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2018

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Comparing Online English Language Learning And Face-To-Face English Language Learning At El Bosque University In Colombia, Marta L. Montiel-Chamorro Jan 2018

Comparing Online English Language Learning And Face-To-Face English Language Learning At El Bosque University In Colombia, Marta L. Montiel-Chamorro

Theses and Dissertations

Although there is significant research surrounding online foreign language education, there are still questions on whether the outcomes are comparable to those obtained in the traditional face-to-face classroom. This study examined four classes, two online and two face-to-face, where students took the second course of a 6-level program of English as a Second Language at El Bosque University in Colombia. The International Test of English Proficiency (iTEP) was administered to students before classes started in order to establish a baseline, and then again after the courses finished. This test evaluates English language proficiency per skill: speaking, listening, reading, writing and …


Synthesis And Characterization Of Magnetic Cabides And Oxides Nanomaterials, Hei Man Tsui Jan 2018

Synthesis And Characterization Of Magnetic Cabides And Oxides Nanomaterials, Hei Man Tsui

Theses and Dissertations

The design and development of nanoparticles is of great interest in the current energy and electronic industry. However, based on the current materials available the production cost can be high with insignificant magnetic and mechanical properties. Specifically, rare-earth magnetic materials composed of neodymium and samarium are known for their high magnetic performance, however, due to the cost of development there is a need to develop a versatile and cost effective material. Alternatively, cobalt carbide nanomaterials have shown to be a promising alternative for rare-earth free magnets as they exhibit comparable properties as hexaferrite magnetic materials. The primary goal of this …


Warp Drive Spacetimes, Nicholas A.S. Driver Jan 2018

Warp Drive Spacetimes, Nicholas A.S. Driver

Theses and Dissertations

The concept of faster than light travel in general relativity is examined, starting with a review of the Alcubierre metric. This spacetime, although incredible in its implications, has certain unavoidable problems which are discussed in detail. It is demonstrated that in order to describe faster than light travel without any ambiguities, a coordinate independent description is much more convenient. An alternative method of describing superluminal travel is then proposed, which has similarities to the Krasnikov tube.


Producing Smooth Flow In Atom Circuits By Stirring, Olatunde Oladehin Jan 2018

Producing Smooth Flow In Atom Circuits By Stirring, Olatunde Oladehin

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

We studied how smooth flow can be produced by stirring an ultracold atom circuit consisting of a gaseous Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) confined in a ``racetrack'' potential. The racetrack potential was made up of two straight parallel channels of length L connected on both ends by semicircular channels of the same width and (energy) depth as the straightaways. We used the Gross--Pitaevskii equation to simulate the behavior of the BEC in this potential when stirred by a rectangular paddle at various speeds and barrier heights. We found that smooth flow could be produced and conducted a systematic study of the flow …


Quantifying Genetic Responses Of Plants To Drought Stress With A Comparative Transcriptome Approach, Jessica K. Devitt Jan 2018

Quantifying Genetic Responses Of Plants To Drought Stress With A Comparative Transcriptome Approach, Jessica K. Devitt

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Mentzelia section Bartonia (Loasaceae) commonly occurs in some of the hottest and driest places in North America, but we poorly understand the mechanisms that allow them to tolerate such extreme environments. Morphological and physiological adaptations are well studied in model organisms. The underlying genetic responses to drought stress in non-model organisms like Mentzelia is unknown. To better understand and identify differences and similarities in genetic responses to drought stress between species existing in different habitats with differing water availability, three species from the genus Mentzelia were compared. Species of section Bartonia occur across an environmental gradient, from temperate to arid …


Designing And Testing 3-D Printed Wafer-Box With Embedded Pzt Sensors To Identify The Shape Effect On Energy Harvesting, Ahmad Jami Safayet Jan 2018

Designing And Testing 3-D Printed Wafer-Box With Embedded Pzt Sensors To Identify The Shape Effect On Energy Harvesting, Ahmad Jami Safayet

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Piezoelectric energy has been recently paid attention in the field of alternative energy. Day by day the traditional energy sources including Coal tar and oils are becoming scarce. People are heading to an alternative energy source to meet the future energy demand. Piezoelectric energy is one of the competitive energy sources compared to the conventional renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and geothermal power and so on. This energy production method bears enormous research potential because it can be used as the roadway for a new method of power generation. This research project aimed to identify which shaped wafer-box produced …


Examining Work-Related Factors That May Predict Teacher Retention Intention In Rural Georgia, Katrina M. Evans-Dobbs Jan 2018

Examining Work-Related Factors That May Predict Teacher Retention Intention In Rural Georgia, Katrina M. Evans-Dobbs

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

This study utilized a quantitative, statistical, non-experimental design to collect, analyze, and interpret data or variables that might impact retention of beginning teachers (0-3 years of experience) and experienced teachers (more than 3 years of experience) in a rural county school system in Georgia. The following variables were examined: retention intention, job satisfaction, job autonomy, workload pressure, leadership support, work experience, lateral/non-lateral status, induction, and mentoring. There were 728 participants from 14 elementary schools, five middle schools, and four high schools. This study found there were no statistically significant differences in retention intention between lateral and non-lateral teachers. There was …


Carving My Own Bench By The Road: Examining The Seats Of Power For Black Women Educators Through Playwriting, Dawn C. Whipple Jan 2018

Carving My Own Bench By The Road: Examining The Seats Of Power For Black Women Educators Through Playwriting, Dawn C. Whipple

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

In my dissertation inquiry, I explore the seats of power held by Black women educators in secondary education public schools in Georgia. Theoretically building upon such works as Black feminist thought (Hill Collins, 2000, e.g., hooks, 1981;), womanism (Walker, 2004; Phillips, 2006), critical race theory (Bell, 1992; Delgado, 1989), and engaged pedagogy (hooks, 1994), I create a play explore the oppression experienced by Black women educators who empower themselves for the benefit of students, in some cases abdicate their power, and in a few instances use their power to oppress others (Freire, 1970). The play is crafted based upon government …


Optimal Supply Delivery Under Military Specific Constraints, Talena Fletcher Jan 2018

Optimal Supply Delivery Under Military Specific Constraints, Talena Fletcher

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Through-out military history, the need to safely and effectively allocate resources to various military operations was a task of extreme importance. Satisfying the needs of multiple consumers by optimally pairing with appropriate suppliers falls into the category of vehicle routing problems (VRP), which has been intensively studied over the years. In general, finding the optimal solution to VRP is known to be NP-hard. The proposed solutions rely on mathematical programming and the size of the problems that can be optimally solved is typically limited. In military settings, balancing the needs of multiple consumers with the current operational environment has always …


Old English Character Recognition Using Neural Networks, Sattajit Sutradhar Jan 2018

Old English Character Recognition Using Neural Networks, Sattajit Sutradhar

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Character recognition has been capturing the interest of researchers since the beginning of the twentieth century. While the Optical Character Recognition for printed material is very robust and widespread nowadays, the recognition of handwritten materials lags behind. In our digital era more and more historical, handwritten documents are digitized and made available to the general public. However, these digital copies of handwritten materials lack the automatic content recognition feature of their printed materials counterparts. We are proposing a practical, accurate, and computationally efficient method for Old English character recognition from manuscript images. Our method relies on a modern machine learning …


Blow Up Solution Of Bose-Einstein Condensates With Anisotropic Trapping Potential And Rotation, Christopher Leonard Jan 2018

Blow Up Solution Of Bose-Einstein Condensates With Anisotropic Trapping Potential And Rotation, Christopher Leonard

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

In this paper we will analyze a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with quadratic anisotropic trapping potential used to describe a Bose-Einstein condensate. We will find sufficient condition for the global existence of the solution and for the blow up result using physical properties associated to the equation such as the mass, energy, and angular momentum along with some other identities related to the equation. We will finish the thesis with showing some graphical representations describing the solution of the equation.


Multiclass Classification Of Risk Factors For Cervical Cancer Using Artificial Neural Networks, Abdullah Al Mamun Jan 2018

Multiclass Classification Of Risk Factors For Cervical Cancer Using Artificial Neural Networks, Abdullah Al Mamun

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

World Health Organization statistics show that cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women with an estimated 530,000 new cases in 2012. Cervical cancer diagnosis typically involves liquid-based cytology (LBC) followed by a pathologist review. The accuracy of decision is therefore highly influenced by the expert’s skills and experience, resulting in relatively high false positive and/or false negative rates. Moreover, given the fact that the data being analyzed is highly dimensional, same reviewer’s decision is inherently affected by inconsistencies in interpreting the data. In this study, we use an Artificial Neural Network based model that aims to considerably …


The Relationship Between Teachers' Perception Of Data-Driven Instructional Leadership And Their Sense Of Efficacy And Anxiety For Data-Driven Decision-Making, Jarvis J. Price Jan 2018

The Relationship Between Teachers' Perception Of Data-Driven Instructional Leadership And Their Sense Of Efficacy And Anxiety For Data-Driven Decision-Making, Jarvis J. Price

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between teachers’ perception of data-driven instructional leadership and their sense of self-efficacy and anxiety towards data-driven decision-making. Additionally, the research study examined if teachers’ school level (elementary or secondary) influenced their perception of data-driven instructional leadership and their sense of self-efficacy and anxiety towards data-driven decision-making. The researcher utilized a correlational research design and correlational/regression analysis to conduct this study based on the theoretical framework of Bandura’s social learning theory. The researcher surveyed 300 full-time certified educators in a rural school district located in the southeastern United States using the …


Examining The Issue Of Compliance With Personal Protective Equipment Among Wastewater Workers Across The Southeast Region Of The United States, Tamara L. Wright Jan 2018

Examining The Issue Of Compliance With Personal Protective Equipment Among Wastewater Workers Across The Southeast Region Of The United States, Tamara L. Wright

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Wastewater workers are exposed to different occupational hazards such as chemicals, gases, viruses, and bacteria. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a significant factor that can reduce or increase the probability of an accident from hazardous exposures to chemicals and microbial contaminants. The purpose of this study was to identify wastewater worker’s beliefs and practices on wearing PPE and protections offered by PPE through the integration of the Health Belief Model (HBM). Participants were workers in the wastewater industry, which included wastewater operators, laboratory analysts, maintenance workers, wastewater collection workers, equipment operators, managers, and supervisors (n=272). The instrument was a self-administered …


(Re)Learning To Question: Curriculum Studies And (Re)Thinking Science For The 21st Century, Anthony Jerome Stawiery Jan 2018

(Re)Learning To Question: Curriculum Studies And (Re)Thinking Science For The 21st Century, Anthony Jerome Stawiery

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation proposes a science literacy which revisits the nature of science and how it has fallen away from its inquiry-based roots and has become a tool for oppression and exclusion. The epistemological roots of science begin with curiosity and questioning. Asking questions is also foundational to democratic society. A critical science literacy emphasizes the need to question and to remain curious. Such skills can be incorporated across multiple disciplines. Therefore, this dissertation proposes science literacy not as a literacy in the life or physical sciences, but as a methodology of inquiry, a skillset that nurtures curiosity and strengthens critique. …


The Exertion Of A Choice: An Ecofeminist Vision ~ Aesthetic, Embodied, And Connected Learning, Sharon M. Eswine Jan 2018

The Exertion Of A Choice: An Ecofeminist Vision ~ Aesthetic, Embodied, And Connected Learning, Sharon M. Eswine

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

In this dissertation, I build upon Darwin’s (1859/1964) metaphor of the complex biological tangle of a river bank - plants, birds, insects, and earth - to paint a picture of transformative learning as aesthetic (Dewey, 1934/2005; Eisner, 1998, 2002b; Greene, 1995, 2001; Liston, 2001), and embodied (Dewey, 1958; Johnson, 2007; Shusterman, 2006), and thereby connected to the learner’s life experience, including his/her/their ecological, cultural, and historic situatedness. I call this complication of Darwin’s metaphor the ecofeminist tangled bank. For my purposes, an ecofeminist theoretical framework provides a means of analyzing oppressive conceptual frameworks that perpetuate hierarchy and domination, and which …


Survey Of Results On The Schrodinger Operator With Inverse Square Potential, Richardson Saint Bonheur Jan 2018

Survey Of Results On The Schrodinger Operator With Inverse Square Potential, Richardson Saint Bonheur

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

In this paper we present a survey of results on the Schrodinger operator with Inverse ¨ Square potential, La= −∆ + a/|x|^2 , a ≥ −( d−2/2 )^2. We briefly discuss the long-time behavior of solutions to the inter-critical focusing NLS with an inverse square potential(proof not provided). Later we present spectral multiplier theorems for the operator. For the case when a ≥ 0, we present the multiplier theorem from Hebisch [12]. The case when 0 > a ≥ −( d−2/2 )^2 was explored in [1], and their proof will be presented for completeness. No improvements on the sharpness …


Geometric Optimization Of A Heaving Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter, Ian Riley Jan 2018

Geometric Optimization Of A Heaving Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter, Ian Riley

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Wave energy shows significant potential for development into a competitive renewable energy source. Non-renewable resources are finite and contribute to adverse effects on the environment. Development of wave energy conversion devices that use heave motion as the primary driver for converting wave energy into electrical potential is explored through optimizing the geometry of an axisymmetric partially submerged buoy in deep water. The governing equations of motion and hydrodynamic forces are solved for in one degree of freedom using ANSYS Aqwa. An external PTO device is simulated to induce power capture in the system. Four different geometric shapes are tested and …


A Review Of Economic Studies Relating To The Bureau Of Land Management's Wild Horse And Burro Program, Paul M. Jakus Jan 2018

A Review Of Economic Studies Relating To The Bureau Of Land Management's Wild Horse And Burro Program, Paul M. Jakus

Human–Wildlife Interactions

This paper reviews literature addressing the benefits and costs of the Bureau of Land Management’s Wild Horse and Burro (WHB) Program. Within the framework of a comprehensive benefit cost analysis of the WHB Program, I find that program cost estimates are readily available from numerous sources. A more limited set of estimates of the opportunity cost of WHB on the range is available, as is a single estimate of the benefits provided by animal adoption. In contrast, there are no economic estimates of ecological damages caused by WHB in excess of the Appropriate Management Level, nor does a search of …


Wild Horse Demography: Implications For Sustainable Management Within Economic Constraints, Robert A. Garrott Jan 2018

Wild Horse Demography: Implications For Sustainable Management Within Economic Constraints, Robert A. Garrott

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Management of wild horse (Equus ferus caballus ) populations on western U.S. rangelands has been a challenge since horses were given legal protection through the passage of the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (WFRHBA) in 1971. Horses have no eff ective predators, and unmanaged populations can double in 4–5 years and triple in 6–8 years. In order to meet the multiple-use paradigm for managing public rangelands, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has limited horse population growth through the periodic capture and removal of animals. While the WFRHBA mandates disposal of captured horses through placement into private ownership and …


Toward Sustainable Conservation And Management Of Human-Wildlife Interactions In The Mmadinare Region Of Botswana: Villagers’ Perceptions On Challenges And Prospects, Oitshepile M. Modise, Rebecca Nthogo Lekoko, Olekae Tsompi Thakadu, Masego Ayo Mpotokwane Jan 2018

Toward Sustainable Conservation And Management Of Human-Wildlife Interactions In The Mmadinare Region Of Botswana: Villagers’ Perceptions On Challenges And Prospects, Oitshepile M. Modise, Rebecca Nthogo Lekoko, Olekae Tsompi Thakadu, Masego Ayo Mpotokwane

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Human–wildlife conflicts are increasing globally. The increase in conflicts has been attributed to growing human and wildlife populations and a per capita increase in the consumption of natural resources. In Botswana, conflicts between humans and elephants (Loxodonta africana) are increasing. The growing human population (2.2 million) is encroaching on the animals’ already restricted range. Concomitantly, more elephants are adversely affecting arable agriculture production. To better understand the magnitude and intensity of human–wildlife interactions with elephants and other native wildlife species in Botswana, we collected data through community forum conducted July 17–18, 2017 at a “Kgotla” meeting in Mmadinare, a village …


Cooperative Extension Agents As Key Informants In Assessing Wildlife Damage Trends In Georgia, Rhianna R. Hohbein, Michael T. Mengak Jan 2018

Cooperative Extension Agents As Key Informants In Assessing Wildlife Damage Trends In Georgia, Rhianna R. Hohbein, Michael T. Mengak

Human–Wildlife Interactions

To manage emerging human-wildlife conflicts, wildlife managers will require more information regarding trends in wildlife damage and public perceptions of control measures. In 2017, we administered an online survey to Georgia Agriculture and Natural Resource County Cooperative Extension Agents (ANR Agents) to assess the types of inquiries or complaints about nuisance wildlife they had received during the previous year. We asked questions about the common species creating problems, the nature of the damage reported, and perceptions of client preferences regarding different types of nuisance wildlife control. We compared the results of our 2017 survey to a similar survey conducted in …


Species Composition And Temporal Patterns Of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions In Southwest Virginia, Usa, James A. Vance, Walter H. Smith, Gabrielle L. Smith Jan 2018

Species Composition And Temporal Patterns Of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions In Southwest Virginia, Usa, James A. Vance, Walter H. Smith, Gabrielle L. Smith

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Mitigating wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) is becoming a major wildlife conservation focus, particularly in areas characterized by increased anthropogenic development. Concomitantly, wildlife managers and transportation planners need better information regarding spatiotemporal patterns of WVCs to develop measures that mitigate negative impacts on wildlife. To address this need, in 2015 we conducted a yearlong WVC study in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, USA to determine the species composition of WVCs across mammals, birds, and herpetofauna. In addition, we compared patterns of WVC road mortalities across 2 adjacent routes with different vehicle traffic volumes and evaluated the relationships between temporal variations in WVC …


Black Bears Recolonizing Historic Ranges: Indiana Human–Bear Interactions, Bradford J. Westrich, Emily B. Mccallen, Geriann Albers Jan 2018

Black Bears Recolonizing Historic Ranges: Indiana Human–Bear Interactions, Bradford J. Westrich, Emily B. Mccallen, Geriann Albers

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Over a century after extirpation from Indiana, USA, 2 American black bears (Ursus americanus) were confirmed in the state during the summers of 2015 and 2016. The first bear encountered a public and management agency unaccustomed to living with large carnivores, which resulted in intentional and unintentional feedings, habituation, and ultimately its euthanasia. The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) attempted to learn from this encounter and began preparing for the next transient black bear. Education materials were created to help minimize human–bear interactions, promote living safely with bears, and inform about what to do when encountering a …


Mchm (4-Methylcyclohexane Methanol) Influences The Predator-Prey Interaction Between Danio Rerio And Daphnia Magna, Anna C. Wagner Jan 2018

Mchm (4-Methylcyclohexane Methanol) Influences The Predator-Prey Interaction Between Danio Rerio And Daphnia Magna, Anna C. Wagner

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Chemical contamination alters organism-level traits, such as activity and feeding, that can ultimately affect aquatic trophic interactions. Despite the importance of predator-prey relationships in aquatic communities, chemical toxicity is often tested on single species prior to use. For example, 4-methylcyclohexane methanol (MCHM) used in industrial coal-cleaning enters the environment regularly from low-level contamination during disposal and occasionally in high concentrations following accidental spills, but its effects on fish-zooplankton interactions remain unknown. It was hypothesized MCHM exposure affects zebrafish and D. magna swimming behavior differently when exposed individually or together, and ultimately affects their relationship. Zebrafish and D. magna were exposed …


The Role Of Data Analysis Software In Graduate Programs In Education And Post-Graduate Research, Michael Harwell Jan 2018

The Role Of Data Analysis Software In Graduate Programs In Education And Post-Graduate Research, Michael Harwell

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

The importance of data analysis software in graduate programs in education and post-graduate educational research is self-evident. However the role of this software in facilitating supererogated statistical practice versus "cookbookery" is unclear. The need to rigorously document the role of data analysis software in students' graduate coursework and research, and in post-graduate educational research studies, is emphasized along with recommendations for obtaining this information.


The Relationship Of Implicit Theories To Elementary Teachers’ Patterns Of Engagement In A Mathematics-Focused Professional Development Setting, Angela T. Barlow, Alyson E. Lischka, James C. Willingham, Kristin Hartland, D. Christopher Stephens Jan 2018

The Relationship Of Implicit Theories To Elementary Teachers’ Patterns Of Engagement In A Mathematics-Focused Professional Development Setting, Angela T. Barlow, Alyson E. Lischka, James C. Willingham, Kristin Hartland, D. Christopher Stephens

Mid-Western Educational Researcher

As elementary teachers aim to deepen their mathematical understandings, they engage in a relearning process that involves not only revisiting but also reconstructing their knowledge. To do so, meaningful engagement in immersion and practice-based experiences is required. This exploratory case study investigated the engagement patterns of two elementary teachers with varying implicit beliefs as they participated in a professional development that focused on relearning mathematics. Data were collected on the two participants in the form of video narratives, observation protocols, and interviews. Attention was given to their patterns of engagement in collaborative group settings as the participants moved through different …


Analyzing Formation Of Silver Nanoparticles From The Filamentous Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum And Their Antimicrobial Activity, Abd-Almohaimen Ahmed, Haider Hamzah, Mohammed Maaroof Jan 2018

Analyzing Formation Of Silver Nanoparticles From The Filamentous Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum And Their Antimicrobial Activity, Abd-Almohaimen Ahmed, Haider Hamzah, Mohammed Maaroof

Turkish Journal of Biology

In recent years much attention has been paid to the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their important medical applications. The current study employs Fusarium oxysporum for the formation of silver nanoparticles and examines the antimicrobial activity of the particles against some multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes. Silver nitrate was transformed into silver oxide, forming well-dispersed nanoparticles, by the action of F. oxysporum metabolically. The size of the nanoparticles ranged from 21.3 to 37.3 nm, and UV-spectroscopy showed a peak at 408-411 nm. Moreover, SEM, TEM, and AFM results revealed spherical and oval shapes and showed no sign of aggregation. Furthermore, the …


Oxidative Stress Upregulates The Transcription Of Genes Involved In Thiaminemetabolism, Burcu Kartal, Ahmet Akçay, Bedi̇a Palabiyik Jan 2018

Oxidative Stress Upregulates The Transcription Of Genes Involved In Thiaminemetabolism, Burcu Kartal, Ahmet Akçay, Bedi̇a Palabiyik

Turkish Journal of Biology

Thiamine is a major vitamin that acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism in all organisms, as well as in lipid and amino acid metabolisms, and is associated with many diseases. It is known that glucose starvation decreases the intracellular thiamine pool while increasing oxidative stress tolerance. Earlier, in whole genome analysis, we detected major differences in the expression of genes related to thiamine pathway against oxidative stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We investigated the effects of oxidative stress and glucose repression to thiamine pathway in S. pombe by comparing some genes encoding key enzymes of each related pathway at the …


Cloud Transactions And Caching For Improved Performance In Clouds And Dtns, Dileep Mardham Jan 2018

Cloud Transactions And Caching For Improved Performance In Clouds And Dtns, Dileep Mardham

Masters Theses

"In distributed transactional systems deployed over some massively decentralized cloud servers, access policies are typically replicated. Interdependencies ad inconsistencies among policies need to be addressed as they can affect performance, throughput and accuracy. Several stringent levels of policy consistency constraints and enforcement approaches to guarantee the trustworthiness of transactions on cloud servers are proposed. We define a look-up table to store policy versions and the concept of "Tree-Based Consistency" approach to maintain a tree structure of the servers. By integrating look-up table and the consistency tree based approach, we propose an enhanced version of Two-phase validation commit (2PVC) protocol integrated …