Digital Commons Network^™

Molecular Candidates For Blocking The Transmission Of Vector-Borne Diseases, Ashish Naresh Vora

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) require urgent attention as they have a high mortality rate, with 700,000 people dying in a year as of 2017. So far, extremely few reliable vaccination strategies and solutions have emerged. Transmission blocking vaccines are one among many solutions available to manage the control of VBDs. These require identification of both vector and pathogen molecules that play important roles in the transmission, dissemination and establishment of VBDs. Our strategy is to characterize these candidates that play important roles in vector-host-pathogen interactions. This manuscript presents two such studies identifying the participation of two arthropod molecules in vector-host-pathogen interactions. …

Can Rationing Through Inconvenience Be Ethical?, Nir Eyal, Paul Romain, Christopher Robertson

Faculty Scholarship

In this article, we provide a comprehensive analysis and a normative assessment of rationing through inconvenience as a form of rationing. By “rationing through inconvenience” in the health sphere, we refer to a non-financial burden (the inconvenience) that is either intended to cause or has the effect of causing patients or clinicians to choose an option for health‐related consumption that is preferred by the health system for its fairness, efficiency, or other distributive desiderata beyond assisting the immediate patient. We argue that under certain conditions, rationing through inconvenience may turn out to serve as a legitimate and, compared to direct …

Relationships Between Factors Influencing Biofilm Formation And Pathogen Retention In Complex Rhizosphere Microbial Communities, Aaron Coristine

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Riparian wetlands are unique habitats facilitating all forms of life. The riverbanks of these environments provide ideal conditions for bacteria, plants, and higher organisms. Of particular interest to this research was the variation in microbial community structure at high, intermediate and poor water quality impacted areas. Assessing the capabilities of plants to retain microbial pathogens was identified. Root systems and corresponding soil are ideal locations for bacterial deposition, resulting in attachment at these areas. Biofilm production in these regions is important for long-term establishment, leading to persistence and potential naturalization. Opportunistic pathogens originating from mammalian fecal matter are introduced into …

Spatial Modelling And Wildlife Health Surveillance: A Case Study Of White Nose Syndrome In Ontario, Lauren Yee

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Wildlife data is often limited by survey effort, small sample sizes, and spatial biases associated with collection and missing data. These factors can create unique challenges from a surveillance perspective when trying to extract spatial patterns of habitat suitability and disease distributions for conservation and management purposes. This thesis examined data quality from a wildlife health database in the context of spatial analysis of wildlife disease. Spatial analysis of the data to predict habitat suitability of bats and white nose syndrome afflicted bats was examined by using the MaxEnt modelling method. Methods to reduce spatial bias were examined and specific …

Hepatitis C Testing And Treatment Access Among People Who Inject Drugs, Monika Roerig

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Hepatitis C (HCV) remains a global issue as it affects 2-3% of the world’s population. Despite Canada’s universal access to healthcare, barriers to accessing testing and treatment for HCV has contributed to approximately 250,000 Canadians living with chronic HCV. People who inject drugs (PWID) account for about 60% of all HCV cases in Canada, making them the primary target for public health interventions, namely prevention and harm reduction. Harm reduction efforts have proven effective to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and to prevent overdoses, but there remains a large proportion of individuals living with the virus who are unaware …

Charecterization Of The Innate Immune Response In The Rat Intervertebral Disc At The Tissue And Cellular Level, Matthew Guerreiro

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Low back pain (LBP) affects up to 80% of the global population at some point during their life. The costs associated with LBP are estimated at $100 billion per year, putting significant strains on our healthcare system. As intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation is one of the major causes of LBP we decided to focus on herniation facilitated inflammatory responses, where damage caused by herniation triggers an innate immune response which likely results in pain, inflammation, and recruitment of specialized innate immune cells like macrophages to the affected area. Since the role of the inflammatory response is relatively uncharacterized in the …

Venus In The Trenches: The Treatment Of Venereal Disease In The Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919, Lyndsay Rosenthal

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

This dissertation examines the treatment of venereal disease (VD) in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF). The Canadians had one of the highest rates of infection during the war with 15.8 per cent of servicemen being diagnosed with VD. These figures generated concern among Canadian officials about the negative impact this could have on both public health and opinion. Overseas officials needed to develop policies and procedures to control the spread of the disease. When strict disciplinary measures did little to address the issue, the military experimented with more lenient ones rooted in science and medicine. Even with these measures in …

Temperature-Related Mortality Impacts Under And Beyond Paris Agreement Climate Change Scenarios, Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera, Yuming Guo, Francesco Sera, Veronika Huber, Carl Friedrich Schleussner, Dann Mitchell, Shilu Tong, Micheline De Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Nascimento Saldiva, Éric Lavigne, Patricia Matus Correa, Nicolas Valdes Ortega, Haidong Kan, Samuel Osorio, Jan Kyselý, Aleš Urban, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, Niilo R.I. Ryti, Mathilde Pascal, Patrick J. Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Paola Michelozzi, Matteo Scortichini, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Julio Gonzalez Cruz, Xerxes T. Seposo, Ho Kim, Aurelio Tobías, Carmen Iñiguez Fernández, Bertil Forsberg, Daniel Oudin Åström, Martina S. Ragettli, Martin Röösli, Yueleon Guo, Chang-Fu Wu, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel D. Schwartz, Michelle L. Bell, Tranngoc Ngoc Dang, Dung Do Van, C. Heaviside, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Shakoor Hajat, Andrew Haines, London School Of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom London School Of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Ben G. Armstrong, Kristie L. Ebi, Antonio Gasparrini

Articles

The Paris Agreement binds all nations to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change, with the commitment to Bhold warming well below 2 °C in global mean temperature (GMT), relative to pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 °C^. The 1.5 °C limit constitutes an ambitious goal for which greater evidence on its benefits for health would help guide policy and potentially increase the motivation for action. Here we contribute to this gap with an assessment on the potential health benefits, in terms of reductions in temperature-related mortality, derived from the compliance to the agreed temperature …

Detection Of “Xisco” Gene For Identification Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolates, Francisco Salvà-Serra, Gwendolyn Connolly, Edward Moore, Lucia Gonzales-Siles

Articles

We describe a PCR-assay differentiating Streptococcus pneumoniae from closely-related species of the Mitis group of the genus Streptococcus and identification of pneumococcus clinical isolates, based on the “Xisco” gene discriminatory marker. The complete “Xisco” gene sequence was observed in all S. pneumoniae genomes analyzed and absent in all non-pneumococcus genomes.

Quantifying Excess Deaths Related To Heatwaves Under Climate Change Scenarios: A Multicountry Time Series Modelling Study, Yuming Guo, Antonio Gasparrini, Shanshan Li, Francesco Sera, Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera, Micheline De Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coêlho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Nascimento Saldiva, Éric Lavigne, Benjawan Tawatsupa, Kornwipa Punnasiri, Ala Overcenco, Patricia Matus Correa, Nicolas Valdes Ortega, Haidong Kan, Samuel Osorio, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, Niilo R.I. Ryti, Patrick J. Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Paola Michelozzi, Matteo Scortichini, Masahiro Hashizume, Honda, Yasushi Honda, Yasushi, Xerxes T. Seposo, Ho Young Kim, Aurelio Tobías, Carmen Iñiguez Fernández, Bertil Forsberg, Daniel Oudin Åström, Guo, Yue Leon Guo, Yue Leon, Bing Yu Chen, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel D. Schwartz, Tranngoc Ngoc Dang, Dung Do Van, Michelle L. Bell, Ben G. Armstrong, Ebi, Kristie L. Ebi, Kristie L., Shilu Tong

Articles

Background: Heatwaves are a critical public health problem. There will be an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves under changing climate. However, evidence about the impacts of climate change on heatwave-related mortality at a global scale is limited. Methods and findings: We collected historical daily time series of mean temperature and mortality for all causes or nonexternal causes, in periods ranging from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2015, in 412 communities within 20 countries/regions. We estimated heatwave–mortality associations through a two-stage time series design. Current and future daily mean temperature series were projected under four scenarios of …

1437. Family Duty And Safety Linked To Overcoming Attitudinal Barriers To Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination In Disparate Populations, Maria-Stephanie Tolg, Marc L. Hutchison, Brian Krueger, Katherine Kelly Orr, Jennifer M. Deangelis, Aisling R. Caffrey, Kerry L. Laplante

Political Science Faculty Publications

Background: Minority adult populations are at a higher risk for invasive pneumococcal disease and also have significantly lower vaccination rates when compared with the general population. Ingrained attitudes are a significant barrier to receipt of pneumococcal vaccine in these disparate populations, and therefore we tested targeted informational messaging to overcome these.

Methods: A survey instrument of attitudinal questions related to pneumococcal vaccination was administered via YouGov, an online public national survey house in 2017. Socioeconomic information was captured and linked to baseline Likert scale attitudinal question responses. Respondents were randomly assigned into subsamples that received different science-based messages …

Using The Public Nuisance Doctrine To Combat Antibiotic Resistance, Amanda Purcell

American University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Prevention Strategies To Reduce Multifactorial Risk Factors Associated With The Onset Of Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review, Jacqueline A. Burnes

Theses and Dissertations

Noncommunicable diseases such as coronary artery disease continue to remain the principal cause of mortality in the United States, claiming nearly 800,000 lives in 2016. Reducing the onset of chronic diseases, specifically coronary artery disease, requires a fundamental approach to health care, involving patient access to high-quality primary care and accessibility to disease prevention programs. This study examined multifactorial risk factors and prevention mechanisms associated with coronary artery disease.

The applied dissertation is a systematic review of the literature designed to answer the question: What prevention strategies reduce multifactorial risk factors associated with the onset of coronary artery disease? The …

Evaluating The Effects Of Attitudes On Health-Seeking Behavior Among A Network Of People Who Inject Drugs, Ayako Miura

Open Access Master's Theses

The transmission of HIV/AIDS remains a great concern among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in the United States. PWIDs are often embedded in a unique HIV/AIDS risk network via the shared use of drug equipment and risky sexual behavior. However, the characteristics of PWIDs in risk networks present challenges in a collection of network data resulting in limited studies of these networks of PWIDs. Our study employed causal inference methods applied to an observational study with dissemination to assess attitudes toward HIV/AIDS risk among PWIDs and their effect on health-seeking behaviors.

We used data from the Social Factors and HIV …

Solid Waste Management In Coastal Ghana, Ivy Akuoko

Open Access Master's Theses

Solid waste management is a major problem in most areas of coastal Ghana, where waste is dumped into drains that discharge into the sea or is dumped directly onto beaches. This is as a result of inadequate waste management infrastructure, low patronage of the few infrastructure available, and poor management. The consequence is an increase in vulnerability to sanitation related diseases such as malaria, typhoid and cholera as well as threatened coastal ecosystems’ health. Improper solid waste disposal practices are usually counter-productive to the many benefits and uses of the coast and directly impact the livelihoods and businesses that are …

Small Incision Lenticule Extraction Smile - The Future Of Refractive Surgery Is Here, John F. Doane, Jae E. Cauble, Jace J. Rickstrew, James Quinten Tuckfield

Student Publications

Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is a relatively new one-step refractive procedure that has recently been approved by the FDA for the treatment of myopia. It is anticipated myopic astigmatism will be FDA-approved in 2019. The SMILE procedure is shown to have similar efficacy, safety, predictability, and stability as current surgical options, such as LASIK, but has been gaining popularity due to fewer potential complications, such as dry eye incidence and greater biomechanical stability, and faster recovery time. This article discusses the SMILE procedure, its benefits, risks, uncertainties, and potential future in the world of refractive surgery.

Hepatitis B Reactivation In The Treatment Of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Matthew Kelling, Lubomir Sokol, Samir Dalia

Student Publications

Chronic active hepatitis B infection (HBV) has been implicated in lymphomagenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Treatment of cancer including NHL with chemotherapy or immunotherapy can lead to HBV reactivation in previously infected patients. Serological testing of HBV prior to initiation of this therapy is recommended by several national and international medical agencies and expert panels. Patients with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc ab) need to start antiviral therapy with entecavir or tenofovir prior to initiation of chemotherapy or immunotherapy and continue this treatment for 6 to 12 months after completion of cancer therapy …

In Silico Cd4+, Cd8+ & Humoral Immunity Associated Antigenic Epitope Prediction And Hla Distribution Analysis Of Htlv-I, Tasneem Bano, Essam Mohammed Janahi, Anupam Dhasmana, Mohtashim Lohani, Shafiul Haque, Raju K. Mandel, Sajad A. Dar, Arshad Jawed, Mohd Wahid, Naseem Akhter, Mohammaed Y. Areeshi

School of Medicine Publications

Purpose: The linkage of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to fatal diseases is a well known fact for many years. However, there has been no significant progress in the field of the treatment that can lead to the development of a successful vaccine. Furthermore, there are no means of assessing the risk of disease and its prognosis in the infected people.

Methods:The current study has taken the cognizance of the importance of host’s immune response in reducing the risk of infectious diseases to carry out immunoinformatics driven epitope screening strategy of vaccine candidates against HTLV-1. In this …

Developing Digital Educational Materials For Nursing And Sustainability: The Results Of An Observational Study, Neito C Alvarez, Janet Richardson, Gema Parra-Anguita, Manuel Linares-Abad, Norma Huss, M. Luisa Grande-Gascón, Jane Grose, Maud Huynen, Isabel M. López-Medina

School of Nursing and Midwifery

No abstract provided.

Ischemic Stroke Is Associated With The Pro-Inflammatory Potential Of N-Glycosylated Immunoglobulin G, Di Liu, Zhongyao Zhao, Anxin Wang, Siqi Ge, Hao Wang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Qi Sun, Weijie Cao, Ming Sun, Lijuan Wu, Manshu Song, Yong Zhou, Wei Wang, Youxin Wang

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background

Glycosylation significantly affects protein structure and function and thus participates in multiple physiologic and pathologic processes. Studies demonstrated that immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation associates with the risk factors of ischemic stroke (IS), such as aging, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.

Methods

The study aimed to investigate the association between IgG N-glycosylation and IS in a Chinese population. IgG glycome composition in patients with IS (n = 78) and cerebral arterial stenosis (CAS) (n = 75) and controls (n = 77) were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Eleven initial glycans and 10 …

Nurse-Led Primary Health Care For Homeless Men: A Multimethods Descriptive Study, Michael A. Roche, Christine M. Duffield, Judith Smith, Dana A. Kelly, Robyn Cook, Jen M. Bichel-Findlay, Carla Saunders, David J. Carter

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Aim: To explore the primary healthcare needs and health service use of homeless men in inner Sydney. Background: People experiencing homelessness have greater health needs than the general population and place high demands on tertiary care, which is expensive and may not be the optimum service for their needs. Accessible, approachable and affordable primary healthcare services could improve the health of homeless persons and potentially decrease costs to the healthcare system. Methods: A multimethod design using a cross-sectional survey (n = 40) and administrative data (n = 2 707 daily summaries) collected from a nurse-led primary healthcare clinic for homeless …

Evaluation Of Individual And Combined Markers Of Urine Dipstick Parameters And Total Lymphocyte Count As A Substitute For Cd4 Count In Low-Resource Communities In Ghana, Enoch Odame Anto, Christian Obirikorang, Emmanuel Acheampong, Bright Amankwaa, Bright Oppong Afranie, Sampson Donkor, Isaac Hope, Juliana Jommo, Esther Osaah

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

We evaluated the individual and combined levels of urine dipstick and total lymphocyte count (TLC) as surrogate markers for CD4 count in a low-resource community in Ghana. This cross-sectional study recruited 200 HIV-infected patients from the Saint Francis Xavier Hospital, Assin Fosu, Ghana. Complete blood count, CD4 count, and urine dipstick analysis were measured for participants. The threshold values were determined as/

Isolation Of Oropouche Virus From Febrile Patient, Ecuador, Emma L. Wise, Steven T. Pullan, Sully Márquez, Verónica Paz, Juan D. Mosquera, Sonia Zapata, Simon K. Jackson, Gyorgy Fejer, Gabriel Trueba, Christopher H. Logue

School of Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.

Prevention Of Tuberculosis In Rhesus Macaques By A Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine, Scott G. Hansen, Daniel E. Zak, Guangwu Xu, Julia C. Ford, Emily E. Marshall, Daniel Malouli, Roxanne M. Gilbride, Colette M. Hughes, Abigail B. Ventura, Emily Ainslie, Kurt T. Randall, Andrea N. Selseth, Parker Rundstrom, Lauren Herlache, Matthew S. Lewis, Haesun Park, Shannon L. Planer, John M. Turner, Miranda Fischer, Christina Armstrong, Robert C. Zweig, Joseph Valvo, Jackie M. Braun, Smitha Shankar, Lenette Lu, Andrew W. Sylwester, Alfred W. Legasse, Martin Messerle, Michael A. Jarvis, Michael A. Jarvis, Alan Aderem, Galit Alter, Dominick J. Laddy, Michele Stone, Aurelio Bonavia, Thomas G. Evans, Michael K. Axthelm, K Fruh, Paul T. Edlefsen, Louis J. Picker

School of Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.

Nano-Strategies To Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria—“A Battle Of The Titans", Pedro V. Baptista, Matthew P. Mccusker, Andreia Carvalho, Daniela A. Ferreira, Niamh M. Mohan, Marta Martins, Alexandra R. Fernandez

Articles

Infectious diseases remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern regarding the continued increase in the development of multidrug resistance among bacteria. Therefore, the antibiotic resistance crisis is one of the most pressing issues in global public health. Associated with the rise in antibiotic resistance is the lack of new antimicrobials. This has triggered initiatives worldwide to develop novel and more effective antimicrobial compounds as well as to develop novel delivery and targeting strategies. Bacteria have developed many ways by which they become resistant to antimicrobials. Among those are …

Unprecedented In Vitro Antitubercular Activitiy Of Manganese(Ii) Complexes Containing 1,10- Phenanthroline And Dicarboxylate Ligands: Increased Activity, Superior Selectivity, And Lower Toxicity In Comparison To Their Copper(Ii) Analogs, Pauraic Mccarron, Malachy Mccann, Michael Devereux, Kevin Kavanagh, Ciaran M. Skerry, Petros C. Karakousis, Ana Carolina Aor, Thaís P. Mello, Dos Santos, André Luis Souza Dos Santos, André Luis Souza, Débora Leite Campos, Fernando R. Pavan

Articles

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. The demand for new chemotherapeutics with unique mechanisms of action to treat (multi)resistant strains is an urgent need. The objective of this work was to test the effect of manganese(II) and copper(II) phenanthroline/dicarboxylate complexes against M. tuberculosis. The water-soluble Mn(II) complexes, [Mn2(oda)(phen)4(H2O)2][Mn2(oda)(phen)4(oda)2]·4H2O (1) and ([Mn(3,6,9-tdda)(phen)2]·3H2O·EtOH)n (3) (odaH2 = octanedioic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, tddaH2 = 3,6,9-trioxaundecanedioic acid), and water-insoluble complexes, [Mn(ph)(phen)(H2O)2] (5), [Mn(ph)(phen)2(H2O)]·4H2O (6), [Mn2(isoph)2(phen)3]·4H2O (7), ([Mn(phen)2(H2O)2])2(isoph)2(phen)·12H2O (8) and [Mn(tereph)(phen)2]·5H2O (9) (phH2 = phthalic acid, isophH2 = isophthalic acid, terephH2 = terephthalic acid), robustly inhibited the viability of M. tuberculosis strains, H37Rv …

Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence In Youth Living With Hiv: Exploring The Role Of Risk Behaviors, Health Promotion Behaviors And Depressive Symptoms, Megan Loew

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Youth living with HIV are often inconsistent with their HIV medication adherence. HIV medication adherence is critical for the treatment of HIV and prevention for future transmission. Understanding associated behaviors that may impact adherence for individuals living with HIV is necessary for their continued care. The current study aimed to more fully identify the influences engaging in risk behaviors, health promoting behaviors and experiencing depressive symptoms have on HIV medication adherence in adolescents and young adults with HIV. Participants were 92 adolescents and young adults with HIV living in the mid-south region of the United States. Individuals completed surveys about …

Considering Microbial Pesticides As A Disease Mitigation Strategy For The Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis, Denita Mychele Weeks

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Chytridiomycosis is an infectious amphibian disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Bd attaches to keratin on the epidermis of amphibians, invades skin cells, and may lead to pathogenesis in susceptible individuals. However, susceptibility varies within and among species. While this is due to many factors, the skin microbial community is a significant contributor to disease resistance. Amphibians form symbiotic relationships with environmental microbes on the skin surface, some of which produce antifungal agents that inhibit Bd. Interestingly, many agricultural biopesticides utilize the common soil-dwelling bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis. Through agricultural use, these bacteria likely increase in environmental abundance …

Non-Congenital Severe Ocular Complications Of Zika Virus Infection, Mussaret B. Zaidi, C Gustavo De Moraes, Michele Petitto, Juan B. Yepez, Anavaj Sakuntabhai, Etienne Simon-Loriere, Matthieu Prot, Claude Ruffie, Susan S. Kim, Gladys E. Maestre

School of Medicine Publications

In 2016, during a major Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Maracaibo, Venezuela, a 49-year-old woman and an unrelated 4-year-old boy developed bilateral optic neuritis 2–3 weeks after presenting an acute febrile illness characterized by low-grade fever, rash and myalgia [1]. Both patients presented sudden, painless bilateral loss of vision with no corneal or uveal abnormalities. Fundoscopic examination revealed oedema of the optic nerve and optic disc pallor. Optical coherence tomography confirmed bilateral optic nerve head swelling in the case of the adult, but it was not carried out in the child. Automated perimetry performed in the adult revealed bilateral diffuse …

Source Attribution, Antibiotic Resistance And Virulence Properties Of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated From Clinically Diagnosed Human Salmonellosis Cases From Tennessee, Nabanita Mukherjee

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection is one of the major causes of diarrheal disease throughout the world. Recently, an increase in trend of human S. Newport, S. Javiana, and S. Mississippi infection has been observed in Tennessee. The exact reason for the increase of the NTS infection by these three serotypes is not known. The sources of human S. Javiana infections are not well characterized. This study performed a systematic literature review to identify potential sources of human S. Javiana infection based on available scientific evidence. This study identified the food (such as tomatoes, watermelons, paprika-spice, and cheese), drinking well water, …