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2017

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Foreign Price-Fixing Conspiracies, Christopher R. Leslie Dec 2017

Foreign Price-Fixing Conspiracies, Christopher R. Leslie

Duke Law Journal

Although price-fixing agreements remain per se illegal in the United States, courts have undermined the per se rule against price fixing by making it harder for plaintiffs to prove that such an agreement exists. For example, most courts that have considered the issue have held that defendants’ price-fixing conduct in a foreign market is not probative of price fixing in the United States. This Article examines the relationship between foreign and domestic price-fixing activity and shows how expanding a price-fixing cartel from foreign markets into the United States benefits the cartel by reducing the risk of arbitrage, stabilizing the cartel, …

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Interpreted Fashions Of The Yoruba Tribe, Ramea Starling Dec 2017

Interpreted Fashions Of The Yoruba Tribe, Ramea Starling

Honors Theses

The visual presentation that I have created is a representation of the popular fashions of the Yoruba tribe found in Nigeria. The purpose of this fashion line that I have created is to bring culture awareness about the West African tribe to everyone who comes into contact with my line. Historically, the Yoruba Tribes culture mainly focuses on family, religion, and fashion (through their unique sense of textiles) so I really wanted to showcase this in a line. As a fashion design student at Western I also wanted to take this opportunity to display the skills that I have learned …

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Biodiversity Of Larval And Adult Dragonflies And Damselflies (Odonata) Of Interdunal Wetlands At Saugatuck Harbor Natural Area, Devon Volz Dec 2017

Biodiversity Of Larval And Adult Dragonflies And Damselflies (Odonata) Of Interdunal Wetlands At Saugatuck Harbor Natural Area, Devon Volz

Honors Theses

The effects of climate change on insects in the United States have yet to be fully understood. Research on the insect populations of Lake Michigan’s interdunal wetlands has been particularly limited. As these vibrant habitats are already at risk of destruction due to increased development, it is vital to have a working knowledge of the species that are living in the habitat. However, to date, there have been no studies on assemblages of interdunal wetlands in Michigan. Examining community compositions is critical to understanding the ecological problems that could occur in the future. This study is the first to look …

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Costs And Benefits Of Mobility: The Case Of Chinese Seafarers, L Tang, G Chen Dec 2017

Costs And Benefits Of Mobility: The Case Of Chinese Seafarers, L Tang, G Chen

Plymouth Business School

No abstract provided.

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Characterization Of Type Vi Secretion System In Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Safak Kalindamar Dec 2017

Characterization Of Type Vi Secretion System In Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Safak Kalindamar

Theses and Dissertations

Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), which is one of the most important bacterial diseases causing significant economic losses in the US catfish industry. Understanding the virulence mechanisms of E. ictaluri plays a vital role to develop preventives, such as vaccines for the disease. Therefore, further research is necessary to discover the new virulence mechanisms of this pathogen. The long-term goal of our group is to determine the mechanism of E. ictaluri pathogenesis and to develop effective live attenuated vaccines against ESC. The overall goal of this project is to understand the role of Type 6 secretion system …

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Chemical Signaling By Giant Pandas To Communicate Sexual Receptivity, Abbey Elaine Wilson Dec 2017

Chemical Signaling By Giant Pandas To Communicate Sexual Receptivity, Abbey Elaine Wilson

Theses and Dissertations

As solitary animals, giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) rely on chemical communication in order to determine reproductive condition of conspecifics. Therefore, we hypothesize certain biogenic volatile compounds affect mating behavior in giant pandas. Giant pandas housed at Memphis Zoo, Zoo Atlanta, San Diego Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, and Toronto Zoo (n=5 males and n=5 females) were the subjects of this study. Urine, anatomical site, and environmental samples were collected during the breeding period (Feb-June) and non-breeding period (Aug-Dec) from 2012-2016. Volatile compounds in urine and the environment were extracted using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), while compounds collected from various body sites of …

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Classification And Significance Assessments Of Occupations On The Ackerman Unit Of The Tombigbee National Forest, Mississippi, Mary A. Madden Dec 2017

Classification And Significance Assessments Of Occupations On The Ackerman Unit Of The Tombigbee National Forest, Mississippi, Mary A. Madden

Theses and Dissertations

The Ackerman Unit of the Tombigbee National Forest has served as the location of numerous archaeological investigations. Despite all of the work done, there is a question of whether a representative sample of the archaeological record has been saved and subsequently whether the reports and findings from the Ackerman Unit of the Tombigbee National Forest are legitimate and can be applied to a larger body or research at the regional, and even national scale. This thesis will evaluate whether a paradigmatic classification of occupations can be used to assess if a representative sample of the archaeological record has been saved, …

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Compassion And Communication Experiences Of Fourth-Year Veterinarians-In-Training, Chelsey Leigh Hess-Holden Dec 2017

Compassion And Communication Experiences Of Fourth-Year Veterinarians-In-Training, Chelsey Leigh Hess-Holden

Theses and Dissertations

Veterinary medicine is an intense profession that begins with rigorous and demanding veterinary training. Within veterinary training, technical competencies generally receive more attention and emphasis than non-technical competencies, leaving many veterinarians at increased risk for compassion fatigue and other forms of mental illness. Two non-technical competencies that need further empirical investigation are communication and the influence of compassion on veterinarians. Communication is central to veterinary success; communication style was measured using the Communication Styles Inventory. Compassion has been recognized as having both positive effects (satisfaction) and negative effects (fatigue); compassion experiences were measured using a version of the Professional Quality …

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Control Of Görtler Vortices In High-Speed Boundary Layers, Radwa Alaziz Dec 2017

Control Of Görtler Vortices In High-Speed Boundary Layers, Radwa Alaziz

Theses and Dissertations

Görtler vortices develop in boundary layer flows over concave surfaces due to the imbalance between centrifugal forces and the wall-normal pressure gradient. These vortices can be efficient precursors to transition in boundary layers exposed to free-stream disturbance or surface non-uniformities, because they can alter the mean flow causing the laminar flow to breakdown into turbulence. In this thesis, a control technique aimed at reducing the energy associated with Görtler vortices that develop in supersonic boundary layers is introduced and tested. The control algorithm is based on distributed blowing and suction, with sensors placed either in the flow or at the …

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Controlling Forage Weed Species Detrimental To Livestock Production, David Pierce Russell Dec 2017

Controlling Forage Weed Species Detrimental To Livestock Production, David Pierce Russell

Theses and Dissertations

Among the vast diversity of plants in the mid-South to which grazing livestock are exposed, there is a need to address certain species that are potentially harmful to livestock health and production. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted on endophyte-infected tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort = Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.], a cool-season perennial forage, and perilla mint, (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) an herbaceous annual, to determine management techniques and control measures for healthier pasture and livestock systems. When seedheads reached maturity, spring and autumn glyphosate applications at 1.68 kg ae ha-1, coupled with autumn tillage and summer and winter …

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Effects Of Combining Renlon With Renbarb1 And Renbarb2 Genes On Resistance Of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum) To Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus Reniformis), Amanda Gaudin Dec 2017

Effects Of Combining Renlon With Renbarb1 And Renbarb2 Genes On Resistance Of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum) To Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus Reniformis), Amanda Gaudin

Theses and Dissertations

Two sources of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) resistance in two Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) developed from related cotton species, BARBREN-713 (Renbarb1 and Renbarb2 genes), and the LONREN germplasm lines (Renlon gene) are available to breeders. Stunting was observed in the LONREN source of resistance, but not for BARBREN. To investigate future use of LONREN germplasm, lines were developed with different combinations of genes from both the LONREN and BARBREN-713 germplasm lines. Marker assisted selection (MAS) was conducted identify these gene combinations within breeding population 1) Renbarb1 +Renbabr2 2) Renbarb1 + Renbar2 + Renlon 3) Renbarb2 + Renlon 4) Renbarb2 5) …

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Effects Of Leukoreduction And Storage On Erythrocyte Phosphatidylserine Expression And Eicosanoid Concentrations In Units Of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells, Samantha Muro Dec 2017

Effects Of Leukoreduction And Storage On Erythrocyte Phosphatidylserine Expression And Eicosanoid Concentrations In Units Of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells, Samantha Muro

Theses and Dissertations

Storage of canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) can increase erythrocyte phosphatidylserine (PS) expression and eicosanoid concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of leukoreduction on erythrocyte PS expression and eicosanoid concentrations in stored units of canine pRBCs. Units of whole blood were leukoreduced (LR) or non-leukoreduced (non-LR), and stored (10 and 21 days) as pRBCs. Samples were collected at donation, and before and after a simulated transfusion. PS expression was measured by flow cytometry, and concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) …

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Effects Of Preemergence Herbicides On Hybrid Bermudagrass Root Growth, Establishment, And Sod Harvestability, Erick G. Begitschke Dec 2017

Effects Of Preemergence Herbicides On Hybrid Bermudagrass Root Growth, Establishment, And Sod Harvestability, Erick G. Begitschke

Theses and Dissertations

Preemergence herbicides are generally considered as a group to negatively affect hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) establishment. However, little is known about the effects upon hybrid bermudagrass root growth, establishment, and sod harvestability. Several research projects were conducted at Mississippi State University to determine the effects of commonly used preemergence herbicides on hybrid bermudagrass sod production. Measured response variables included visually estimated hybrid bermudagrass cover, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), ratio vegetative index (RVI), relative chlorophyll concentration (CI-RE), sod tensile strength, root mass, root length, root surface area, average root diameter, and root carbohydrate concentration …

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Effects Of Temperature And Hydrology On Growth And Recruitment Of Shovelnose Sturgeon In The Lower Mississippi River, Jared Mccarty Porter Dec 2017

Effects Of Temperature And Hydrology On Growth And Recruitment Of Shovelnose Sturgeon In The Lower Mississippi River, Jared Mccarty Porter

Theses and Dissertations

I evaluated the effects of thermal and hydrologic conditions on growth and recruitment of Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) in the lower Mississippi River and assessed mortality. Duration of water temperatures 12-24°C had a positive influence and temperatures below 11°C had a negative influence on annual growth. Duration of water temperatures above 28°C, duration of floodplain inundation, duration of low water, and minimum and maximum river stage did not influence annual growth. Duration of water temperatures 18-20°C and 18-24°C had a positive influence on recruitment, and duration of temperatures at and below 10°C had a negative influence on recruitment. Duration of …

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Efficacy Of Novel Pyridinium Oximes In Preventing Neural Damage, Charles Andrew Leach Dec 2017

Efficacy Of Novel Pyridinium Oximes In Preventing Neural Damage, Charles Andrew Leach

Theses and Dissertations

Organophosphates are neurotoxic compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase producing excess cholinergic stimulation. This produces various toxic signs including excitotoxic neuronal damage. Oximes can be used as a treatment for organophosphate poisoning by reactivating inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Traditional oximes do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, limiting protection of the central nervous system. Novel, brain-penetrating oximes have the potential to protect the brain from organophosphate induced damage. Adult male rats were used to examine the ability of model organophosphates to produce neuropathology and the ability of novel oximes to prevent this damage. Additionally, adult male rats were used to examine changes in gene expression …

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Differences In Survival Of Heat Stress Adapted Cells Of Listeria Monocytogenes Egd (Bug600) In Disinfectants And Essential Oils, Amruta Udaysinh Jadhav Dec 2017

Differences In Survival Of Heat Stress Adapted Cells Of Listeria Monocytogenes Egd (Bug600) In Disinfectants And Essential Oils, Amruta Udaysinh Jadhav

Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in survival of L. monocytogenes EGD (Bug600) (serotype 1/2a) in various disinfectants and essential oils after sublethal heat stress at 48°C for 60 min. The survival of heat stressed L. monocytogenes cells was decreased in lethal acid (HCl or H3PO4 pH 2.5), lethal oxidative stress (H2O2 1000 ppm) and lethal quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC 2.5-3.5 ppm) compared to non-stressed control cells. By contrast, the survival of heat stressed L. monocytogenes cells was higher in lethal alkali (NaOH or KOH pH 12) than the control cells. Also, the survival of heat …

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Does The Hispanic Paradox Extend To Morbidity Changes From 1997-2015?, Randall Brent Lee Dec 2017

Does The Hispanic Paradox Extend To Morbidity Changes From 1997-2015?, Randall Brent Lee

Theses and Dissertations

Through the lens of the Hispanic Paradox, this thesis examines healthy and unhealthy life expectancy changes occurring from 1997 to 2015 among Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. The goal is to determine how Hispanics –disaggregated by nativity status– fare relative to other racial-ethnic groups in regard to changes in the percentage of total life expectancy that is lived in a healthy state (i.e. compression and expansion of morbidity). Using the Sullivan method, multi-state life tables were created with functional limitation prevalence data from the National Health Interview Survey. Results indicate that most subpopulation groups experienced …

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Dry Reforming Of Methane To Produce Syngas Over Ni-Based Bimodal Pore Catalysts, Zhenghong Bao Dec 2017

Dry Reforming Of Methane To Produce Syngas Over Ni-Based Bimodal Pore Catalysts, Zhenghong Bao

Theses and Dissertations

Dry reforming of methane is an important reaction to generate syngas from two greenhouse gases. The syngas can be used in Fishcher-Tropsch synthesis to produce valueded chemicals. Chapter I reviews the catalytic conversion of methane and carbon dioxide to syngas, including DRM reaction chemistry, catalysts used in this process, catalyst deactivation, and the kinetics of DRM reaction. Chapter II discusses the development of bimodal pore NiCeMgAl catalysts for DRM reaction. Bimodal pore NiCeMgAl catalysts were synthesized via the refluxed co-precipitation method and systematically investigated the influence of active metal loading, calcination temperature, reduction temperature and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) …

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Ecology And Conservation Of Bird Assemblages In Native And Afforested Environments In The Northern Campos Grasslands Of Uruguay, Juan Andrés Martínez Lanfranco Dec 2017

Ecology And Conservation Of Bird Assemblages In Native And Afforested Environments In The Northern Campos Grasslands Of Uruguay, Juan Andrés Martínez Lanfranco

Theses and Dissertations

Commercial forestry has expanded across the Rio de la Plata Grasslands (RPG) of South America in recent decades. I conducted a resource-use based study on bird communities during the 2013-2014 austral breeding season in northern Uruguay. I assessed relationships between habitat types and bird abundance as a function of vegetation structure. To compare avian responses to treatments, I included native environments, pine and eucalyptus plantations of different ages and thinning regimes. I detected differences in species richness and composition and species-specific responses in abundance along structural gradients sampled. Although poorer in species than native habitat types, tree plantations were extensively …

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Economic, Environmental, And Energetic Performance Analysis Of A Solar Powered Organi Rankine Cycle (Orc), Emily Diane Spayde Dec 2017

Economic, Environmental, And Energetic Performance Analysis Of A Solar Powered Organi Rankine Cycle (Orc), Emily Diane Spayde

Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, different configurations of solar powered organic Rankine cycles (ORC) are investigated. The configurations include: a basic ORC, a regenerative ORC (R-ORC), and a basic ORC with electric energy storage (EES) (ORC-EES). The basic ORC and the R-ORC are evaluated using different dry organic fluids based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and electricity production. The performance of both ORC systems is based on the potential for primary energy consumption (PEC) and carbon dioxide emission (CDE) savings, the electricity production, and the available capital cost (ACC) for the system. The R-ORC and basic ORC are both …

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Effect Of Chitosan On Subterranean Termites (Reticulitermes Spp.) Mortality And Gut Bacterial Community, Olanrewaju Adeyemi Raji Dec 2017

Effect Of Chitosan On Subterranean Termites (Reticulitermes Spp.) Mortality And Gut Bacterial Community, Olanrewaju Adeyemi Raji

Theses and Dissertations

The main objectives of this study were to investigate the applicability of chitosan as an effective wood preservative against subterranean termites, conduct metagenomic analysis of the bacterial hindgut community of Reticulitermes flavipes exposed to chitosan-treated wood, and perform chitosanase activity assay of metagenomics suggested bacterial species potentially responsible for chitosan breakdown. Chitosan showed termiticidal effects on subterranean termites at varying retention levels. Termite mortality increased when exposed to samples treated with higher chitosan concentration solutions. Approximately 40 - 100% of chitosan retained in treated-wood was leached depending on the initial retention. Post-leaching results indicate chitosan is not suitable for protection …

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Effecting Organizational Change At The Macro Level Of Professions, Robert Anthony Green Dec 2017

Effecting Organizational Change At The Macro Level Of Professions, Robert Anthony Green

Theses and Dissertations

Much has been written in academic and popular publications about organizational change. Topics have ranged from case studies to anecdotal stories of how leaders can change an organization. There is little written on changing the culture and vision of a profession at the macro level. This dissertation shows that one key to effecting change within a profession is to educate those at the entrant level and thereby effect change with the profession. Over time, these new entrants to the profession will rise to senior positions and be able to effect greater change through the hiring, training, and mentoring processes inherent …

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Demographic Variables As Predictors Of Seclusion And Restraints For Adult Psychiatric Inpatients, Oya Weston Hampton Dec 2017

Demographic Variables As Predictors Of Seclusion And Restraints For Adult Psychiatric Inpatients, Oya Weston Hampton

Theses and Dissertations

In psychiatric settings, the use of seclusion and/or restraints can be emotionally and psychologically traumatizing for patients. Patients often experience these interventions as inhumane and humiliating, and such interventions can have physical and mental adverse effects and in some cases can be fatal. This study examined the role of demographic, clinical, and hospital variables in predicting seclusion and/or restraint episodes in adult psychiatric inpatients. A total of 395 patients were included in the study. Adult psychiatric inpatients previously restrained (n = 91) were compared to psychiatric inpatients never restrained (n = 304). A binary logistic regression research design was used …

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An Oral History & Literary Review Of Edward Blake Jr.: Exploring The Evidence Of A Principled Practice, Hans Curtis Herrmann Dec 2017

An Oral History & Literary Review Of Edward Blake Jr.: Exploring The Evidence Of A Principled Practice, Hans Curtis Herrmann

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is a study of oral histories and literary records covering the professional development and works of Edward Blake Jr., ASLA, (1947-2010). The study considers Blake’s design principles via newly collected oral histories and a review of his literary record within the continuum of landscape architecture history from 1970 to 2010. Additionally, the study explores Blake’s position within the ecological design community to establish his status as a possible founding voice of ecologically focused landscape architecture practice in the Coastal Plains Region of the southeastern United States. The primary sources include a newly developed oral history collection with questionnaire-based …

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Analysis Of Classroom Practices That Preschool Teachers Use To Promote Civic Efficacy, Muhammad Riaz Dec 2017

Analysis Of Classroom Practices That Preschool Teachers Use To Promote Civic Efficacy, Muhammad Riaz

Theses and Dissertations

This research is aimed at finding the classroom environment indicators that lead young preschoolers, three and four years of age, learn civic efficacy to bring a change in the lives of others a member of the classroom community. The sample comprises of six female preschool teachers at a preschool in a University in Southern America. The data collected from; lesson plans, teachers’ portfolio notes, classroom observations, and semi structured interviews. The qualitative analysis tool, NVivo pro was used to analyze the data. For a clear picture of an obscure contextual phenomenon, charts showing emerging civic efficacy themes are added. Findings …

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A Reconciled Estimation Of The State Of Cryospheric Components In The Southern Andes And California Using Geospatial Techniques, Pushkar Inamdar Dec 2017

A Reconciled Estimation Of The State Of Cryospheric Components In The Southern Andes And California Using Geospatial Techniques, Pushkar Inamdar

Theses and Dissertations

Glaciers are the essential source of fresh water not only to human sustenance, but it is also vital for all lifeforms on earth. Glaciers are also key components in understanding rapid changes in climate. This makes understanding of glacier mass, extent, and overall state essential. In this dissertation, the objective was to analyze the state of snow and ice masses in the mid (California) and low latitude (Chile/Argentina) western American regions using geospatial technology. This study also analyzed the effects of anomalies in snow mass on the regional agricultural practices in California’s Central Valley. In the Southern Andes, the digital …

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A Simulation Of Lfm Pulse-Doppler Radar And An Application Of Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau Wavelets In Cfar Detection, Aaron Joshua Wright Dec 2017

A Simulation Of Lfm Pulse-Doppler Radar And An Application Of Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau Wavelets In Cfar Detection, Aaron Joshua Wright

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents a simulation of an LFM pulse-Doppler radar for surface-to-air applications and compares the performance of multiple CFAR detectors in processing the resulting range-Doppler maps. Each CFAR detector is reviewed and simulated. Their effectiveness in reducing target masking is analyzed. In addition, a new CFAR detector, the RDWT-CA-CFAR detector, is developed that uses the CDF 5/3 wavelet to decompose the range-data of the range-Doppler map along the range dimension and filter the target data from the reference cells, as a means to reduce or eliminate target masking. The QccPack library is used to perform RDWT functions. It is …

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Epidemiology Of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli: Detection And Ecology In Beef Cattle Systems, Liesel J. Schneider Dec 2017

Epidemiology Of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli: Detection And Ecology In Beef Cattle Systems, Liesel J. Schneider

Theses and Dissertations

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are important foodborne pathogens with a bovine reservoir. For many years, research and regulations have focused on the EHEC serogroup most commonly associated with severe human illness, EHEC O157. However, six additional EHEC serogroups have been identified as important human foodborne pathogens and have been declared adulterants in raw, non-intact ground beef by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety Inspection Service. Collectively these seven organisms are referred to as EHEC-7. With the addition of these six pathogens, epidemiological studies are needed to estimate the probability for cattle to carry them and to identify risk …

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Establishing The Structure Function Relationship Of Polypyridyl Ruthenium And Berenil-Type Compounds In The Formation Of Complexes With B-Dna And/Or G-Quadruplex Dna, Clinton Gregory Mikek Dec 2017

Establishing The Structure Function Relationship Of Polypyridyl Ruthenium And Berenil-Type Compounds In The Formation Of Complexes With B-Dna And/Or G-Quadruplex Dna, Clinton Gregory Mikek

Theses and Dissertations

Cancer results from the accumulation of genetic mutations in a normal cell that ultimately result in the expression (or overexpression) of oncogenes. The design of drugs having high affinity for specific DNA sequences or structural motifs is vital to gaining a better understanding of gene expression and to the development of new cancer treatments that are based on turning off oncogene expression. This dissertation presents studies of the binding of two ligand families, Berenil (DMZ), and ruthenium polypyridyl complexes (RPCs), to B-DNA and G-quadruplex (G4) DNA. The structureunction relationships for the interaction of these ligand families with DNA were probed …

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Evaluating The Validity Of Latency Effects In Robotics Simulation, Leif T. Jensen Dec 2017

Evaluating The Validity Of Latency Effects In Robotics Simulation, Leif T. Jensen

Theses and Dissertations

Latency is a common issue found in robotics teleoperation that is not currently addressed in simulation. This study examined the effects of latency on operator performance for a robot teleoperation navigation task. Operators used a Logitech gamepad controller to teleoperate a robot through both a simulated environment and real-world environment. Both environments had the same dimensions and provided a path with obstacles the participant had to navigate. Participants performed this navigation task under three latency conditions, zero, low and high. Completion time, number of collisions, NASA-TLX, System Usability Survey, and User Experience survey were collected and participant performance compared for …

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