Digital Commons Network^™

Research Progress On Protein Engineering Of Α-Amylase And Its Major Applications, Feng Yong, Ren Zhengwei

Food and Machinery

Alpha -Amylase is a glycoside hydrolase that efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch and is widely applied in various industrial fields such as food, textile, and paper industries. It plays a pivotal role particularly in food processing processes such as starch liquefaction, baking improvement, and juice clarification. However, natural α-amylases generally exhibit poor thermal stability, weak acid tolerance, and strong calcium ion dependency, which severely restrict their application in complex industrial environments. In recent years, protein engineering technologies, including directed evolution, rational design, and semi -rational design, have been extensively employed to the structural optimization and performance improvement of α-amylases. …

A Review Of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy For Pesticide Residue Detection In Fruits And Vegetables, Mai Xinyun, Hu Fangyang, He Lingling, Niu Junle, Wei Lanjie

Food and Machinery

Near -infrared spectroscopy (NIRS ) is valuable in pesticide residue detection for fruits and vegetables due to its nondestructive, rapid, and efficient nature. This review summarizes current research status in this field, compares the applicability of different spectral bands and imaging techniques, and analyzes challenges in single and mixed pesticide residue detection alongside enhancement strategies. Additionally, approaches to spectral preprocessing and feature wavelength selection are examined, with performance comparisons between chemometrics and deep learning models. Furthermore, the role of calibration transfer and transfer learning is discussed in improving model generalization across instruments and crop varieties. With continuous advancements in spectral …

Effects Of Microwave Decocting On Release Law Of Flavor Substances In Cod Soup, Zhang Chaomin, Li Xinxi, Feng Jianhui, Xu Yongxia

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To prepare cod soup using cod as the main raw material by microwave heating, with traditional boiling as the control, and to compare and analyze the effects of microwave decocting on the release law of flavor substances in cod soup. [Methods] Cod soup was processed at different durations (15,30,45, and 60 min ), followed by sensory evaluation. The changes in the contents of trichloroacetic acid (TCA )-soluble peptides, amino acid nitrogen, flavor nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic salt ions, and free amino acids in the soup were analyzed. [Results] The contents of TCA -soluble peptides, amino acid nitrogen, flavor nucleotides, …

Differential Analysis Of Volatile Components Between The Flesh And Peel Of Poria Cocos Based On Dynamic Headspace-Gc-Ms, Meng Xue, Xu Hui, Li Huixin, Cheng Chuanyun

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To compare the differences in volatile components between Poria cocos flesh and peel using dynamic headspace -gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS). [Methods] Fresh P.cocos was used as the test sample. Volatile components were enriched by dynamic headspace adsorption, and the differences in volatile components between the flesh and peel were analyzed by GC -MS. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify the main active components responsible for these differences. [Results] A total of 110 volatile compounds were detected from the peel and flesh of P.cocos, including 27 unique components in the flesh and 28 unique components …

Magnetic Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers For The Extraction And Analysis Of Tetracycline Residues From Fish Meat, Ye Run, Zhao Lei, Li Yuanxin, Cai Jing, Sun Wei, Chen Qiong, Zhang Wenqian

Food and Machinery

[Objective] This study aims to prepare magnetic surface molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs ) via a sol -gel method using tetracycline (TC) as the template molecule, and to combine them with spectrophotometry for the enrichment and detection of TC residues in fish meat. [Methods] Activated carbon (LAC ) is prepared from Magnolia grandiflora seeds using 60% (w/w) phosphoric acid solution as the activator. Magnetic activated carbon (MLAC ) is then obtained by co -precipitation -based magnetization of LAC. Using MLAC as the carrier and TC as the template molecule, MMIPs are synthesized, and their adsorption performance toward TC is investigated. The …

Geographical Origin Tracing Of Soybeans Using Electronic Tongue And Electronic Eye Combined With Multi-Level Information Fusion Based On Informer-Swin Transformer, Li Xin, Wang Zhiqiang, Han Tianrui, Xu Suchao

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To achieve rapid traceability detection of soybeans from different geographical origins. [Methods] A novel method for rapid soybean origin traceability is proposed based on the fusion of information from electronic tongue and electronic eye. The electronic tongue and electronic eye are used to collect taste fingerprint and visual image information, respectively, from soybeans of different origins. To address the differences between the temporal sequence features of electronic tongue signals and the spatial image features of electronic eye data, Informer and Swin Transformer are respectively employed to extract key features from the two types of data. A dual -modal feature …

Rapid Detection Of Tomato Nutritional Components Based On Nirs And Pso-Lightgbm, Shi Lichun, Wang Songwei, Wang Zhizhong

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To achieve rapid, non -destructive, and high -precision detection of six nutritional components in tomatoes, including dry matter, soluble sugar, total acid, vitamin C, soluble solids, and lycopene. [Methods] A tomato nutritional component detection model based on near -infrared spectroscopy (NIRS ) combined with light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM ) optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO ) algorithm (PSO -LightGBM ) was proposed. Using the six nutritional components as detection indicators, near -infrared spectral data (scanning range:400~2 500 nm) were collected from 471 tomato samples. Seven preprocessing methods were compared, and the optimal combination of standard normal variate …

A Non-Destructive Appearance Quality Detection Method For Primary-Processed Crayfish Based On Improved Yolov 11, Wang Xujia, Wang Shuqing, Hu Haoyu

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To achieve rapid and non -destructive online detection of the appearance quality of crayfish during primary processing and to improve detection accuracy and real -time performance in complex scenarios. [Methods] A dataset for crayfish appearance quality is constructed for complex scenarios on primary -processing production lines, and a crayfish appearance quality detection algorithm YOLO -CQ based on YOLOv 11n is proposed. DualConv is introduced to improve the C 3k2 module, enhancing the model's feature extraction capability while optimizing the allocation of computational resources. Deformable attention (DAT ) is integrated into the C 2PSA module, enabling the model to adaptively …

Design And Experimental Study On Drying Performance Of A Belt-Type Gas Jet Impingement Dryer, Liu Xinhan, Ju Haoyu, Zhang Weipeng, Geng Yahui, Miao Huan, Hou Liyuan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To address the issues of uneven product quality, limited loading capacity, and the inability to achieve continuous drying in existing gas jet impingement dryers, a novel belt -type gas jet impingement dryer is designed to enhance the practicality and drying performance of the equipment. [Methods] The belt -type gas jet impingement dryer mainly consists of an airflow distribution chamber, a drying chamber, a centrifugal fan, a temperature control system, and a transmission system. The conveyor belt speed, airflow temperature, and air velocity can be adjusted according to the different materials. Simulations are conducted using Fluent software for airflow distribution …

Preparation And Performance Characterization Of An Anthocyanin-Based Intelligent Indicating Composite Film For Monitoring The Freshness Of Fish Meat, Zhang Jinfeng, Wang Guanghui, Wang Peng, Chai Yunlei, Gao Zhen

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To develop an anthocyanin -based intelligent film that can rapidly respond to freshness of fish meat and has a certain degree of antibacterial properties. [Methods] Zein (ZH) and chitosan (CS) are used as the film -forming matrix, anthocyanin as the indicator, glycerol as the enhancer, and nisin as the antibacterial additive to prepare the anthocyanin -based intelligent film. With tensile strength (TS) and carbon dioxide transmittance as indicators, three factors -CS/ZH blending ratio, glycerol addition amount, and volume of coating, are selected for single -factor experiments. On the basis of the single -factor experiments, a response surface experiment is …

Analysis And Evaluation Of Nutritional And Flavor Components Of Three Economic Shellfish, Li Hongyan, Liu Zhenlu, Liu Tianhong, Wang Ying, Zhang Shuaizhong, Zhang Tong, Sun Yikang

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To analyze and evaluate the nutritional and flavor components of three shellfish species, namely Ostrea rivularis, Meretrix meretrix, and Scapharca subcrenata, naturally growing by seabed seeding along the Binzhou coast. [Methods] The conventional nutritional components, amino acids, fatty acids, major mineral elements, bioactive substances, free amino acids, nucleotides, quaternary ammonium compounds, organic acids, and volatile flavor compounds of the three shellfish species were analyzed, and their nutritional quality was evaluated. [Results] O.rivularis, M.meretrix, and S.subcrenata all exhibited high protein, low fat, and high ash contents, and were rich in glycogen and taurine. Among them, O.rivularis and M.meretrix had higher …

Ultrasound-Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction Process Optimization And In Vitro Activity Of Flavonoids From Nongxiangxing Baijiu Zaopei, Qian Yuefei, Wang Feng, Wang Yuhong, Long Tingyu, Zhang Yuxuan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To shorten the extraction time and increase the extraction yield of flavonoids from Nongxiangxing Baijiu Zaopei, and to identify the components and clarify the effectiveness of these flavonoids. [Methods] Nongxiangxing Baijiu Zaopei is used as the raw material and treated by the ultrasound -microwave -assisted aqueous two -phase extraction. With the total flavonoid extraction yield as the indicator, the extraction process is optimized by a response surface experiment. Then, the composition of the flavonoids from Zaopei is identified by ultra -high performance liquid chromatography -triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC -QQQ -MS). Additionally, their effects on antioxidant reagents, α-amylase, …

Process Optimization For Mixed Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation Of Xinjiang Thompson Seedless Grape Leaves And Antioxidant Activity Evaluation Of Fermentation Broth, Abula Kaidiriya, Rahman Nurgul, Wang Xiaoyi, Zhu Xiaoying, Chen Jianling

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To optimize the fermentation process of mixed lactic acid bacteria for grape leaves and to improve their antioxidant activity. [Methods] Using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei TM -27, Lactobacillus brevis KM -6, and Lactobacillus plantarum NG -120 as test strains, the optimal mixed strain ratio is selected by measuring pH, viable bacteria count, DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging rates, iron -reducing capacity, total polyphenol content, and total flavonoid content. Furthermore, key fermentation process parameters are optimized via single -factor experiments combined with response surface methodology. [Results] The optimal fermentation conditions of mixed lactic acid bacteria are as follows:the volume ratio …

Preparation And In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Dendrobium Officinale Flower Anthocyanin-Loaded Multivesicular Liposomes, Peng Kangyuan, Zhang Cunzhi, Huang Huawen, Zhang Rong, Wu Yamei, Yuan Wenjuan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate anthocyanin -loaded multivesicular liposome preparation using Dendrobium officinale flower as the raw material, aiming to enhance the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins. [Methods] The optimal extraction process for D.officinale flower anthocyanins is determined using single -factor experiments combined with response surface methodology. Then, the obtained anthocyanins are incorporated into multivesicular liposomes via the double emulsion method. The antioxidant activity of the resulting anthocyanin multivesicular liposomes is evaluated through DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl free radical, alongside ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP ) assays. [Results] The optimized extraction conditions for anthocyanins are as follows:an extraction time of 3.2 h, an …

Sugar Substitute Formula Optimization And Quality Analysis Of Low-Sugar Nutrient-Fortified Condensed Milk, Wang Xuelian, Dong Yining, Dong Hui, Guo Mingfei, Xu Sheng, Zhou Di

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To address health risks associated with the high sugar and calorie content in traditional condensed milk, and to reduce sugar content and fortify nutrients of traditional condensed milk by replacing sugar with low -sweetness prebiotics as the primary component, compounded with sugar alcohols and high -intensity sweeteners. [Methods] Low -sweetness prebiotics (galacto -oligosaccharides and fructo -oligosaccharides ) are used as the main ingredients in sugar substitutes, compounded with sugar alcohols (erythritol and maltitol ) and high -intensity sweeteners (stevioside and mogrosides ). Then, the optimal substitute ratio is optimized through fuzzy mathematics sensory evaluation combined with D -optimal mixture …

Optimization Of Glycosylation Modification And Functional Properties Of Soybean Lipophilic Proteins, Zhou Xianghui, Liu Chang, Meng Gaoge, Yuan Guangyao, Zhang Qiuhui, Zhang Yongsheng

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To improve the emulsifying stability of soybean lipophilic proteins and broaden their application in the field of functional foods. [Methods] Based on the glycosylation reaction, the processing conditions for glucose -mediated glycosylation modification were optimized using grafting degree and emulsifying stability as evaluation indices. Meanwhile, the structure and functional properties of the glycosylated proteins were characterized by SDS -PAGE, particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR ), foaming stability, surface hydrophobicity, and oil -holding capacity. [Results] The optimal glycosylation conditions were a protein -to-glucose mass ratio (mprotein∶mglucose ) of 1∶1, a treatment time of 2 h, a temperature …

Effects Of Morchella Esculenta Powder On The Physicochemical Properties And Oxidative Stability Of Nanjing Sausages, Fu Qingquan, Shi Kuichun, Song Shangxin, Yu Xiaobo

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effects of different addition amounts of Morchella esculenta powder on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of Nanjing sausages. [Methods] Different amounts of M.esculenta powder are added to sausages. The pH values, nutritional components, free amino acids content, free fatty acids content, volatile compound content, color, textural characteristics, sensory scores, 2-thiobarbituric acid value, carbonyl group value, and free thiol group value are measured and analyzed. [Results] Compared with the control group, the addition of M.esculenta powder increases the protein content, free amino acid content, unsaturated fatty acid content, alcohol content, ester content, b* value, and overall …

Effects Of Cutting Methods And Drying Temperatures On Hot-Air Drying Kinetics And Quality Of Morchella Esculenta, Lin Fang, Wu Zhaolong, Wu Ying, Ma Lanyu, Liu Zhonglin

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To enhance the added value of Morchella esculenta and optimize its hot -air drying process. [Methods] The effects of cutting methods (whole mushroom, 1/2 cut, and 1/4 cut) and drying temperatures (50,60, and 70 ℃) on drying characteristics, nutritional quality (rehydration ratio, protein content, and total phenolic content ), and antioxidant activity were systematically investigated, and a drying kinetic model was established. [Results] The hot -air drying process of M.esculenta could be divided into two stages:an accelerating drying stage and a falling -rate drying stage. The Page model accurately described the moisture variation during drying (R2=0.980). With increasing cutting …

Optimization Of Fermentation Process And Analysis Of Flavor Compounds In Pitaya-Black Tea Wine, Wei Chunhui, Li Xiaoyi, Yang Yikun, Sang Shixin, Zeng Shiyan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To develop a composite fermented wine integrating the flavors of pitaya and black tea, optimize the fermentation process, and analyze its volatile flavor compounds. [Methods] The mixture of red -fleshed pitaya juice and black tea infusion is inoculated with yeast for fermentation. Single -factor and orthogonal experiments are employed to optimize the fermentation parameters, and the volatile flavor components are analyzed by headspace solid -phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (HS-SPME -GC-MS). [Results] The optimal fermentation conditions are determined as follows:a volume ratio of pitaya juice to black tea infusion of 1∶5, an initial sugar degree of …

Effects Of Microwave Irradiation On Major Flavor Compounds In Maotai-Flavor Baijiu With Original Bottled Packaging, Huang Jimin, Qin Haibo, Wu Zhaolong, Zhao Guohui, Liang Jinzhi, Li Bingzheng, Huang Zhimin

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To enhance the quality and market value of original bottled Maotai -flavored Baijiu, this study investigates the effects of microwave irradiation on major flavor compounds during the aging process and optimizes the microwave -assisted aging process. [Methods] Maotai -flavored Baijiu samples were subjected to microwave irradiation, and the effects of irradiation time, irradiation temperature, and power density on the contents of key flavor compounds, including ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, acetic acid, and acetaldehyde, were examined in samples stored for 28 days after treatment. [Results] With increasing irradiation time, ester contents first increased and then fluctuated …

Spartan Daily, October 21, 2026, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications

Spartan Daily, 2026

Volume 167, Issue 26

Transforming The Panama Canal From Transportation Infrastructure Into A Tourist Destination: Opportunities, Challenges, And Sustainability Implications, Ali Kheleel Ibrahim, Muthana Faaeq Almasoodi

AUIQ Humanities and Social Sciences

This research examines the transformation of the Panama Canal from functional transportation infrastructure into a significant tourist destination while maintaining operational integrity. Employing descriptive and analytical methodologies, the study analyses visitor statistics, economic impacts, infrastructure investments, and sustainability challenges across recent years. Findings reveal substantial growth in visitor numbers and demonstrate that canal tourism consistently contributes to a significant proportion of national tourism revenues. The Panama Canal's higher visitor figures relative to the Suez Canal are consistent with, though not causally attributable to, differences in institutional approaches to tourism development, as establishing causality would require controlled comparative data unavailable within …

Optimizing Job Demands And Resources To Enhance Employee Engagement And Organizational Performance, Ali Shakir Zaidan, Hadeel Kadem Saeed, Arash Arianpoor, Siraj Razooqi Abbas

AUIQ Humanities and Social Sciences

This study examines how Job Demands, resources, satisfaction, work engagement, and firm performance are interrelated using the job demands–resources (JD-R) model. According to this model, job demands are important for organizations, but if they are not balanced by sufficient job resources, they can cause strain and lower satisfaction. By contrast, job resources act as critical enablers, mitigating the adverse effects of demands, promoting job satisfaction, and enhancing employee engagement. By conceptualizing job satisfaction as a mediating variable, the proposed model clarifies how the interplay between demand and resources leads to increased work engagement, which contributes to improved firm performance. This …

An Agentic Ai Decision-Support Framework For Interpretable Crowd Status Monitoring Via Yolov5, Hasanain Hazim Azeez, Rafea Mohammed Ibrahim, Esraa H. Yahyaa, Thura Jamal, Nasri Sulaiman

AUIQ Humanities and Social Sciences

For public safety in crowded public places, less human detection is insufficient without interpretability and actionability of decision assistances. Although deep learning–based video surveillance systems have achieved accurate detection recently, the majority are restricted to passive perception and do not convert visual products into executive decisions for crowd status. This study presents an agentic AI-based decision support framework for interpretable real-time crowd status monitoring, to link vision-based perception and public safety decision. The proposed framework incorporates a YOLOv5-derived human detection module, an agentic state evaluation by considering persistability and a transparent rule-based decision making, which distinguishes scenes into crowd versus …

Bridging Troubled Waters: Simplifying New York’S Riparian Property And River Access Laws, John Eikamp

St. John's Law Review

(Excerpt)

Part I of this Note provides a review of New York’s riparian property laws, beginning with the English common law and ending with Douglaston Manor v. Bahrakis. Part II provides an analysis of OGC-9 and its failures as an extension of the Douglaston Manor decision. Part III proposes that, to resolve this dysfunction, Douglaston Manor must be abrogated, at least in part, by statute. The statute, drawing on the laws of other states and the federal government, and informed by expert opinion, must set forth a list of the state’s navigable waterways so that anglers are no longer …

Propuesta Metodológica Para La Evaluación De La Pobreza Energética En Chiapas, México, Mario Alejandro Sánchez Trujillo, Pascual López De Paz, Marcelino García Benítez, Amina El Mekaoui, Bassam Alí

Journal of Maya Heritage

El acceso inequitativo e insuficiente a servicios energéticos de calidad constituye uno de los principales obstáculos para el desarrollo socioeconómico y el bienestar humano en México, siendo el estado de Chiapas una de las entidades con mayor vulnerabilidad socioambiental. Este trabajo presenta una propuesta metodológica cuantitativa y geoespacial para evaluar la pobreza energética de las siete subprovincias fisiográficas de Chiapas. La metodología combina datos de censos de población y vivienda 2020 (INEGI), la estandarización min-max, el análisis de correlación de Pearson y el análisis de componentes principales (PCA) para la construcción de un índice de pobreza energética (IPE) multidimensional. El …

Dynamic Health Tracking And Automated Preservation Control System For Power Electronics And High-Ambient Hvac Infrastructure, N/A

Defensive Publications Series

A predictive health and control system performs Dynamic Health Tracking for power electronics and energy storage components within high-ambient HVAC infrastructure. The system polls real-time thermal telemetry and operating parameters from internal components — including DC bus capacitors, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), and variable frequency drives (VFDs) — as well as indirect thermal proxies (such as cabinet ambient air, outdoor yard ambient, cooling fan status, carrier switching frequency, and DC bus voltage ripple) at established intervals. Using this telemetry, an integrated controller or an analytics engine applies a time-integrated cumulative thermal-stress degradation function (such as an Arrhenius reaction rate …

Mutation-Qualified, Authority-Scoped Evaluator Routing For Versioned Engineering Ai Systems, Bharath Raj C, Mukund Anandan, Gourav Gourav

Defensive Publications Series

A system is proposed herein for qualifying evaluators used to review generated technical material in versioned engineering artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The system creates controlled degradations from protected technical obligations, measures the technical dimensions for which each evaluator demonstrates competence, and limits promotion authority to current qualified dimensions. Dimension-specific authority rules prevent lower-authority votes from overriding controlling technical sources, while named dependency envelopes invalidate affected qualifications when relevant sources, platforms, releases, or evaluator configurations change. Unaffected evaluator capabilities and still-valid prior decisions remain usable, allowing localized promotion, rejection, owner review, or insufficient-evidence outcomes.

Zero-Stall Hazard Resolution For Pipelined Multipliers Via Cycle-Indexed Product Collapse, N/A

Defensive Publications Series

An in-flight history buffer, a shift register indexed by pipeline stage, tracks resource state updates still propagating through a multi-stage multiplier pipeline. Hazard detection compares the resource identifier of an incoming transaction against the buffer entries, and on a match forwards the uncommitted updated state in place of the stale state. Within the hazard window the elapsed-time operand equals a known small integer i+k, so single-cycle combinational constant-scaling logic forms the product r×(i+k). This product collapse bypasses the multiplier pipeline without duplicated multipliers or timestamp subtraction logic, and the transaction completes in the same cycle slot it would have occupied …

Hardware-Anchored Bidirectional Mutual Authentication With Combined Entropy For Secure Integrated Circuit Life Cycle Transitions, Miguel Osorio, Michael Schaffner

Defensive Publications Series

A hardware life cycle controller gates each life cycle transition behind a bidirectional handshake. An external agent writes a 128-bit user nonce U, and the controller concatenates it with a 128-bit device nonce X drawn from the on-chip entropy source (ES) and with the monotonic transition counter CNT, forming a 288-bit challenge that neither party fixes alone. A KMAC engine then performs two passes over that challenge. The first pass derives a device proof Z1 = KMAC(Y1, U || X || CNT) from a shared secret Y1 and exposes Z1, along with X and CNT, in read-only registers, allowing the …