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2018

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Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (Hpmc) Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Gel Ekstrak Tembakau (Nicotiana Tabaccum L.) Dan Aktivitasnya Terhadap Streptococcus Mutans, Kori Yati, Mahdi Jufri, Misri Gozan, Mardiastuti Mardiastuti, Lusi Putri Dwita Dec 2018

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (Hpmc) Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Gel Ekstrak Tembakau (Nicotiana Tabaccum L.) Dan Aktivitasnya Terhadap Streptococcus Mutans, Kori Yati, Mahdi Jufri, Misri Gozan, Mardiastuti Mardiastuti, Lusi Putri Dwita

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Tobacco extract had been proven to have antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. To maximize the use of tobacco extract on topical use as an antibacterial, it could be formulated into a pharmaceutical preparation. This study aimed to formulate tobacco extract in gel preparation by using Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as a gelling agent and to test its activity on S. mutans. The tobacco extract gel was prepared in 3 formulas with variations of HPMC concentration of 1.5% (F1), 2% (F2) and 2.5% (F3). The research began with tobacco extraction, then continued with characteristics evaluation. The extract was formulated in …

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Formulasi Dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Sambungsilang Gom Xantan Dan Gom Akasia Untuk Penghantaran Insulin Oral, Ade Laura Rachmawati, Silvia Surini Dec 2018

Formulasi Dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Sambungsilang Gom Xantan Dan Gom Akasia Untuk Penghantaran Insulin Oral, Ade Laura Rachmawati, Silvia Surini

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The insulin nanoparticles has been developed as an alternative to oral insulin delivery. Nanoparticle drug delivery system could be prepared by a cross-linked polymer, which was composed of xanthan gum and acacia gum, and cross-linked by sodium trimetaphosphate. The aim of the present study was to produce insulin nanoparticles using the cross-linked polymer of xanthan gum and acacia gum for oral delivery. In this study, insulin nanoparticles was prepared by mixing xanthan gum and acacia gum colloid with the ratio 1:1 and using sodium trimetaphosphate as a cross-linking agent in bases condition. Afterwards, insulin solution in HCl was added into …

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Copper Accumulation And Toxicity In Earthworms Exposed To Cuo Nanomaterials: Effects Of Particle Coating And Soil Ageing, K Tatsi, Bj Shaw, Th Hutchinson, Rd Handy Dec 2018

Copper Accumulation And Toxicity In Earthworms Exposed To Cuo Nanomaterials: Effects Of Particle Coating And Soil Ageing, K Tatsi, Bj Shaw, Th Hutchinson, Rd Handy

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Websites Of Indian Banks: A Webometric Study, Arindam Sarkar, Ashok Pal Dec 2018

Websites Of Indian Banks: A Webometric Study, Arindam Sarkar, Ashok Pal

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract: Web Impact Factor (WIF), Search Engine Optimization (SEO) ranking improve the visibility of a website’s presence in online environment. The present study predominantly focuses on the WIFs of the Indian banking websites. On the basis of SEO (search engine optimization) effort has been made to measure the usability, performance, security of the websites, used headings, usage of images and alt tags, linking with social networking sites as well as to count the backlinks, page size, load time, request, traffic score, SEO score and speed score. Popularity ranking of the selected bank websites has also been done. Calculating three types …

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User’S Satisfaction Level Of Library Sources And Services In Sadakathullah Appa College Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu: A Study, Dr.R.R. Saravanakumar, M. Mani, M. Manthiramoorthi, Dr.A. Thirumagal Dec 2018

User’S Satisfaction Level Of Library Sources And Services In Sadakathullah Appa College Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu: A Study, Dr.R.R. Saravanakumar, M. Mani, M. Manthiramoorthi, Dr.A. Thirumagal

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study examines the user’s satisfaction level of library sources and services in Sadakathullah Appa College Library (SACLIB), Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. Questionnaire was the instrument for collecting data. 130 copies of questionnaires were distributed, 100 were received. The present study focuses on users regarding library resources, services, physical facilities, internet, etc.

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On The Generalized Kinetic Equation For Surface Gravity Waves, Blow-Up And Its Restraint, David Andrade, Raphael Stuhlmeier, Michael Stiassnie Dec 2018

On The Generalized Kinetic Equation For Surface Gravity Waves, Blow-Up And Its Restraint, David Andrade, Raphael Stuhlmeier, Michael Stiassnie

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

No abstract provided.

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A Social Media Policy For Clinical Mental Health Counseling Programs, Rebecca A. Willow, David Tobin, Wei Y. Chong, Angela Jeffery, Danielle Strohmeyer, Nicole Morine Dec 2018

A Social Media Policy For Clinical Mental Health Counseling Programs, Rebecca A. Willow, David Tobin, Wei Y. Chong, Angela Jeffery, Danielle Strohmeyer, Nicole Morine

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The American Counseling Association 2014 Ethical Code mandates that counselors who engage in social media communication develop knowledge and skills related to ethical and legal considerations (American Counseling Association, 2014). In response to these expectations, this article introduces a social media policy created by faculty in a Clinical Mental Health Counseling program. An example and review of an implemented social media policy is provided, along with guidelines for a student-led training program. Case examples are provided that illustrate potential dilemmas of student misuse of social media, along with examples of faculty interventions. This article is designed to contribute to the …

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Find, Process, And Share: An Optimal Control In The Vidale-Wolfe Marketing Model, Michael C. Barg Dec 2018

Find, Process, And Share: An Optimal Control In The Vidale-Wolfe Marketing Model, Michael C. Barg

CODEE Journal

The Vidale-Wolfe marketing model is a first-order, linear, non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation (ODE) where the forcing term is proportional to advertising expenditure. With an initial response in sales as the initial condition, the solution of the initial value problem is straightforward for a first undergraduate ODE course. The model serves as an excellent example of many relevant topics for those students whose interests lie in economics, finance, or marketing. Its inclusion in the curriculum is particularly rewarding at an institution without a physics program. The model is not new, but it was novel to us when a group of students …

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Costs And Benefits Of Flood Mitigation In Louisiana, Arash Taghi Nezhad Bilandi Dec 2018

Costs And Benefits Of Flood Mitigation In Louisiana, Arash Taghi Nezhad Bilandi

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Assessing the costs and benefits of hazard mitigation efforts is an essential component of disaster management, planning, and resilience assessment. These calculations are particularly important in locations vulnerable to multiple hazards with high frequencies, such as coastal Louisiana. This study aims to provide an improved understanding of the costs and benefits of flood mitigation efforts in Louisiana funded by federal government grants between 2005 and 2015. Project data provided by the Governor’s Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness (GOHSEP) were summarized and missing values were imputed using robust statistical approaches. Elevation project cost was investigated for prediction by statistical …

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Awareness And Use Of Electronic Books Among Undergraduate Students: A Survey, Chuks Daniel Oriogu, Kolawole Idowu Oluwatola, Darlina Chima Oriogu-Ogbuiyi, Augustine I. Enamudu Dec 2018

Awareness And Use Of Electronic Books Among Undergraduate Students: A Survey, Chuks Daniel Oriogu, Kolawole Idowu Oluwatola, Darlina Chima Oriogu-Ogbuiyi, Augustine I. Enamudu

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The increasingly growth of electronic books has created an enabling access to and use of e-prints within the confine of one’s environment; thereby providing wider accessibility and usability. However, the study investigated the awareness and use of electronic books among undergraduate students in Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used to answer the research questions. The study revealed that most of the respondents are partially aware of the availability of e-book in their area of specialization, dedicated e-book reader devices (e.g. Kindle, Sony reader) …

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Higher Education And The Dmca, Christopher A. Cotropia, James Gibson Dec 2018

Higher Education And The Dmca, Christopher A. Cotropia, James Gibson

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The nearly twenty-year history of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s safe harbor provisions has been marked by criticism from content owners, online service providers, and end users. Content owners complain about the cost of monitoring online content and sending takedown notices. Online service providers complain about the cost of receiving and processing the notices. And end users complain about their legitimate use of copyrighted works being subject to DMCA takedown. Colleges and universities have been at the forefront of this controversy; as providers of online services to their students, they have been a focus of both Congress and copyright owners. …

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Preventing An Era Of "New Eugenics": An Argument For Federal Funding And Regulation Of Gene Editing Research In Human Embryos, Michael R. Dohn Dec 2018

Preventing An Era Of "New Eugenics": An Argument For Federal Funding And Regulation Of Gene Editing Research In Human Embryos, Michael R. Dohn

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The 1997 film Gattaca is set in a futuristic society in which its members are either “valid,” born with the aid of genetic engineering, or “invalid", conceived by traditional means. While valids qualify for high-level professional employment, in-valids are considered less desirable by society and are relegated to menial jobs. At the time of the film’s release, this type of dystopian society, dominated by genetic engineering, seemed far into the future; however, only twenty years later, the concept of manipulating the genes of human embryos is near reality. The last decade has seen tremendous progression in gene editing technology. In …

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Natural Causes: When Author Meets Nature In Copyright Law And Art. Some Observations Inspired By Kelley V. Chicago Park District, Jani Mccutcheon Dec 2018

Natural Causes: When Author Meets Nature In Copyright Law And Art. Some Observations Inspired By Kelley V. Chicago Park District, Jani Mccutcheon

University of Cincinnati Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Investigation Of The Impact Of The Rotation Frequency Of The Discretizing Drum On The Physical And Mechanical Properties Of, Sh.A Korabayev, S.L Matismailov, J.Z Salohiddinov Dec 2018

Investigation Of The Impact Of The Rotation Frequency Of The Discretizing Drum On The Physical And Mechanical Properties Of, Sh.A Korabayev, S.L Matismailov, J.Z Salohiddinov

Central Asian Problems of Modern Science and Education

This article presents the research results of the rotation frequency influence of a pneumatic spinning machine’s drum on the quality indicators of the yarn produced with a linear density of 29 tex. With the rotation frequency increase of the sampling drums, the specific breaking load of the yarn increases to 11.1 cN / tex, elongation to 6.3%, while reducing the coefficient of variation of the breaking load to 9.2%.

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Improving The Efficiency Of Operation Of Refrigerated Transport, J R. Kobulov, D I. Ilesaliev Dec 2018

Improving The Efficiency Of Operation Of Refrigerated Transport, J R. Kobulov, D I. Ilesaliev

Scientific-technical journal

In this paper, the optimization of the capacity of a refrigerated cars is proposed. Interrelations between the parameters of a transport package and a refrigerated car in the form of mathematical models are presented. An algorithm of search of the rational capacity of a refrigerated car has been developed. In this paper the method of directed enumeration is used. The practical significance of the paper consists of increasing of the technical load of vehicles

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Algorithm And Program To Increase The Speed Of The Internal Memory Of Multi-Core Processors, Kh N. Zaynidinov, O U. Mallaev Dec 2018

Algorithm And Program To Increase The Speed Of The Internal Memory Of Multi-Core Processors, Kh N. Zaynidinov, O U. Mallaev

Scientific-technical journal

The article analyzes the internal memory of the processor, its methods of work, types of data exchange in memory and problems arising in the form of a hierarchical pyramid. The algorithm and program of parallelization of processes of multi-core processor cores using OpenMP technology is proposed[1,2,7,8,9,10]. The results of the parallel program are obtained and discussed in detail

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Usd President's Report 2018, University Of San Diego Dec 2018

Usd President's Report 2018, University Of San Diego

President's Reports (1985- )

Message from the President, 2018 Year in Review, Winter/Spring, Summer, Fall, Leadership, 2017-2018 Financial Operations, Giving to the University

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Transient Transmission Oscillations In Doped And Undoped Lithium Niobate Induced By Near-Infrared Femtosecond Pulses, Bryan J. Crossman, Gregory J. Taft Dec 2018

Transient Transmission Oscillations In Doped And Undoped Lithium Niobate Induced By Near-Infrared Femtosecond Pulses, Bryan J. Crossman, Gregory J. Taft

Physics Faculty Publications

Transient transmission oscillations in X-cut and Z-cut congruent, iron-doped, and magnesium-doped lithium niobate samples were measured using 50 fs, 800 nm, 0.5 nJ pulses from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser in an optical pump–probe system. Several Raman-active oscillation modes excited by these pulses were observed as changes in the transmitted probe intensity versus time delay between the pump and probe pulses. The samples were rotated to determine how the incident polarization of the pump pulses affects the mode excitations. The observed Raman-active oscillations correspond to previously reported symmetry modes measured with traditional, continuous-wave, Raman spectroscopy using the same scattering …

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Elizabeth Snider V. Sterling Airways Dec 2018

Elizabeth Snider V. Sterling Airways

2018 Decisions

USDC for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

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Research On The Effect Of Acoustic Mode On Ultrasonic Broken Cavitation Field, Feng Lili, Liu Bin, Wu Xue, Xu Xuedong, Li Zilu Dec 2018

Research On The Effect Of Acoustic Mode On Ultrasonic Broken Cavitation Field, Feng Lili, Liu Bin, Wu Xue, Xu Xuedong, Li Zilu

Food and Machinery

The immersion ultrasonic crushing device under 20 kHz is investigated in this study. Combined the sound field analysis and the finite element method, we firstly examine the acoustic mode properties of ultrasonic crushing material cavity on different sound field conditions, i.e. the height of liquid level and the position of sound source, and then explore the distribution of ultrasonic cavitation field and the change laws on the average acoustic energy density. Finally, experiments with acoustic measurement methods and image acquisition are made to verify these explorations. Experimental results shows that the distribution of ultrasonic cavitation field is related to the …

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Effects Of Different Additives On The Properties Offried Carrot Chips, Lu Shaochuang, Zheng Baofang, Qin Shixiu, Lu Jialei, Zhou Tao, Wang Jiaqi, Li Chiling, Zhou Hui Dec 2018

Effects Of Different Additives On The Properties Offried Carrot Chips, Lu Shaochuang, Zheng Baofang, Qin Shixiu, Lu Jialei, Zhou Tao, Wang Jiaqi, Li Chiling, Zhou Hui

Food and Machinery

In order to reduce the oil content of fried carrot chips and improve the sensory and nutritional quality of the products, various additives including sodium chloride, monoglyceride, sucrose ester, lecithin, modified starch, gelatin, pectin, dextran, xanthan gum, and carrageenan, etc. were added before frying, and then the texture, oil content, chroma, β-carotene and other aspects of the fried samples were detected and analyzed. The results showed that, by adding additives, the oil content of the sample could be significantly reduced and the loss of β-carotene was minimized, although various additives had their own advantages in improving the quality of the …

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Constructions Of Noble Metal Nanocrystals With Specific Crystal Facets And High Surface Area, Qiao-Li Chen, Hui-Qi Li, Ya-Qi Jiang, Zhao-Xiong Xie Dec 2018

Constructions Of Noble Metal Nanocrystals With Specific Crystal Facets And High Surface Area, Qiao-Li Chen, Hui-Qi Li, Ya-Qi Jiang, Zhao-Xiong Xie

Journal of Electrochemistry

Noble metal nanocrystals (NCs) have widespread applications in catalysis. Their catalytic performances are strongly related to the surface structures while the atomic utilization efficiency of noble metal is considerably correlated with the surface area. Thus, advantages of both specific surface structure and large surface area are highly required to show off simultaneously so as to optimize the catalytic performance and decrease the usage of noble metal. However, it seems that the two advantages are incompatible with each other in one NC since it is difficult for small NCs to keep their specific facets, while NCs with specific surface structure usually …

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Stabilization Strategies Of Pt Catalysts Forproton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Da-Ping He, Shi-Chun Mu Dec 2018

Stabilization Strategies Of Pt Catalysts Forproton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Da-Ping He, Shi-Chun Mu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The low service lifetime of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is the main bottleneck for their commercial applications. One of the main factors is that the expensive metal Pt catalyst is easy to degradation under the harsh working environment of PEMFC (such as variable voltage, strong acidity, gas-liquid two-phase flow), which leads to the inevitable decay of the catalytic performance, thus, seriously restricting the lifetime of PEMFC. Therefore, the electrochemical stability of Pt-based electrocatalysts has become an important and hot topic to improve the PEMFC lifetime. In this paper, we review the recent development in enhancing the stability of …

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The Pilot Application Of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy On Dynamic Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Jian-Wei Guo, Jian-Long Wang Dec 2018

The Pilot Application Of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy On Dynamic Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Jian-Wei Guo, Jian-Long Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

By analyzing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in applications of dynamic proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), bottlenecks which restrict EIS tool development have been pointed out in this paper. Though the high-frequency resistance in EIS is largely accepted as cell inner-resistance, this can only be applied for cell with low current. The low-frequency resistance is difficult to be realized due to its relation with mass transfer. Furthermore, the improved Randles equivalent circuits are built up preliminarily, thus, penetrating into studies for mass transfer reaction, cell operation/degeneration, and high temperature fuel cell. Inspiringly, EIS is becoming an analyzing tool for stack …

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Dynamic Responses And Implications To Coastal Wetlands And The Surrounding Regions Under Sea Level Rise, Karim Alizad, Scott C. Hagen, Stephen C. Medeiros, Matthew V. Bilskie, James T. Morris, Len Balthis, Christine A. Buckel Dec 2018

Dynamic Responses And Implications To Coastal Wetlands And The Surrounding Regions Under Sea Level Rise, Karim Alizad, Scott C. Hagen, Stephen C. Medeiros, Matthew V. Bilskie, James T. Morris, Len Balthis, Christine A. Buckel

Faculty Publications

Two distinct microtidal estuarine systems were assessed to advance the understanding of the coastal dynamics of sea level rise in salt marshes. A coupled hydrodynamic-marsh model (Hydro-MEM) was applied to both a marine-dominated (Grand Bay, Mississippi) and a mixed fluvial/marine (Weeks Bay, Alabama) system to compute marsh productivity, marsh migration, and potential tidal inundation from the year 2000 to 2100 under four sea level rise scenarios. Characteristics of the estuaries such as geometry, sediment availability, and topography, were compared to understand their role in the dynamic response to sea level rise. The results show that the low sea level rise …

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Identitas Sosial Remaja Suku Mandar Dalam Pappasang: Implikasi Bagi Penyusunan Bahan Bimbingan, Andy Wahyu Irawan, Andi Mappiare-At, Muslihati Muslihati Dec 2018

Identitas Sosial Remaja Suku Mandar Dalam Pappasang: Implikasi Bagi Penyusunan Bahan Bimbingan, Andy Wahyu Irawan, Andi Mappiare-At, Muslihati Muslihati

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

Pappasang is a Mandar Tribe cultural product which contains advice. This advice has a characteristic describes the tribe identity of Mandar Tribe. This study aimed to examine the social identity of the Mandar Tribe adolescents in Pappasang as well as the foundation of guidance material. The qualitative study of gadamerian hermeneutics interpreted the social identity of Mandar Tribe adolescents in Pappasang. The findings showed the social identity are: empathy; remind each other; mutual help; solidarity; keep the disgrace on a secret; obedient; generous; democratic. Then, the social identity in Pappasang constructed to be material for guidance and counseling.

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Research Progress In Hydrogen Evolution Low Noble/Non-Precious Metal Catalysts Of Water Electrolysis, Yang Li, Zhao-Yan Luo, Jun-Jie Ge, Chang-Peng Liu, Wei Xing Dec 2018

Research Progress In Hydrogen Evolution Low Noble/Non-Precious Metal Catalysts Of Water Electrolysis, Yang Li, Zhao-Yan Luo, Jun-Jie Ge, Chang-Peng Liu, Wei Xing

Journal of Electrochemistry

Hydrogen energy technology with hydrogen as an energy carrier is gaining more and more attention due to its cleanliness and high energy density. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have been listed as one of the ultimate energy technologies in the 21st century. Among them, sustainable hydrogen production technology is a necessary prerequisite for the future development of hydrogen energy economy. Electrolyzed water technology driven by renewable resources represents an important way to support the sustainable development of hydrogen energy economy. The development and utilization of high activity, low cost hydrogen evolution catalysts is a key factor in improving the efficiency and …

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Growth Characteristics Of Newly Isolated Indonesian Microalgae Under Different Salinity, Wa Iba, Michael A. Rice, Lucie Maranda, Gary H. Wikfors Dec 2018

Growth Characteristics Of Newly Isolated Indonesian Microalgae Under Different Salinity, Wa Iba, Michael A. Rice, Lucie Maranda, Gary H. Wikfors

Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Faculty Publications

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics of microalgae strains isolated from Kendari Bay and the Wanggu River estuary, Indonesia. The growth of the isolates, denoted as Kb1-2, Kb1-3, Kb1-5, and Kb2-6, were evaluated under controlled conditions. A batch culture experiment of these strains except Kb2-6 was conducted for 15 days under salinity levels of 20, 25, 30 and 35 gL-1. Tetraselmis chui, Tisochrysis lutea and Chaetocero sneogracile were also culture and used as the growth references. Cell density was measured every day and cell size was measured from 50 live cells during the logarithmic …

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Fuel Cell Performance Curve After Mea Optimization Structural Optimization Of Low Pt Membrane Electrode Assembly, Yan Rao, Shang Li, Fen Zhou, Tian Tian, Qing Zhong, Zhao-Hui Wan, Jin-Ting Tan, Mu Pan Dec 2018

Fuel Cell Performance Curve After Mea Optimization Structural Optimization Of Low Pt Membrane Electrode Assembly, Yan Rao, Shang Li, Fen Zhou, Tian Tian, Qing Zhong, Zhao-Hui Wan, Jin-Ting Tan, Mu Pan

Journal of Electrochemistry

Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) are the key component of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. For a long time, much attention has been paid to develop MEA technology. At present, the research, development and industrialization of fuel cell has entered a new era. More strict requirements for MEA, especially for the reduction of Pt loading with a challenging target of 0.125 mg·W-1 have to be met. In this paper, the performance losses under low Pt loading are analyzed in terms of activation polarization, ohm polarization and mass-transfer polarization. It is proposed that research should be focused on the activity of …

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Morphological Control Of Ptcu2 Octahedron And Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalytic Performance Of Ptcu For Fuel Cell, Long-Sheng Cao, Lei Wan, Zhi-Gang Shao, Hong-Mei Yu, Ming Hou, Bao-Lian Yi Dec 2018

Morphological Control Of Ptcu2 Octahedron And Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalytic Performance Of Ptcu For Fuel Cell, Long-Sheng Cao, Lei Wan, Zhi-Gang Shao, Hong-Mei Yu, Ming Hou, Bao-Lian Yi

Journal of Electrochemistry

Platinum acetylacetonate (Pt(acac)2) and copper acetylacetonate (Cu(acac)2) were co-reduced to prepare PtCu2 octahedron alloy catalyst in N,N-dimethylformamiade by solvothermal method. The PtCu2 showed lattice compression, and high ratio of non-oxidized Pt with high electronic binding energy. All those structural features contributed to weak adsorption strength of oxygen species on Pt and lower d-band centre position. The influence of structure-directing agent on morphology of PtCu alloy was systematically studied. In the half cell test, as a result of the uniform morphology and regular octahedron of PtCu2 formed, the mass activity and area specific activity …

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