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2018

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Mechanisms Of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 And Alphα-Synuclein In Pathogenesis Of Parkinson Disease, Hisham Abdelmotilib Jan 2018

Mechanisms Of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 And Alphα-Synuclein In Pathogenesis Of Parkinson Disease, Hisham Abdelmotilib

All ETDs from UAB

Two pathological hallmarks define Parkinson disease (PD) including dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and accumulation of α-synuclein insoluble inclusions, called Lewy pathology, in surviving neurons. LRRK2 (encoding Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) and SNCA (encoding α-synuclein (α-syn)) are two major genes linked to PD. Pathogenic mutations in these two genes cause autosomal dominant (AD) PD. Additionally, genetic variations in LRRK2 and SNCA are associated with increased risk of sporadic PD. Cellular and animal studies using preformed α-syn fibrils (PFF) demonstrate that the fibrils can be internalized by neurons and act as seeds that can recruit and corrupt endogenously …

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Prohealing Multifunctional Endothelium Nanomatrix Coated Stents, Grant Alexander Jan 2018

Prohealing Multifunctional Endothelium Nanomatrix Coated Stents, Grant Alexander

All ETDs from UAB

Cardiovascular disease is currently the number one cause of death in the United States, and indeed, worldwide. Stents are the most commonly implanted devices used to treat cardiovascular disease. Bare metal stent use remains limited by relatively high rates of in-stent restenosis, a re-narrowing of the artery after stent deployment. Restenosis within stents is a result of neointimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the accom-panying extracellular matrix deposition in response to vessel injury. To address this, drug-eluting stents have been developed to reduce restenosis; however, difficulties with late stent thrombosis, inflammation, and poor re-endothelialization remained. Thus, alt-hough numerous approaches …

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Collecting Duct Nos1 Activation Is Necessary For Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate In Response To A High Salt Diet, John Miller Allan Jan 2018

Collecting Duct Nos1 Activation Is Necessary For Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate In Response To A High Salt Diet, John Miller Allan

All ETDs from UAB

We previously reported that nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS1) in the collecting duct (CD) is critical for maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance during high salt diet. Lack of NOS1 in the CD (CDNOS1KO) results in reduced sodium excretion, urine output, and urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion compared to male control mice after 1 day of a high salt diet (4% NaCl). By day 7 of a high salt diet, CDNOS1KO mice display significantly increased systolic blood pressure with sodium excretion returning to levels similar to control mice. Sex differences in renal sodium handling are important to consider. Female rodents possess redundant mechanisms for sodium handling …

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Effects Of Novel Inhibitors Against Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling In Ovarian And Triple-Negative Breast Cancers, Abhishek Gangrade Jan 2018

Effects Of Novel Inhibitors Against Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling In Ovarian And Triple-Negative Breast Cancers, Abhishek Gangrade

All ETDs from UAB

Ovarian and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive due to their dependence on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Niclosamide, a strong inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, is an efficacious cytotoxic agent for various cancers in vitro, including ovarian and breast cancers. However, it has cross-reactivity with mTOR, STAT3, and Notch pathways. A limitation of using the agent in animal studies involves its poor water solubility and bioavailability. This study investigates novel compounds based on the structure of niclosamide to improve specificity for the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The investigation evaluates three questions: 1) whether WNT974 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ovarian cancer; 2) whether novel analogs …

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The Effects Of Glucose And Amino Acid Restriction On Protein Turnover And Micro-Rna Composition In The Muscle Of Rainbow Trout, Mary Neslund Latimer Jan 2018

The Effects Of Glucose And Amino Acid Restriction On Protein Turnover And Micro-Rna Composition In The Muscle Of Rainbow Trout, Mary Neslund Latimer

All ETDs from UAB

Changes in nutritional status, through glucose and amino acid restriction, have the ability to augment both the protein turnover and micro-RNA (miR) composition in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the restriction of glucose in the media for a period of 24h was able to reduce protein synthesis by 41.2% compared to control conditions. In addition, 48h of glucose restriction affected the expression of both mstn2a and igfbp5, genes involved in muscle growth dynamics and synthesis. The restriction of amino acids, specifically the amino acid methionine, in vitro was able to reduce the …

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Mechanisms And Treatment Of Halogen Inhalation-Induced Pulmonary And Systemic Injuries In Pregnant Mice, James Lambert Jan 2018

Mechanisms And Treatment Of Halogen Inhalation-Induced Pulmonary And Systemic Injuries In Pregnant Mice, James Lambert

All ETDs from UAB

Toxic chemicals may pose an increased threat to vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and their unborn fetuses. The halogen bromine has numerous industrial utilities that include flame retardant, pharmaceutical, insecticide, and bleaching additive production. At room temperature, bromine is a volatile liquid. When the gas is inhaled, bromine causes exposure-dependent acute and chronic pulmonary and systemic injuries that range from mild eye and airway irritation to severe damage to the cardiopulmonary system and other organs, which can lead to death. If exposure is survived, patients still may develop reactive airway disease syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis as well as restrictive …

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Conserved Tcr Dβ Biases Cdr-B3 Content And Alters T Cell Development And Function, Michael Steven Levinson Jan 2018

Conserved Tcr Dβ Biases Cdr-B3 Content And Alters T Cell Development And Function, Michael Steven Levinson

All ETDs from UAB

T cell receptor (TCR) is a surface glycoprotein found on T cells that recognizes peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (pMHC). Each TCR is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (α) and a beta (β) chain that are created by rearrangements of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments in the thymus. The most diverse component of the β chain is its third complementarity determining region, or CDR-B3. CDR-B3 is created de novo for each individual T cell by VDJ rearrangement and together with its TCRα partner, CDR-A3, creates the center of the TCR pMHC binding …

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The Effects Of Growth Hormone In Human Melanoma Cell Lines, Ashiya Buckels Jan 2018

The Effects Of Growth Hormone In Human Melanoma Cell Lines, Ashiya Buckels

All ETDs from UAB

Melanoma is less common than basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. ~90% of melanomas carry a mutation in the RAS-RAF pathway, which promotes progression by constitutive activation of the extracellular sig-nal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. BRAF inhibition is an effective line of therapy for advance melanoma, but patients often progress due to the development of several forms of treatment resistance. Therapeutic resistance often results in increased invasion and migration of the cancer into proximal and distant tissues leading to the formation of metastasis. Examination of various cancer genomics data sets using …

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Mitochondria-To-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling And Its Role In Cancer, Trevor Carden Jan 2018

Mitochondria-To-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling And Its Role In Cancer, Trevor Carden

All ETDs from UAB

Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a hallmark of cancer. Mitochondria are essential, cellular organelles that participate in processes including energy production, calcium homeostasis and steroid metabolism. Mitochondria have been more recently appreciated for their role in cellular signaling, bringing about a greater understanding of their role in many diseases including cancer. Retrograde signaling is a mechanism by which the nucleus responds to mitochondrial dysfunction by modulating its own transcriptional programs to maintain metabolic and cellular processes. Many genes have already been identified as participants in or mediators of this signaling mechanism; these include cell signaling, metabolic and structural genes as well …

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Psychosocial Job Stress And Oxidative Stress In Emergency Department Nurses, Rupkatha Bardhan Jan 2018

Psychosocial Job Stress And Oxidative Stress In Emergency Department Nurses, Rupkatha Bardhan

All ETDs from UAB

Job stress often causes work-related physical injuries and chronic exposure to such environment may lead to poor health outcomes. Job stress in recent years has grown significantly within the workforce due to performance pressure, long work hours and poor pay structures. Nurses work in the forefront to save patients’ lives. High job demand in this noble profession often leads to progressive decline in physical and mental health. There are existing reports that nurses in the United States (US) suffer from “burnout” syndrome which may also negatively affect patient care. There are very few studies that measured work-related stress in nurses …

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Connecting Cilium Proteins Bbs5 And Mks6 And Their Roles In Retinal Degeneration, Katie Leigh Bales Jan 2018

Connecting Cilium Proteins Bbs5 And Mks6 And Their Roles In Retinal Degeneration, Katie Leigh Bales

All ETDs from UAB

The primary cilium is an evolutionary conserved structure with numerous motility and sensory-related functions, dynamically concentrating signaling molecules to developmental, homeostatic and sensory pathways. Rod and cone photoreceptor cells are highly modified primary cilia, which reside in the back of the eye within the neural retina and are responsible for dim light sensitivity and visual acuity/ color vision, respectfully. These cells require massive protein production and proper protein trafficking on a daily basis. The major protein complexes that govern protein trafficking within photoreceptors form the connecting cilium, are the transition zone which serves as a gatekeeper, regulating protein trafficking into …

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Immunophenotype In The Molecular Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer, Michael Behring Jan 2018

Immunophenotype In The Molecular Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer, Michael Behring

All ETDs from UAB

This research analyzes the underlying genomic features of breast tumors during immune response, with the overall goal of discovering markers of how tumor immunity and the known features of disease pathology relate. We aimed to 1) identify and validate somatic copy number variation and RNA expression associated with nodal metastasis; 2) construct an array-based measure of tumor infiltrating immune cells and determine its prominent clinical and transcriptional features; and 3) examine the relationship between somatic mutations within p53 and tumor immune cell infiltration status. In two sets of data, gene-level copy number variation (CNV) and RNA expression from the primary …

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Characterization Of Top Three Nonfatal Occupational Injuries, 2012-2014, Levent Onat Jan 2018

Characterization Of Top Three Nonfatal Occupational Injuries, 2012-2014, Levent Onat

All ETDs from UAB

Characterization of nonfatal occupational contact with object or equipment injuries, falls on same level injuries, and overexertion injuries involving outside sources that are considered as the top three occupational injuries comprise this study. The injury data from 2012 to 2014 have been obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System - Occupational Supplement (NEISS-Work) which collects the data from a national probability-based sample of U.S. Hospital Emergency Departments (EDs). The data for selected variables were queried for the three most-occurring injury categories by using Work-Related Injury Statistics Query System (WORK-RISQS). Worker demographics and their impacts on injury characteristics have been …

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Aberrant Astrocyte Maturation Contributes To Rett Syndrome Pathogenesis, Natasha Lynn Pacheco Jan 2018

Aberrant Astrocyte Maturation Contributes To Rett Syndrome Pathogenesis, Natasha Lynn Pacheco

All ETDs from UAB

Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional modulator, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2). RTT is characterized by motor, behavioral and physiological deficits. MECP2 mutations are associated with other disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, underscoring the important role of MeCP2 for typical brain function. Much of our understanding of MeCP2 function is derived from transcriptomic studies carried out over the last 10 years with the general assumption that alterations in the transcriptome correlate with proteomic changes. Advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have facilitated recent interest in the examination of global protein expression. In …

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Effect Of Dietary Compounds In Epigenetic Modulation And Microbial Alteration And Their Roles In Breast Tumor Inhibition, Bidisha Paul Jan 2018

Effect Of Dietary Compounds In Epigenetic Modulation And Microbial Alteration And Their Roles In Breast Tumor Inhibition, Bidisha Paul

All ETDs from UAB

Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Current methods of chemoprevention and therapy have cytotoxic effects and have several short-term and long-term side effects. Therefore, the use of natural dietary bioactive compounds has gained prominence as safe and effective agents of chemoprevention and therapy. Genistein (GE), an isoflavone found in soy products, has been shown to exhibit several anticancer properties, particularly as an epigenetic modifier. We have observed that GE has the ability to alter the gut microbiome of germ-free mice humanized with fecal transplants from breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We …

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The Role Of Astrocytes In The Development Of Central Chemosensitivity, Kelsey Patterson Jan 2018

The Role Of Astrocytes In The Development Of Central Chemosensitivity, Kelsey Patterson

All ETDs from UAB

In the two decades since MECP2 was identified as the causative gene in the majority of Rett Syndrome (RTT) cases, transgenic mouse models have played a critical role in our understanding of this X-linked neurodevelopmental disease. However, their exclusive use presents a limitation in translating findings from animal models to the clinic. Here, we characterized growth, anatomical, behavioral, and motor deficits in a novel zinc-finger nuclease murine RTT model from birth through adulthood. Male rats lacking the transcriptional regulatory protein, MeCP2 (Mecp2ZFN/y), are noticeably symptomatic as early as postnatal day (P) 21 and die prematurely, while females lacking one copy …

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Pathological Changes In Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission And Neuronal Function During Early Disease In The Novel Tgf344-Ad Rat Model, Lindsey Allyson Smith Jan 2018

Pathological Changes In Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission And Neuronal Function During Early Disease In The Novel Tgf344-Ad Rat Model, Lindsey Allyson Smith

All ETDs from UAB

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in those 65 years and older and the 6th leading cause of death in the United Sates. Current treatments only target symptoms of the disease and cannot slow or halt disease progression. The novel and comprehensive TgF344-AD rodent model may bridge the translational gap previous animal models have failed to traverse by providing the platform to probe pre-lesion synapse dysfunction, which is thought to result primarily from increased levels of toxic soluble amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau. The most recently developed model, the TgF344-AD rat was created in 2013 by insertion …

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The Role Of Pim Kinases In Hepatoblastoma Tumorigenicity, Stem Cell-Like Cancer Cell Maintenance, And Chemoresistance, Laura Lee Stafman Jan 2018

The Role Of Pim Kinases In Hepatoblastoma Tumorigenicity, Stem Cell-Like Cancer Cell Maintenance, And Chemoresistance, Laura Lee Stafman

All ETDs from UAB

Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver malignancy in children. Despite increasing incidence, treatment has not changed significantly in the past 20 years, making the need for novel therapeutics imperative. Proviral Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases that have been implicated in multiple other cancer types including the adult liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma. Emerging evidence has begun to elucidate a role for PIM kinases in stem-cell like cancer cells (SCLCCs). This subpopulation of cells is thought tobe responsible for tumor maintenance, recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Chemoresistance is a significant barrier to …

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Morphological And Functional Characterization Of A Murine Garp2-Specific Knockout, Delores Stacks Jan 2018

Morphological And Functional Characterization Of A Murine Garp2-Specific Knockout, Delores Stacks

All ETDs from UAB

GARP2, found exclusively in retinal rod photoreceptors, has been proposed to function as a structural protein, a calcium binding protein, and a modulator of the phosphodiesterase regulating visual phototransduction cascade kinetics. GARP2 is a splice variant of the Cngb1 gene which also encodes the β-subunit of the phototransduction cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel and another glutamic acid-rich protein, GARP1. Mutations of the β-subunit and, recently discovered regions shared with the GARP en-coding regions of Cngb1cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP), while overexpression of GARP2 in the absence of the β-subunit accelerates the observed Cngb1-mediated retinal degeneration in mouse β-subunit knockout disease models. In …

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Protein O-Glcnacylation In Hippocampal Hyperexcitability & Gabaergic Neurotransmission, Luke Thomas Stewart Jan 2018

Protein O-Glcnacylation In Hippocampal Hyperexcitability & Gabaergic Neurotransmission, Luke Thomas Stewart

All ETDs from UAB

Plasticity at central synapses is a vital component of neuronal function and an intensively studied phenomenon thought to underlie learning and memory processes in brain structures including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. A principle mechanism at work during long-term plasticity is the rapid and heavily regulated post-translational modification of synaptic proteins such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. A comparatively understudied modification is ‘O-GlcNAcylation’, a distinct form of monoglycosylation with rapid intracellular signaling capacity as opposed to the structural and extracellular signaling roles of O- and N-linked polysaccharide chains on conventionally glycosylated proteins. O-GlcNAcylated proteins are found in every cell type/tissue system …

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Pharmacological Inhibition Of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein To Protect Against Diabetes, Lance Thielen Jan 2018

Pharmacological Inhibition Of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein To Protect Against Diabetes, Lance Thielen

All ETDs from UAB

The loss of functional beta cell mass represents a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Inadequate production of insulin, a glucose-lowering hormone, and elevated glucagon production, a gluconeogenic hormone, contribute to impaired glycemic control and hyperglycemia. This promotes a vicious cycle involving glucotoxicity and additional beta cell dysfunction. Currently there are no therapies that halt this process; however, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target. TXNIP was found to be the top glucose-induced gene in a human pancreatic islet microarray, is increased in mouse models of diabetes and diabetic human …

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The Effects Of Body Size, Growth, And History Of Diabetes On Glioma Risk, Rebecca Barnhill Little Jan 2018

The Effects Of Body Size, Growth, And History Of Diabetes On Glioma Risk, Rebecca Barnhill Little

All ETDs from UAB

Many dietary exposures have weak or null associations with glioma risk. As nutrition can affect growth rate in adolescence, body size throughout the lifespan, and the propensity for Type 2 diabetes, the goal of this project was to examine the relationships between these surrogates of nutritional states and the risk of glioma. The aims of this project were to examine the associations between glioma risk and 1) self-reported body measures; 2) age when full height was attained; 3) and a history of diabetes. To investigate the first aim, 1,111 glioma cases and 1,096 community controls completed a structured interview to …

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Design And Development Of An Affordable Telemetry System For Navigation Of Autonomous Vehicle, An Liu Jan 2018

Design And Development Of An Affordable Telemetry System For Navigation Of Autonomous Vehicle, An Liu

All ETDs from UAB

Nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes each year, which is on average 3,287 deaths a day. An addition to the death toll, another 20-50 million are injured or disabled [1]. These are the huge deal of damage to the human’s body. Therefore, in this thesis, we implement autonomous navigation and find the safe path for travel, in which the vehicle can find the most feasible path and drive along this path independently. In order to gain insight and have an opportunity to investigate further on autonomous vehicles field, we define the aim of this project to design, develop, …

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The Oxidative Tyrosine Modification, O,O’-Dityrosine, In Lung Disease, Morgan Locy Jan 2018

The Oxidative Tyrosine Modification, O,O’-Dityrosine, In Lung Disease, Morgan Locy

All ETDs from UAB

The oxidative tyrosine modification, o,o′-dityrosine, has been identified in various pathologic conditions associated with oxidative stress in mammalian systems, and demonstrated to be important in physiologic processes in invertebrate organisms. The formation of o,o’-dityrosine is catalyzed by a heme peroxidase (hPx) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The understanding of this stable, covalent tyrosine modifica-tion in lung biology is limited. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including interstitial lung disease (ILD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We observed that the oxidative protein modification, o,o’-dityrosine, was markedly ele-vated in the circulating plasma of ILD patients …

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Gender Differences In The Metabolism And Antidepressant Effects Of Ketamine, Emily Hugo Jan 2018

Gender Differences In The Metabolism And Antidepressant Effects Of Ketamine, Emily Hugo

All ETDs from UAB

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that interacts with the glutamatergic system, acting as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. At higher doses, ketamine produces negative psychotomimetic side effects, including hallucinations and delirium, leading to its abuse in the 1980s and 90s. Recently, it has been determined that at sub-anesthetic doses, it is a fast-acting antidepressant. Because ketamine elicits fast and long-lasting antidepressant responses in patients, it is being studied as a possible treatment option for those with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Further, studies have shown that men and women respond to ketamine treatments differently, especially in long-term treatment, suggesting …

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Going Green To Be Morally Clean: An Examination Of Environmental Behavior Among Materialistic Consumers, Yihui Tang, Christian Hinsch Jan 2018

Going Green To Be Morally Clean: An Examination Of Environmental Behavior Among Materialistic Consumers, Yihui Tang, Christian Hinsch

Faculty Articles, Papers, and Other Scholarship

Materialism and environmentalism have emerged as megatrends in developed western societies. Prior research has suggested that these two values are incompatible. The current research shows that materialistic values can strengthen the positive relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental behaviors under certain conditions. The results suggest moral compensation as the underlying cause. Across four studies, this research uses experimental, survey, and secondary data to show that materialistic values can have a positive impact on indirect environmental behaviors when an individual possesses sufficient environmental knowledge. This effect is stronger in individuals who are highly self-conscious as well as those primed to be …

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Strike 3000: Standing Electric Trike, Mikhail Hyde, Mike Offord, Nick Ladyga, Craig Smith, Frank Zingarelli Jan 2018

Strike 3000: Standing Electric Trike, Mikhail Hyde, Mike Offord, Nick Ladyga, Craig Smith, Frank Zingarelli

Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design Projects

In the past decade there has been much research conducted on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, even in sedentary activities. It is clear to see this trend in the rising popularity of standing desks, ergonomic mice and keyboards, and the plethora of applications that remind the user not to stay inactive for too long. Ken Howes suggests that this revolution be brought to the world of motor vehicles with his proposed concept of the Strike 3000: an electric-powered three-wheeled vehicle that keeps the operator in a standing position while still maintaining all of the functionality and reliability of a standard automobile. …

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Development And Modeling Of A Biomimetic Punting Unmanned Underwater Vehicle, Matthew Perkins Jan 2018

Development And Modeling Of A Biomimetic Punting Unmanned Underwater Vehicle, Matthew Perkins

Open Access Master's Theses

This thesis details the development of a novel propulsion system for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV's) inspired by the punting locomotion of the `Little Skate'. The hybrid legged, gliding and punting gait is a potential enabling technology for UUV access to complex littoral environments. Design, development and initial trials with the prototype vehicle are presented. A combination of video motion capture and on-board inertial sensing is validated and used for preliminary analysis of a limited set of punting gaits. The results indicate the importance of matching vehicle morphology and kinematics to achieve effective locomotion and that the prototype is viable to …

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Defining The Accessibility Of A Literary Text: Contemporary Russian Literature In A Cefr B2 Russian As A Foreign Language Classroom, Sofya Yunusova Jan 2018

Defining The Accessibility Of A Literary Text: Contemporary Russian Literature In A Cefr B2 Russian As A Foreign Language Classroom, Sofya Yunusova

Russian Language Journal

In the last three and a half decades, a considerable number of publications in foreign-language methodology have addressed the use of literary texts (LTs) in foreign-language classrooms. While at the beginning of the twentieth century learning a foreign language still meant a close study of canonical LTs for linguistic and humanistic purposes following the grammar-translation method (Kramsch and Kramsch 2000; Iatsenko 2017b), by the middle of the century, literature was replaced by more functional models of learning (Carter 2007). The 1980s opened new perspectives on the didactic role of L2 literary reading, which are commonly associated with the confluence of …

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Cultural Differences In Russian And American Magazine Advertising: A Pragmatic Approach, Emily Furner Jan 2018

Cultural Differences In Russian And American Magazine Advertising: A Pragmatic Approach, Emily Furner

Russian Language Journal

Though some may think that TRANSLATION and LOCALIZATION are two words that represent the same function, many scholars make a distinction between the two terms, and some even add a third term, GLOBALIZATION, into the mix. Translator and localization specialist Bert Esselink (1998) perhaps best defined the distinctions in these terms: Globalization […] is typically used in a sales and marketing context, i.e., it is the process by which a company breaks free of the home markets to pursue business opportunities wherever their customers may be located. Translation is the process of converting written or displayed text or spoken words …

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