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Student Handbook, 2014, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Student Handbook

No abstract provided.

Identification Of An Antibody Fragment Specific For Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer Cells, Ryan M. Williams, Cyrus J. Hajiran, Sara Nayeem, Letha J. Sooter

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Background

Prostate cancer is the most-diagnosed non-skin cancer among males in the US, and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Current methods of treatment and diagnosis are not specific for the disease. This work identified an antibody fragment that binds selectively to a molecule on the surface of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells but not benign prostatic cells.

Results

Antibody fragment identification was achieved using a library screening and enrichment strategy. A library of 109 yeast-displayed human non-immune antibody fragments was enriched for those that bind to androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, but not to benign prostatic cells or purified prostate-specific …

Sentencing Enhancement And The Crime Victim's Brain, Francis X. Shen

Loyola University Chicago Law Journal

Criminal offenders who inflict serious bodily injury to another in the course of criminal conduct are typically sentenced more harshly than those who do not cause such injuries. But what if the harm caused is “mental” or “psychological” and not “physical”? Should the sentencing enhancement still apply? Federal and state courts are already wrestling with this issue, and modern neuroscience offers new challenges to courts’ analyses. This Article thus tackles the question: In light of current neuroscientific knowledge, when and how should sentencing enhancements for bodily injury include mental injuries? The Article argues that classification of “mental” as wholly distinct …

From Porciones To Colonias: The Power Of Place And Community-Based Learning In K-12 Education - A Case Study From The Lower Rio Grande Valley Of Texas, University Of Texas--Pan American. Community Historical Archaeology Project With Schools Program (Chaps), Edna C. Alfaro, Roseann Bacha-Garza, Margaret E. Dorsey, Sonia Hernández, Russell K. Skowronek

Community Historical Archaeology Project with Schools (CHAPS) Publications

From Porciones to Colonias: The Power of Place- and Community-Based Learning in K-12 Education redefines culturally relevant learning in today’s diverse classroom. By integrating an interdisciplinary approach including: anthropology, archeology, biology, geology, and history the CHAPS Program presents an effective method in supporting teachers of the Rio Grande Valley in creating culturally relevant curriculum, while meeting the demands of state and federal mandates.

Sponsored by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

"I Am A Living Enigma - And You Want To Know The Right Reading Of Me": Gender Anxiety In Wilkie Collins's The Haunted Hotel And The Guilty River, Hannah Allford

MA in English Theses

This paper discusses gender anxiety in two of Wilkie Collins's novellas, The Haunted Hotel and The Guilty River.As each of Collins's novella was written near the turn of the nineteenth century, commonly known as the Fin de Siècle, the author explores the social construction - and subsequent subverting - of Victorian notions of genderideology in each text. Arguing that the novella's emphasis on marginalized characters demands scholarly attention and literary worth, the author next investigates three discourses through which traditional genderspheres are subverted. In examining each novella's use of embedded narratives, discussion of science (specifically chemicals), and portrayal of …

Detection Of Medium-Sized Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Via Fluorescence Energy Transfer, Nicole Serio, Lindsey Prignano, Sean Peters, Mindy Levine

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Reported herein is the use of proximity-induced non-covalent energy transfer for the detection of medium-sized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This energy transfer occurs within the cavity of γ-cyclodextrin in various aqueous environments, including human plasma and coconut water. Highly efficient energy transfer was observed, and the efficiency of the energy transfer is independent of the concentration of γ-cyclodextrin used, demonstrating the importance of hydrophobic binding in facilitating such energy transfer. Low limits of detection were also observed for many of the PAHs investigated, which is promising for the development of fluorescence-based detection schemes.

Amicus Brief In United States V. Windsor By Scholars For The Recognition Of Children's Constitutional Rights, Tanya Washington, Catherine Smith, Susannah Pollvogt

Scholarly Articles

This amicus brief filed by Scholars of the Constitutional Rights of Children in Windsor turns the spotlight on children in same-sex families. The brief enumerates the many ways Section 3 of DOMA impairs children's interests by denying federal recognition of their parents' marriages. The brief was cited in Respondent's Brief to the Supreme Court for its central thesis: children are a vulnerable demographic which deserves government action that serves their interests, not government action that impairs their interests.

Sorafenib Suppresses Jnk-Dependent Apoptosis Through Inhibition Of Zak, H. Vin, G. Ching, S. S. Ojeda, C. H. Adelmann, V. Chitsazzadeh, D. W. Dwyer, K. Ehrenreiter, M. Baccarini, R. Ruggieri, K. Y. Tsai, +6 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Sorafenib is U. S. Food and Drug Adminstration-approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma and has been combined with numerous other targeted therapies and chemotherapies in the treatment of many cancers. Unfortunately, as with other RAF inhibitors, patients treated with sorafenib have a 5% to 10% rate of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC)/keratoacanthomas. Paradoxical activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in BRAF wild-type cells has been implicated in RAF inhibitor-induced cSCC. Here, we report that sorafenib suppresses UV-induced apoptosis specifically by inhibiting c-jun-NH2-kinase (JNK) activation through the off-target inhibition of leucine zipper and sterile alpha …

Can Clinical Decision Support Improve Medication Safety In The Ambulatory Setting?, B. Keber

Journal Articles

No abstract provided.

Appropriate Use Of Ct Perfusion Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Bayesian Analysis Approach, R. P. Killeen, A. Gupta, H. Delaney, C. E. Johnson, A. J. Tsiouris, M. E. Fink, H. S. Mangat, A. Z. Segal, A. I. Mushlin, P. C. Sanelli, +1 Additional Author

Journal Articles

These investigators evaluated the test characteristics of CTP in patients with SAH for detection of delayed cerebral ischemia. Ninety-seven patients were assessed with CTP for ischemia and with DSA for vasospasm. The authors concluded that positive CTP findings identified patients who should be carefully considered for induced hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution and/or intra-arterial therapy while negative CTP findings are useful in guiding a no-treatment decision. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In recent years CTP has been used as a complementary diagnostic tool in the evaluation of delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm. Our aim was to determine the test characteristics of CTP for …

Tblr1 As An Androgen Receptor (Ar) Coactivator Selectively Activates Ar Target Genes To Inhibit Prostate Cancer Growth, G. Daniels, Y. Li, L. L. Gellert, A. Zhou, J. Melamed, X. Wu, X. Zhang, D. Zhang, D. Meruelo, S. K. Logan, R. Basch, P. Lee

Journal Articles

Androgen receptor (AR), a steroid hormone receptor, is critical for prostate cancer growth. However, activation of AR by androgens can also lead to growth suppression and differentiation. Transcriptional cofactors play an important role in this switch between proliferative and anti-proliferative AR target gene programs. Transducin beta-like-related protein 1 (TBLR1), a core component of the nuclear receptor corepressor complex, shows both corepressor and coactivator activities on nuclear receptors, but little is known about its effects on AR and prostate cancer. We characterized TBLR1 as a coactivator of AR in prostate cancer cells and determined that the activation is dependent on both …

Capsule Endoscopy In Crohn's Disease: Are We Seeing Any Better?, D. Hudesman, J. Mazurek, A. Swaminath

Journal Articles

Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex, immune-mediated disorder that often requires a multi-modality approach for optimal diagnosis and management. While traditional methods include ileocolonoscopy and radiologic modalities, increasingly, capsule endoscopy (CE) has been incorporated into the algorithm for both the diagnosis and monitoring of CD. Multiple studies have examined the utility of this emerging technology in the management of CD, and have compared it to other available modalities. CE offers a noninvasive approach to evaluate areas of the small bowel that are difficult to reach with traditional endoscopy. Furthermore, CE maybe favored in specific sub segments of patients with inflammatory …

Gas6 Expression Identifies High-Risk Adult Aml Patients: Potential Implications For Therapy, S. P. Whitman, J. Kohlschmidt, K. Maharry, S. Volinia, K. Mrozek, D. Nicolet, S. Schwind, H. Becker, J. E. Kolitz, C. D. Bloomfield, +11 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Emerging data demonstrate important roles for the TYRO3/AXL/MERTK receptor tyrosine kinase (TAM RTK) family in diverse cancers. We investigated the prognostic relevance of GAS6 expression, encoding the common TAM RTK ligand, in 270 adults (n=71 aged <60 >years; n=199 aged >= 60 years) with de novo cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML). Patients expressing GAS6 (GAS6+), especially those aged >= 60 years, more often failed to achieve a complete remission (CR). In all patients, GAS6+ patients had shorter disease-free (DFS) and overall (OS) survival than patients without GAS6 expression (GAS6-). After adjusting for other prognostic markers, GAS6+ predicted CR failure (P=0.02), …

Genetics Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Contributes To Biology And Drug Discovery, Y. Okada, D. Wu, G. Trynka, T. Raj, C. Terao, K. Ikari, Y. Kochi, K. Ohmura, P. K. Gregersen, R. M. Plenge, +85 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

A major challenge in human genetics is to devise a systematic strategy to integrate disease-associated variants with diverse genomic and biological data sets to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and guide drug discovery for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis in a total of >100,000 subjects of European and Asian ancestries (29,880 RA cases and 73,758 controls), by evaluating approximately 10 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We discovered 42 novel RA risk loci at a genome-wide level of significance, bringing the total to 101 (refs 2 - 4). We devised an in silico …

Genome-Wide Methylation Analyses In Glioblastoma Multiforme, R. K. Lai, Y. W. Chen, X. W. Guan, D. Nousome, C. Sharma, P. Canoll, J. Bruce, A. Lee, P. Gregersen, J. Barnholtz-Sloan, +8 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Few studies had investigated genome-wide methylation in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Our goals were to study differential methylation across the genome in gene promoters using an array-based method, as well as repetitive elements using surrogate global methylation markers. The discovery sample set for this study consisted of 54 GBM from Columbia University and Case Western Reserve University, and 24 brain controls from the New York Brain Bank. We assembled a validation dataset using methylation data of 162 TCGA GBM and 140 brain controls from dbGAP. HumanMethylation27 Analysis Bead-Chips (Illumina) were used to interrogate 26,486 informative CpG sites in both the discovery …

Integration Of Sequence Data From A Consanguineous Family With Genetic Data From An Outbred Population Identifies Plb1 As A Candidate Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Gene, Y. Okada, D. Diogo, J. D. Greenberg, F. Mouassess, W. A. L. Achkar, R. S. Fulton, J. C. Denny, N. Gupta, P. K. Gregersen, R. M. Plenge, +38 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Integrating genetic data from families with highly penetrant forms of disease together with genetic data from outbred populations represents a promising strategy to uncover the complete frequency spectrum of risk alleles for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we demonstrate that rare, low-frequency and common alleles at one gene locus, phospholipase B1 (PLB1), might contribute to risk of RA in a 4-generation consanguineous pedigree (Middle Eastern ancestry) and also in unrelated individuals from the general population (European ancestry). Through identity-by-descent (IBD) mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a non-synonymous c.2263G. C (p.G755R) mutation at the PLB1 gene on …

Interferon Alpha On Nzm2328.Lc1r27: Enhancing Autoimmunity And Immune Complex-Mediated Glomerulonephritis Without End Stage Renal Failure, C. Dai, H. Y. Wang, S. S. J. Sung, R. Sharma, C. Kannapell, W. Han, Q. Wang, A. Davidson, F. Gaskin, S. M. Fu

Journal Articles

Interferon alpha (IFN alpha) may play a significant role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. Recent literature suggests that IFN alpha does not correlate with disease activities and blockade of IFN alpha is not effective in treating SLE. This study aims to delineate further the role of IFN alpha in SLE. 12-week old NZM2328 and its congenic NZM2328.Lc1R27 (R27) female mice were challenged with adenovirus-IFN alpha (adeno-IFN alpha) or adenovirus-LacZ (adeno-LacZ). Only adeno-IFN alpha treated NZM2328 developed severe proteinuria and died of chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) and end stage renal disease. Adeno-IFN alpha treated R27 did develop immune complex-mediated GN but …

Mutations In The Gene That Encodes The F-Actin Binding Protein Anillin Cause Fsgs, R. A. Gbadegesin, G. Hall, A. Adeyemo, N. Hanke, I. Tossidou, J. Burchette, G. H. Wu, A. Homstad, P. C. Singhal, M. P. Winn, +17 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

FSGS is characterized by segmental scarring of the glomerulus and is a leading cause of kidney failure. Identification of genes causing FSGS has improved our understanding of disease mechanisms and points to defects in the glomerular epithelial cell, the podocyte, as a major factor in disease pathogenesis. Using a combination of genome-wide linkage studies and whole-exonne sequencing in a kindred with familial FSGS, we identified a missense mutation R431C in anillin (ANLN), an F-actin binding cell cycle gene, as a cause of FSGS. We screened 250 additional families with FSGS and found another variant, G618C, that segregates with disease in …

Psychosocial Correlates Of Gender-Based Violence Among Hiv-Infected And Hiv-Uninfected Women In Three Us Cities, R. M. Schwartz, K. M. Weber, G. E. Schechter, N. C. Connors, Y. Gousse, M. A. Young, M. H. Cohen

Journal Articles

Gender-based violence (GBV) is common among women with and at risk for HIV, yet little is known about the GBV associated psychological factors that could be modifiable through behavioral interventions. The current study examined the associations between some of these psychological factors (i.e., hopelessness, consideration of future consequences, self esteem), mental health symptoms, substance abuse, and GBV among a sample of 736 HIV-infected and sociodemographically similar uninfected participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Results indicated high rates of lifetime GBV among the sample (58%), as well as high rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) (22.2%). HIV-infected women were …

Central Muscarinic Cholinergic Activation Alters Interaction Between Splenic Dendritic Cell And Cd4(+)Cd25(-) T Cells In Experimental Colitis, P. Munyaka, M. F. Rabbi, V. A. Pavlov, K. J. Tracey, E. Khafipour, J. E. Ghia

Journal Articles

Background: The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is based on vagus nerve (VN) activity that regulates macrophage and dendritic cell responses in the spleen through alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAChR) signaling. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients present dysautonomia with decreased vagus nerve activity, dendritic cell and T cell over-activation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether central activation of the CAP alters the function of dendritic cells (DCs) and sequential CD4(+)/CD25(-)T cell activation in the context of experimental colitis. Methods: The dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid model of experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mice was used. Central, intracerebroventricular infusion of the M1 …

Non-Mammalian Model Systems For Studying Neuro-Immune Interactions After Spinal Cord Injury, O. Bloom

Journal Articles

Mammals exhibit poor recovery after injury to the spinal cord, where the loss of neurons and neuronal connections can be functionally devastating. In contrast, it has long been appreciated that many non-mammalian vertebrate species exhibit significant spontaneous functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Identifying the biological responses that support an organism's inability or ability to recover function after SCI is an important scientific and medical question. While recent advances have been made in understanding the responses to SCI in mammals, we remain without an effective clinical therapy for SCI. A comparative biological approach to understanding responses to SCI in …

Latent Factor Modeling Of Four Schizotypy Dimensions With Theory Of Mind And Empathy, J. S. Bedwell, M. T. Compton, F. G. Jentsch, A. E. Deptula, S. M. Goulding, E. B. Tone

Journal Articles

Preliminary evidence suggests that theory of mind and empathy relate differentially to factors of schizotypy. The current study assessed 686 undergraduate students and used structural equation modeling to examine links between a four-factor model of schizotypy with performance on measures of theory of mind (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [MIE]) and empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI]). Schizotypy was assessed using three self-report measures which were simultaneously entered into the model. Results revealed that the Negative factor of schizotypy showed a negative relationship with the Empathy factor, which was primarily driven by the Empathic Concern subscale of the IRI …

The Sorl1 Gene And Convergent Neural Risk For Alzheimer's Disease Across The Human Lifespan, D. Felsky, P. Szeszko, L. Yu, W. G. Honer, P. L. De Jager, J. A. Schneider, A. K. Malhotra, T. Lencz, T. Ikuta, A. N. Voineskos, +7 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Prior to intervention trials in individuals genetically at-risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, critical first steps are identifying where (neuroanatomic effects), when (timepoint in the lifespan) and how (gene expression and neuropathology) Alzheimer's risk genes impact the brain. We hypothesized that variants in the sortilin-like receptor (SORL1) gene would affect multiple Alzheimer's phenotypes before the clinical onset of symptoms. Four independent samples were analyzed to determine effects of SORL1 genetic risk variants across the lifespan at multiple phenotypic levels: (1) microstructural integrity of white matter using diffusion tensor imaging in two healthy control samples (n = 118, age 18-86; n = …

Altered Relationships Between Age And Functional Brain Activation In Adolescents At Clinical High Risk For Psychosis, K. H. Karlsgodt, T. G. M. Van Erp, C. E. Bearden, T. D. Cannon

Journal Articles

Schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, but whether the adolescent period, proximal to onset, is associated with aberrant development in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is incompletely understood. While abnormal gray and white matter development has been observed, alterations in functional neuroimaging (fMRI parameters during adolescence as related to conversion to psychosis have not yet been investigated. Twenty CHR individuals and 19 typically developing controls (TDC), (ages 14-21), were recruited from the Center for Assessment and Prevention of Proclromal States (CAPPS) at UCLA Participants performed a Sternberg-style verbal working memory (WMem) task during fMRI and data were …

Does A Glp-1 Receptor Agonist Change Glucose Tolerance In Patients Treated With Antipsychotic Medications? Design Of A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial, J. R. Larsen, L. Vedtofte, J. J. Holst, P. Oturai, A. Kjaer, Christoph Correll, T. Vilsboll, A. Fink-Jensen

Journal Articles

Background Metabolic disturbances, obesity and life-shortening cardiovascular morbidity are major clinical problems among patients with antipsychotic treatment. Especially two of the most efficacious antipsychotics, clozapine and olanzapine, cause weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Additionally, patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders not infrequently consume alcohol. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has shown to improve glycaemic control and reduce alcohol intake among patients with type 2 diabetes. Objectives To investigate whether the beneficial effects of GLP-1 analogues on glycaemic control and alcohol intake, in patients with type 2 diabetes, can be extended to a population of pre-diabetic psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotic treatment. Methods and analysis Trial …

Quetiapine Versus Aripiprazole In Children And Adolescents With Psychosis - Protocol For The Randomised, Blinded Clinical Tolerability And Efficacy Of Antipsychotics (Tea) Trial, A. K. Pagsberg, P. Jeppesen, D. G. Klauber, K. G. Jensen, D. Ruda, M. Stentebjerg-Olesen, P. Jantzen, S. Rasmussen, Christoph Correll, B. Fagerlund, +19 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Background: The evidence for choices between antipsychotics for children and adolescents with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders is limited. The main objective of the Tolerability and Efficacy of Antipsychotics (TEA) trial is to compare the benefits and harms of quetiapine versus aripiprazole in children and adolescents with psychosis in order to inform rational, effective and safe treatment selections. Methods/Design: The TEA trial is a Danish investigator-initiated, independently funded, multi-centre, randomised, blinded clinical trial. Based on sample size estimation, 112 patients aged 12-17 years with psychosis, antipsychotic-naive or treated for a limited period are, 1:1 randomised to a 12-week, double-blind intervention …

Sentia: A Systematic Online Monitoring Registry For Children And Adolescents Treated With Antipsychotics, I. Palanca-Maresca, B. Ruiz-Antoran, G. Centeno-Soto, S. Jimenez-Fernandez, L. Garcia-Murillo, A. Siles, S. Villagra, H. Blasco-Fontecilla, L. Iruela-Cuadrado, Christoph Correll, +2 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

INTRODUCTION: Despite drastic increases in antipsychotic prescribing in youth, data are still limited regarding their safety in this vulnerable population, necessitating additional tools for capturing long-term, real world data. METHODS: We present SENTIA (SafEty of NeurolepTics in Infancy and Adolescence; https://SENTIA.es), an online registry created in 2010 to track antipsychotic adverse effects in Spanish youthsociodemographic, diagnostic and treatment characteristics, past personal medical/psychiatric history, healthy lifestyle habits and treatment adherence. Additionally, efficacy and adverse effect data are recorded including the Children's Global Assessment Scale; Clinical Global Impressions scale for Severity and Improvement, the Safety Monitoring Uniform Report Form, Simpson-Angus Scale, Abnormal …

Genetic Association Signal Near Ntn4 In Tourette Syndrome, P. Paschou, D. M. Yu, G. Gerber, P. Evans, F. Tsetsos, L. K. Davis, Cathy Budman, C. A. Mathews, J. M. Scharf, +29 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex genetic etiology. Through an international collaboration, we genotyped 42 single nucleotide polymorphisms (p < 10(-3)) from the recent TS genomewide association study (GWAS) in 609 independent cases and 610 ancestry-matched controls. Only rs2060546 on chromosome 12q22 (p = 3.3 x 10 (-4)) remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Meta-analysis with the original GWAS yielded the strongest association to date (p = 5.8 x 10 (7)). Although its functional significance is unclear, rs2060546 lies closest to NTN4, an axon guidance molecule expressed in developing striatum. Risk score analysis significantly predicted case-control status (p - 0.042), suggesting that many of these variants are true TS risk alleles.

Early Specific Cognitive-Behavioural Psychotherapy In Subjects At High Risk For Bipolar Disorders: Study Protocol For A Randomised Controlled Trial, A. Pfennig, K. Leopold, A. Bechdolf, C. U. Correll, M. Holtmann, M. Lambert, C. Marx, T. D. Meyer, G. Juckel, M. Bauer, +5 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

Background: Bipolar disorders (BD) are among the most severe mental disorders with first clinical signs and symptoms frequently appearing in adolescence and early adulthood. The long latency in clinical diagnosis (and subsequent adequate treatment) adversely affects the course of disease, effectiveness of interventions and health-related quality of life, and increases the economic burden of BD. Despite uncertainties about risk constellations and symptomatology in the early stages of potentially developing BD, many adolescents and young adults seek help, and most of them suffer substantially from symptoms already leading to impairments in psychosocial functioning in school, training, at work and in their …

Treatment Of Lupus Nephritis With Abatacept: The Abatacept And Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy And Safety Study, A. Askanase, M. Byron, L. Keyes-Elstein, P. Cagnoli, J. Mccune, B. Diamond, D. Daikh, A. Davidson, M. Mackay, D. Wofsy, +24 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a 24-week course of abatacept in the treatment of active lupus nephritis and to assess the potential of abatacept to induce "clinical tolerance," defined as sustained clinical quiescence of lupus nephritis after discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS: Patients with active lupus nephritis (n = 134) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind phase II add-on trial in which they received either abatacept or placebo in conjunction with the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial regimen of low-dose cyclophosphamide (CYC) followed by azathioprine (AZA). The primary efficacy outcome was the frequency of complete response at week 24. …