50.9% for power density. Between three and twenty four hours of continuous operation of the cell with phosphate buffer catholyte, the average voltage …