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2017

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The Promise And Problem Of Biologics, Michael A. Sanzo Sep 2017

The Promise And Problem Of Biologics, Michael A. Sanzo

Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal

The Promise and Problem of Biologics

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Effect Of Plant Growth Regulators On Callus Induction And Rutin Production Of Ricinus Communis L. Plant, Ghussun S. Salih Sep 2017

Effect Of Plant Growth Regulators On Callus Induction And Rutin Production Of Ricinus Communis L. Plant, Ghussun S. Salih

Baghdad Science Journal

Ricinus communis L. is an important medical plant hence it contains many active compounds. The aim of this research is to study the effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction and Rutin concentration. A combination of Benzyle adenine (BA) and Indol Acetic acid (IAA) at (0.0,1.0,2.0) mg/L was added to the media, the highest fresh weight of the induced callus from stem explant was (4.97) gr . at (1.0,1.0) mg/L BA and IAA consenquently the same combination gave the highest dry weight of callus (0.42) gr. while the combination at (2.0,1.0) mg/L BA and IAA gave the highest fresh …

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Biological Control Of Saw Toothed Beetle Oryzaephilus Surinamensis(L.)Using Fungi Lecanicillium Lecanii(Zimm.), Emad Ahmed Mahmood, Maha Rasheed Tawfeeq Sep 2017

Biological Control Of Saw Toothed Beetle Oryzaephilus Surinamensis(L.)Using Fungi Lecanicillium Lecanii(Zimm.), Emad Ahmed Mahmood, Maha Rasheed Tawfeeq

Baghdad Science Journal

This study is conducted to determine the effect of pathogenicity of the fungus Lecanicillium lecanii in some aspects of life of the insect saw toothed beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) under laboratory conditions with three concentrations of spores and mildew commentator (1 × 103, 1 × 105, 1 × 107) spore / ml , on eggs and larvae second phase of the insect .The study also includs the effect of the fungus concentrations of germination on rice (jasmine) by using direct spray treatment. The results show great fungus efficiency in the control of some aspects of life of the …

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Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies And Biological Activities Of Mixed Metal (Iii) Complexes Of Uracil With 1, 10-Phenanthroline, Shatha M. H. Obaid Sep 2017

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies And Biological Activities Of Mixed Metal (Iii) Complexes Of Uracil With 1, 10-Phenanthroline, Shatha M. H. Obaid

Baghdad Science Journal

New complexes of the [M(Ura)(Phen)(OH2)Cl2]Cl.2H2O type, where (Ura) uracil ; (Phen) 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate; M (Cr+3 , Fe+3 and La+3) were synthesized from mix ligand and characterized . These complexes have been characterized by the elemental micro analysis, spectral (FT-IR., UV-Vis, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass) and magnetic susceptibility as well the molar conductive mensuration. Cr+3, Fe+3 and La+3- complexes of six–coordinated were proposed for the insulated for three metal(III) complexes for molecular formulas following into uracil property and 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate present . The proposed molecular structure for all metal (III) complexes is octahedral geometries .The biological activity was tested of metal(III) …

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Keys For Isolation Suborders And Families And Genera And Species Of Book And Bark Lice In Baghdad And Babylon [Order Psocoptera], Awatif Abul-Fatah Hamodi, Asel Adnan Qasim Sep 2017

Keys For Isolation Suborders And Families And Genera And Species Of Book And Bark Lice In Baghdad And Babylon [Order Psocoptera], Awatif Abul-Fatah Hamodi, Asel Adnan Qasim

Baghdad Science Journal

A taxonomic keys was established of book and bark lice Order Psocoptera to isolated insects in Iraq from different localities of Baghdad and Babylon provinces. Thirteen species belong to eight genera and five families have been studied and described in details, these species were recorded for the first time in Iraq. These species are: Belaphopsocus badonneli New, 1971; Belaphotroctes oculeris Bodonnel, 1973; Embodopsocosis newi Bodonnel, 1973; Epipsocus stigamaticus Mockeord, 1991; Lepinotus huoni Schmidt and New, 2008; Liposcelies decolor Peramane 1925 Liposcelies paeta Pearman 1942 Liposclies bostrychphila Badonnel 1931; Liposclies brunnea Mostchulsky 1852; Liposclies entoophila Enderlein 1907; Neopsocopsis minuscule Li 2002 …

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Study Of Epidermis Characters And Venation Of Certain Species Of Medicago L. In Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Family In Iraq, Noor J.J. Al-Tememmi, Khalil A.A. Al-Shammary Sep 2017

Study Of Epidermis Characters And Venation Of Certain Species Of Medicago L. In Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Family In Iraq, Noor J.J. Al-Tememmi, Khalil A.A. Al-Shammary

Baghdad Science Journal

The anatomical study of the epidermis leaflet for seven species and variety wild belonging to the genus Medicago L. species are: M. constricta Dur., M. coronata L., M. intertexta L., M. intertexta.var. ciliaris L., M. laciniata L., M. lupulina L., M. minima L. and M. sativa L. were studied, The search included epidermis characters and stomatal complexes addition to venation system in leaflets. It is revealed through the study, epidermis leaflet type Amphistomatic (the stomata spread on the upper and lower surface) as well as the presence of three types of stomatal complexes namely: Anisocytic (the guard cells surrounded by …

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Evaluation Of Bioactivity Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria And Oxidation For Fungal Secondary Metabolites Of Fusarium Solani Isolated From Soil, Rashid Rahim Hateet Sep 2017

Evaluation Of Bioactivity Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria And Oxidation For Fungal Secondary Metabolites Of Fusarium Solani Isolated From Soil, Rashid Rahim Hateet

Baghdad Science Journal

The study included isolate and diagnose fungus Fusarium solani of the local soil and purified and development in the PDB medium and the filtrate extracted using a solvent (Ethyl acetate) to obtain the fungal secondary metabolites extract. This extract has shown bioactivity against both reference isolates (E.coli (ATCC25922) and S.aureus(NCTC6571)) and pathogenic isolates S.pyogenes, K. pneumonia and S.typhimurium using agar disk diffusion technique , The diameters of the inhibition zones of fungal secondary metabolites24.0 mm against E.coli and 31.5 mm against S.aureus,and 34.0 mm against K.pneumoniae and 18.0 mm against S.pyogenes and 33.5mm against S.typhimurium. The test revealed the minimum …

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Toxicity Reduction Of Reactive Red Dye-238 Using Advanced Oxidation Process By Solar Energy, Riyad Al-Anbari, Abdul Hamed Al-Obaidy, Eman Abd Sep 2017

Toxicity Reduction Of Reactive Red Dye-238 Using Advanced Oxidation Process By Solar Energy, Riyad Al-Anbari, Abdul Hamed Al-Obaidy, Eman Abd

Baghdad Science Journal

Decolorization of red azo dye (Cibacron Red FN-R) from synthetic wastewater has been investigated as a function of solar advanced oxidation process. The photocatalytic activity using ZnO as a photocatalysis has been estimated. Different parameters affected the removal efficiency, including pH of the solution, initial dye concentration and H2O2 concentration were evaluated to find out the optimum value of these parameters. The results proved that the optimal pH value was 8 and the most efficient H2O2 concentration was 100mg/L. Toxicity reduction percent for effluent solution was also monitored to assess the degradation process. This treatment method was able to strongly …

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Preparation And Characterization Of Cu (Ii), Mn(Ii) And Zn(Ii)Complexes With New Sulfamethoxazole Compounds, Zahraa A. Jaber Sep 2017

Preparation And Characterization Of Cu (Ii), Mn(Ii) And Zn(Ii)Complexes With New Sulfamethoxazole Compounds, Zahraa A. Jaber

Baghdad Science Journal

Acetophenone sulfamethoxazole and 3-Nitrobenzophenone sulfamethoxazole were prepared from the reaction of sulfamethoxazole with two ketones. The prepared ligands were identified by (C.H.N) analysis and UV-VIS, FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Metal complexes of the two ligands were prepared in an aqueous alcohol with Zn (II), Mn (II) and Cu (II) ions with a molar ratio1:1. The proposed general formula for the resulting complexes was [ML.CL2.H2O]H2O .The complexes were characterized by (C.H.N) technique , spectroscopic methods ,conductivity, atomic absorption ,magnetic susceptibility measurements and melting point. According to the results obtained, the suggested geometry is to be octahedral for all the complexes.

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Preparation And Characterization Some New Of Naproxen Drug Derivatives, Wasan Abdul Razzaq Mahmood Sep 2017

Preparation And Characterization Some New Of Naproxen Drug Derivatives, Wasan Abdul Razzaq Mahmood

Baghdad Science Journal

In this research four steps of the new derivatives of Naproxen drug have been made which are known as a high medicinal effectiveness; the first step involved converting Naproxen into the corresponding ester (A) by reaction Naproxen with methanol absolute in presence H2SO4. While the second step involved treatment methyl Naproxen ester (A) with hydrazine hydrate 80% in presence of ethanol .The third reaction requires synthesis of Schiff bases (C1-C10) by condensation. of Naproxen hydrazide (B) with many substituted aromatic aldehydes . Finally, the fourth step synthesized new tetrazole derivatives ( D1- D10) by the reaction of the prepared Schiff …

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Synthesis And Spectroscopic Studies Of Some Divalent Metall Ion Complexes Of 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-(4-Nitrobenzoyl) Thioureido) Propanoic Acid, Basima M. Sarhan, Ban Z. Neema Sep 2017

Synthesis And Spectroscopic Studies Of Some Divalent Metall Ion Complexes Of 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-(4-Nitrobenzoyl) Thioureido) Propanoic Acid, Basima M. Sarhan, Ban Z. Neema

Baghdad Science Journal

3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-(4-nitrobenzoyl) thioureido) propanoicacid (HNP) a newligand was synthesized by reaction of Tyrosine with (4-Nitrobenzoyl isothiocyanate)by using acetone as a solvent. The prepared ligand(HNP) hasbeen characterizedby elemental analysis (CHNS), infrared (FT-IR), electronicspectral(Ultravioletvisible)and(1H,13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)spectra. Some Divalent metal ion complexesof (HNP) werepreparedand spectroscopic studies by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electronicspectral(UV-Vis), molar conductance, magneticsusceptibility and atomicabsorption. The results measured showed the formulaof six prepared complexes were [M (HNP)2] (M+2=Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Znic, Cadmiumand Mercury),from the obtained data tetrahedral structure suggested for all complexes, except Copper complex has a square planer geometry.

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Plant Biology Colloquium | The Curious Case Of Complex Algal Life Cycles, Sept. 29, Ohio University College Of Arts & Sciences Sep 2017

Plant Biology Colloquium | The Curious Case Of Complex Algal Life Cycles, Sept. 29, Ohio University College Of Arts & Sciences

All Forum Articles

No abstract provided.

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The Effect Of Engineered Nanotopography Of Electrospun Microfibers On Fiber Rigidity And Macrophage Cytokine Production, Nicholas J. Schaub, Anthony R. D'Amato, Andrew Mason, David T. Corr, Erin Y. Harmon, Michelle R. Lennartz, Ryan J. Gilbert Sep 2017

The Effect Of Engineered Nanotopography Of Electrospun Microfibers On Fiber Rigidity And Macrophage Cytokine Production, Nicholas J. Schaub, Anthony R. D'Amato, Andrew Mason, David T. Corr, Erin Y. Harmon, Michelle R. Lennartz, Ryan J. Gilbert

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Currently, it is unknown how the mechanical properties of electro spun fibers, and the presentation of surface nano topography influence macrophage gene expression and protein production. By further elucidating how specific fiber properties (mechanical properties or surface properties) alter macrophage behavior, it may be possible to create electro spun fiber scaffolds capable of initiating unique cellular and tissue responses. In this study, we determined the elastic modulus and rigidity of fibers with varying topographies created by finely controlling humidity and including a non-solvent during electrospinning. In total, five fiber scaffold types were produced. Analysis of fiber physical properties demonstrated no …

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Need To Revamp Tuberculinum And Psorinum Nosodes, Shah Rajesh Sep 2017

Need To Revamp Tuberculinum And Psorinum Nosodes, Shah Rajesh

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

No abstract provided.

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Successful With Stem? A Qualitative Case Study Of Pre-Service Teacher Perceptions, Stacie H. Nowikowski Sep 2017

Successful With Stem? A Qualitative Case Study Of Pre-Service Teacher Perceptions, Stacie H. Nowikowski

The Qualitative Report

This research is a qualitative case study of pre-service teachers’ experiences with a Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) module during a middle level interdisciplinary course in the teaching of mathematics and science. Data were collected through document analysis of participant reflection journals (during six distinct stem tasks) and college curriculum as well as an analysis of researcher observations of the STEM activities. While the first and last tasks were reflective and designed to identify pre-existing STEM experiences and post-module knowledge, respectively, the other four STEM tasks simulated student-centered STEM activities common to the middle level classroom. The data were …

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Comparative Studies Of Cellular Viability Levels On 2d And 3d In Vitro Culture Matrices, Alan Casey, Hugh Byrne, Mahmoud Gargotti, Ulises Lopez Gonzalez Sep 2017

Comparative Studies Of Cellular Viability Levels On 2d And 3d In Vitro Culture Matrices, Alan Casey, Hugh Byrne, Mahmoud Gargotti, Ulises Lopez Gonzalez

Articles

In this study, the cellular viability and function of immortalized human cervical and dermal cells are monitored and compared in conventional 2D and two commercial 3D membranes, Collagen and Geltrex, of varying working concentration and volume. Viability was monitored with the aid of the Alamar Blue assay, cellular morphology was monitored with confocal microscopy, and cell cycle studies and cell death mechanism studies were performed with flow cytometry. The viability studies showed apparent differences between the 2D and 3D culture systems, the differences attributed in part to the physical transition from 2D to 3D environment causing alterations to effective resazurin …

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North American Species Of The Genus Axonopsis (Acarina: Aturidae: Axonopsinae), David R. Cook Sep 2017

North American Species Of The Genus Axonopsis (Acarina: Aturidae: Axonopsinae), David R. Cook

The Great Lakes Entomologist

(excerpt) Members of the genus Axonopsis have a broad zoogeographic distribution but are unreported from the Australian region and South America south of Colombia. Species occur in permanent standing waters and streams (including interstitial water). Representa- tives of four subgenera, Axonopsis s. s., Brachypodopsis, Paraxonopsis and Vicinaxonopsis, have been collected in North America, and a species of the closely related genus Erebaxonopsis is also known from interstitial waters in California. The only anomalous aspects of the distributional patterns are the apparent absence of Hexaxonopsis (which has a relatively widespread Palearctic range) and the stream (and interstitial) habitat of the North …

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Convicted Without Evidence: Elderly Women And Witchcraft Accusations In Contemporary Nigeria, Friday A. Eboiyehi Sep 2017

Convicted Without Evidence: Elderly Women And Witchcraft Accusations In Contemporary Nigeria, Friday A. Eboiyehi

Journal of International Women's Studies

Concern about persecution of person(s) accused of witchcraft practices has long been recognized as a major issue in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the persecution of elderly women suspected to be witches is predominantly widespread, and has been identified as one of the most important obstacle to the attainment of the December, 1993 Declaration of the UN General Assembly on elimination of violence against women on the continent. Torturing and various forms of violence against elderly women accused of witchcraft without evidence against them implies major infringements of their fundamental Human Rights as enshrined in Article 5 of the Universal Declaration …

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Nepal Himalaya: Women, Politics, And Administration, Tulasi Acharya Sep 2017

Nepal Himalaya: Women, Politics, And Administration, Tulasi Acharya

Journal of International Women's Studies

The paper is a qualitative analysis of the status of women and women in politics and administration in Nepal Himalaya. The paper reviews data on women in civil service and in administrative levels. Looking at women in Nepali politics, policy on women, and women in administration, the paper highlights some social and cultural issues that have “othered” women as the “second sex.” As the country is heading towards modernity, gender friendly approaches are being instituted. Although some data reflects the progress of women’s status and their increasing political and administrative participation, the data is insufficient to predict if there is …

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Eating Burnt Toast: The Lived Experiences Of Female Breadwinners In South Africa, Bianca Rochelle Parry, Puleng Segalo Sep 2017

Eating Burnt Toast: The Lived Experiences Of Female Breadwinners In South Africa, Bianca Rochelle Parry, Puleng Segalo

Journal of International Women's Studies

In South African society, many women have overcome traditional notions of gender by becoming primary breadwinners in their homes and providing primary financial support for their families. Employing a Phenomenological viewpoint, this paper contextualises the individual lived experiences of South African female breadwinners, utilising data collected from ten female breadwinners from the Mpumalanga and Gauteng provinces respectively using in-depth, semi structured interviews. Taking into consideration their intersectional experiences of gender, race, as well as cultural, traditional and patriarchal societal pressures, the study represents voices that have for a long time been silenced and marginalised, to understand how these women make …

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Contextualising African Women’S Empowerment In Agriculture: Challenges From Climate Change And Mineral Extraction Perspectives, Lere Amusan, Oluwole Olutola Sep 2017

Contextualising African Women’S Empowerment In Agriculture: Challenges From Climate Change And Mineral Extraction Perspectives, Lere Amusan, Oluwole Olutola

Journal of International Women's Studies

Most cultures in Africa view women’s role as subordinate to that of men. The patriarchal nature of human and social systems that are more or less an enduring feature of a typical African society, dictates that women are inferior and less powerful when compared to their male counterpart. Hence, their role should naturally be of a domestic calling. In addition to being relegated to the background of domestic affairs, most women function as food producers, at least, at the subsistence level. These dual roles are mostly unpaid, under-valued and, therefore, hardly accounted for in monetary terms. Rather than being beneficiaries …

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Urban Nowhere: Loss Of Self In Lydia Davis’ Stories And Wang Anyi’S Brothers, Xue Wei, Kate Rose Sep 2017

Urban Nowhere: Loss Of Self In Lydia Davis’ Stories And Wang Anyi’S Brothers, Xue Wei, Kate Rose

Journal of International Women's Studies

This paper focuses on how contemporary literary works by women authors in China and the U.S. reverse the individualist West/collectivist China assumption. It mainly compares the works of Lydia Davis and Wang Anyi with regards to urban women’s identities. Under the inspiration of revolutionary ideologies that characterize 20th century China, female characters are striving for meaning in their lives as individuals. In U.S.-American writings, however, the individual is becoming more anonymous and interchangeable, particularly in urban spaces. This article traces possible reasons and implications for this contrast.

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Effects Of A Prescribed Burn On The Adult Butterfly Assemblage Of A Coastal Grassland, J. Nicole Desha, Joseph Colbert, Kimberly M. Andrews, Scott Coleman, C. Tate Holbrook Sep 2017

Effects Of A Prescribed Burn On The Adult Butterfly Assemblage Of A Coastal Grassland, J. Nicole Desha, Joseph Colbert, Kimberly M. Andrews, Scott Coleman, C. Tate Holbrook

Georgia Journal of Science

Coastal grasslands are globally threatened by development and natural succession. In the southeastern United States, these increasingly rare ecosystems are being managed using prescribed fire, but ecological responses to fire management are largely unknown, particularly among nontargeted species. We tested for short-term effects of controlled burning on the abundance and species richness of adult butterflies, which utilize coastal grasslands for nectaring resources and as migratory stopover sites. In February 2015, four plots of coastal grassland on Little St. Simons Island, GA were burned and paired with unburned (control) plots of equal size. Throughout the following summer-fall flight season, we conducted …

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Protective Effect Of Beta-Sitosterol Against Ethanol Toxemia, Dakota Cooper, April Boucher-Zamzo Sep 2017

Protective Effect Of Beta-Sitosterol Against Ethanol Toxemia, Dakota Cooper, April Boucher-Zamzo

Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato

Herbal medications have no indications of interactions with alcohol on their labels. There has been at least one clinical finding that saw palmetto with active ingredient beta-sitosterol used for enlarged male prostates caused pancreatic damage. This study with 20 male mice hypothesized that ethanol would increase the toxicity of beta-sitosterol. It was found that mice dosed by gavage with 0.1 ml of 95 proof ethanol died starting at the second dose and increased to 100% by the sixth dose (unexpected based on literature). 60-microgram injections of beta-sitosterol prevented deaths in 80% of the mice past the sixth dose opposite to …

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The Black Press In Minnesota During World War I, Alejandra Galvan Sep 2017

The Black Press In Minnesota During World War I, Alejandra Galvan

Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato

April 2017 marks the 100th anniversary of the United States entering World War I. Many enjoy learning about the battles, the military, and the Homefront. But there is a need for more scholarship to understand the role African Americans played in the war. From my research, many African Americans disagreed with US involvement. Why would a country agree to fight for democracy overseas when its citizens need freedom at home? Racism in the United States concerned African Americans deeply. At the same time, however, African Americans viewed World War I as a way to demonstrate their patriotism. Black citizens …

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Spatial And Temporal Heterogeneity Of Microbial Life In Artificial Landscapes, Roopkamal Kaur, Aditi Sengupta, Peter A. Troch Sep 2017

Spatial And Temporal Heterogeneity Of Microbial Life In Artificial Landscapes, Roopkamal Kaur, Aditi Sengupta, Peter A. Troch

STAR Program Research Presentations

The Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO) project at Biosphere 2 consists of three replicated artificial landscapes which are sealed within a climate-controlled glass house. LEO is composed of basaltic soil material with low organic matter, nutrients, and microbes. The landscapes are built to resemble zero-order basins and enables researchers to observe hydrological, biological, and geochemical evolution of landscapes in a controlled environment. This study is focused on capturing microbial community dynamics in LEO soil, pre- and post-controlled rainfall episodes. Soil samples were collected from six different positions and at five depths in each of the three slopes followed by DNA extraction …

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Siu Alumni, Siu Alumni Association Sep 2017

Siu Alumni, Siu Alumni Association

SIU Alumni Magazine

No abstract provided.

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Stem Gateway Peer Learning Facilitators Professional Development Curriculum, Janeth Pena Sep 2017

Stem Gateway Peer Learning Facilitators Professional Development Curriculum, Janeth Pena

STEM Gateway

The learning object is a collection of professional development presentations and resources for guiding staff and faculty in training and implementing a Peer Learning Facilitators program, as developed by the STEM Gateway Program, intended for use within an Active Learning classroom environment. The materials were designed and implemented during the University of New Mexico STEM Gateway Project, funded by the U.S. Department of Education Title V program during 2012-2016.

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Neuronal Correlation Parameter In The Idea Of Thermodynamic Entropy Of An N-Body Gravitationally Bounded System, Ioannis Haranas, Ioannis Gkigkitzis, Ilias S. Kotsireas, Carlos Austerlitz Sep 2017

Neuronal Correlation Parameter In The Idea Of Thermodynamic Entropy Of An N-Body Gravitationally Bounded System, Ioannis Haranas, Ioannis Gkigkitzis, Ilias S. Kotsireas, Carlos Austerlitz

Physics and Computer Science Faculty Publications

Understanding how the brain encodes information and performs computation requires statistical and functional analysis. Given the complexity of the human brain, simple methods that facilitate the interpretation of statistical correlations among different brain regions can be very useful. In this report we introduce a numerical correlation measure that may serve the interpretation of correlational neuronal data, and may assist in the evaluation of different brain states. The description of the dynamical brain system, through a global numerical measure may indicate the presence of an action principle which may facilitate a application of physics principles in the study of the human …

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Toward A Law Of The Underground: Assessing The Physical And Perceptual Risks Of Geologic Carbon Capture And Storage, Caitlin Marina Augustin Sep 2017

Toward A Law Of The Underground: Assessing The Physical And Perceptual Risks Of Geologic Carbon Capture And Storage, Caitlin Marina Augustin

Open Access Dissertations

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies have both potential economic benefits and potential climate change mitigation impacts. However, CCS is not without physical and perceptual risks. In this dissertation, I followed two parallel research tracks regarding potential leakage of carbon dioxide out of CCS storage reservoirs. I completed three technical projects using data from the global-to-local level. First, I used Bayesian modeling to understand the potential for a surface release of carbon dioxide. These models allowed me to conclude that discrete, large-volume events are unlikely but not impossible events and draw similar risk conclusions as research from other disciplines. Second, …

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