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2013

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Cover And Contents Jan 2013

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Multiobjective Daily Volt/Var Control In Distribution Systems With Distributed Generation Using Binary Ant Colony Optimization, Reza Azimi, Saeid Esmaeili Jan 2013

Multiobjective Daily Volt/Var Control In Distribution Systems With Distributed Generation Using Binary Ant Colony Optimization, Reza Azimi, Saeid Esmaeili

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents a multiobjective daily voltage and reactive power control (Volt/VAr) in radial distribution systems, including distributed generation units. The main purpose is to determine optimum dispatch schedules for on-load tap changer (OLTC) settings at substations, substation-switched capacitors, and feeder-switched capacitors based on the day-ahead load forecast. The objectives are selected to minimize the voltage deviation on the secondary bus of the main transformer, total electrical energy losses, the number of OLTCs, and capacitor operation and voltage fluctuations in distribution systems for the next day. Since this model is the weighted sum of individual objective functions, an analytic hierarchy …

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Chaos Control Of Single Time-Scale Brushless Dc Motor With Sliding Mode Control Method, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu, Bariş Cevher Jan 2013

Chaos Control Of Single Time-Scale Brushless Dc Motor With Sliding Mode Control Method, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu, Bariş Cevher

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this paper, the sliding mode control (SMC) scheme of single time-scale brushless DC motor (BLDCM) is investigated. The SMC method consists of 2 sections. To simplify the directive of the stability of the controlled single time-scale BLDCM in the sliding mode, first a special type of PI switching surface is adopted. Second, the SMC controller is obtained to guarantee the occurrence of the PI switching surface. The effectiveness of the theoretical analysis is evaluated by numerical simulations. Thus, the numerical results are used to show the verification and trustworthiness of the proposed method.

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Image Pattern Recognition Technique For The Classification Of Multiple Power Quality Disturbances, Brahmadesam Viswanathan Krishna, Baskaran Kalaiperumal Jan 2013

Image Pattern Recognition Technique For The Classification Of Multiple Power Quality Disturbances, Brahmadesam Viswanathan Krishna, Baskaran Kalaiperumal

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In a practical power system, a power quality (PQ) event often consists of various types of disturbances occurring at the same time. However, most of the existing techniques are trained to classify single disturbances, and hence have very limited usage in classifying real-time data. This work proposes a novel technique to automatically detect and classify multiple disturbances that coexist in PQ monitoring data. The data obtained from PQ monitors are represented in the form of 2-dimensional (2D) images. This 2D data visualization has significant benefits, in that each type of disturbance produces a different type of edge in the image; …

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A Novel Approach For The Reconfiguration Of Distribution Systems Considering The Voltage Stability Margin, Mohammad Hasan Hemmatpour, Mohsen Mohammadian, Mohsen Rezaie Estabragh Jan 2013

A Novel Approach For The Reconfiguration Of Distribution Systems Considering The Voltage Stability Margin, Mohammad Hasan Hemmatpour, Mohsen Mohammadian, Mohsen Rezaie Estabragh

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In recent years, the problem of optimum reconfiguration in distribution systems (DSs) has been a task that must be solved in an optimal manner. This paper presents a new approach for the optimal reconfiguration of DSs based on a hierarchical 2-stage optimization problem to improve the power system voltage stability margin and reduce losses incorporating the constraints. The mentioned problem has been modeled as a nonlinear and multiobjective optimization problem. It uses the ability of the developed harmony search algorithm (HSA) as the first stage of the proposed optimization problem to reach the best network configuration. This reconfiguration algorithm starts …

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Real-Time Implementation Of An Amplitude-Locked Loop: A Validation On The Dspace Ds1006-Based Platform, Jora Mangala Gonda, Sumam Sarah Jan 2013

Real-Time Implementation Of An Amplitude-Locked Loop: A Validation On The Dspace Ds1006-Based Platform, Jora Mangala Gonda, Sumam Sarah

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The extraction of harmonics and/or the fundamental from a distorted waveform is an important process in the implementation of custom-power devices. Several schemes towards this have been proposed in the past. Among these, the algorithms based on synchronous (with respect to the supply voltages) extraction (both in phase and amplitude) have certain established advantages over the others. Amplitude-locked loops (ALLs) have been in use in signal-communication systems but are limited to sinusoidal inputs. There is a need for fast and rugged algorithms to synchronously extract harmonics and/or the fundamental from a distorted waveform in many power system applications. In this …

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Low-Cost And Power-Efficient Thread Collision Detection Scheme For Shared Caches In A Real-Time Multithreaded Embedded Processor, Emre Özer Jan 2013

Low-Cost And Power-Efficient Thread Collision Detection Scheme For Shared Caches In A Real-Time Multithreaded Embedded Processor, Emre Özer

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper addresses an important issue in a real-time multithreaded embedded processor where several active hardware threads share the critical resources such as caches in the processor. Thread interferences or collisions could lead to severe performance degradations on the real-time threads. Although the cache interference issue on real-time multithreaded processors has been studied before, no cost-effective and simpler hardware solutions were proposed to maintain the single thread performance of the real-time thread while still letting the low-priority threads progress. A novel technique called collision tag is proposed to address these issues. Progressively, the collision tag scheme can be reduced into …

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Microelectronic Interconnect Modeling With A Periodical Lumped Rlc-Network, Blaise Ravelo Jan 2013

Microelectronic Interconnect Modeling With A Periodical Lumped Rlc-Network, Blaise Ravelo

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

A modeling of high-speed microelectronic interconnections based on periodical resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) cells is presented in this paper. A theoretical investigation enabling one to determine the interconnect structure transfer function is established. The proposed theory is based on the use of the ABCD matrix product of elementary cells, constituting the whole interconnect structure. After extracting the constituting lumped elements R, L, and C, which model the considered interconnection, examples of the numerical validations were proposed, both in the frequency and time domains. It was demonstrated that by considering a structure comprised of 10 elementary segments in cascade, S-parameters and time-domain results …

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Foster Impedance Data Modeling Via Singly Terminated Lc Ladder Networks, Meti̇n Şengül Jan 2013

Foster Impedance Data Modeling Via Singly Terminated Lc Ladder Networks, Meti̇n Şengül

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this work, a lossless model is developed for the given Foster impedance data. In the model, a 2-port short- or open-terminated LC ladder is used. After applying the proposed algorithm, a realizable driving-point reactance function that fits the given data is obtained. Next, this function is synthesized, resulting in the desired model. In the algorithm, there is no need to select a circuit topology for the model. Two examples are given to illustrate the utilization of the proposed modeling algorithm.

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A Reputation-Based Privacy Management System For Social Networking Sites, Mehmet Erkan Yüksel, Asim Si̇nan Yüksel, Abdül Hali̇m Zai̇m Jan 2013

A Reputation-Based Privacy Management System For Social Networking Sites, Mehmet Erkan Yüksel, Asim Si̇nan Yüksel, Abdül Hali̇m Zai̇m

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Social networking sites form a special type of virtual community where we share our personal information with people and develop new relationships on the Internet. These sites allow the users to share just about everything, including photos, videos, favorite music, and games, and record all user interactions and retain them for potential use in social data mining. This storing and sharing of large amounts of information causes privacy problems for the users of these websites. In order to prevent these problems, we have to provide strict privacy policies, data protection mechanisms, and trusted and built-in applications that help to protect …

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Controlling The Chaotic Discrete-Hénon System Using A Feedforward Neural Network With An Adaptive Learning Rate, Kürşad Gökce, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu Jan 2013

Controlling The Chaotic Discrete-Hénon System Using A Feedforward Neural Network With An Adaptive Learning Rate, Kürşad Gökce, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper proposes a feedforward neural network-based control scheme to control the chaotic trajectories of a discrete-Hénon map in order to stay within an acceptable distance from the stable fixed point. An adaptive learning back propagation algorithm with online training is employed to improve the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation study carried in the discrete-Hénon system verifies the validity of the proposed control system.

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A New Morse Code Scheme Optimized According To The Statistical Properties Of Turkish, Emrah Çi̇çek, Asim Egemen Yilmaz Jan 2013

A New Morse Code Scheme Optimized According To The Statistical Properties Of Turkish, Emrah Çi̇çek, Asim Egemen Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Morse code has been in use for more than 180 years, even though its currently known form is slightly different than the form defined by Morse and Vail. The code book constructed by Vail was optimized according to the statistical properties of English. In this study, we propose a new code book optimized for Turkish and demonstrate that it is information-theoretically possible to achieve about a 10% improvement throughout the coding of Turkish texts by means of our proposal. The outcomes of this might serve as a basis for potential (academic and/or applied) Turkish language-specific lossless data compression studies.

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Optimal Sizing And Siting Distributed Generation Resources Using A Multiobjective Algorithm, Seyed Amir Hosseini, Seyed Siavash Karimi Madahi, Farzad Razavi, Mohsen Karami, Ali Asghar Ghadimi Jan 2013

Optimal Sizing And Siting Distributed Generation Resources Using A Multiobjective Algorithm, Seyed Amir Hosseini, Seyed Siavash Karimi Madahi, Farzad Razavi, Mohsen Karami, Ali Asghar Ghadimi

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The restructuring of the electrical market, improvement in the technologies of energy production, and energy crisis have paved the way for increasing applications of distributed generation (DG) resources in recent years. Installing DG units in a distribution network may result in positive impacts, such as voltage profile improvement and loss reduction, and negative impacts, such as an increase in the short-circuit level. These impacts depend on the type, capacity, and place of these resources. Therefore, finding the optimal place and capacity of DG resources is of crucial importance. Accordingly, this paper is aimed at finding the optimal place and capacity …

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An Automated Signal Alignment Algorithm Based On Dynamic Time Warping For Capillary Electrophoresis Data, Fethullah Karabi̇ber Jan 2013

An Automated Signal Alignment Algorithm Based On Dynamic Time Warping For Capillary Electrophoresis Data, Fethullah Karabi̇ber

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Correcting the retention time variation and measuring the similarity of time series is one of the most popular challenges in the area of analyzing capillary electrophoresis (CE) data. In this study, an automated signal alignment method is proposed by modifying the dynamic time warping (DTW) approach to align the time-series data. Preprocessing tools and further optimizations were developed to increase the performance of the algorithm. As a demonstrative case study, the developed algorithm is applied to the analysis of CE data from a selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) evaluation of the RNA secondary structure. The time-shift problem …

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Simulation Of A Large Electric Distribution System Having Intensive Harmonics In The Industrial Zone Of Konya, Hasan Eroğlu, Musa Aydin Jan 2013

Simulation Of A Large Electric Distribution System Having Intensive Harmonics In The Industrial Zone Of Konya, Hasan Eroğlu, Musa Aydin

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this study, measurements were taken at different points of a sample distribution system in order to analyze the levels of harmonics that appear as a day-to-day increasing problem in electrical distribution systems. According to the measurement values, the dominant harmonics have been determined and an electrical model of the system has been prepared using the SimPowerSystems toolbox from MATLAB and Simulink. The accuracy of the electrical model has been verified by the measurement and simulation values. In addition, the transformer connection types' and impedances' simulations have been presented to understand and solve the harmonic problems in electrical distribution systems. …

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A Blind Digital Signature Scheme Using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, İsmai̇l Bütün, Mehmet Demi̇rer Jan 2013

A Blind Digital Signature Scheme Using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, İsmai̇l Bütün, Mehmet Demi̇rer

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this study, we propose a blind digital signature (BDS) scheme based on the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm that increases the performance significantly. The security of our scheme is based on the difficulty of the elliptic curve discrete algorithm problem. Therefore, it offers much smaller key lengths for the desired security levels, along with much faster cryptographic processes, leading to fewer hardware and software requirements. According to our simulation results, the relative performance improvement of our proposed BDS scheme is up to 96% when compared with previously proposed schemes.

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On-Line Self-Learning Pid Controller Design Of Sssc Using Self-Recurrent Wavelet Neural Networks, Soheil Ganjefar, Mojtaba Alizadeh Jan 2013

On-Line Self-Learning Pid Controller Design Of Sssc Using Self-Recurrent Wavelet Neural Networks, Soheil Ganjefar, Mojtaba Alizadeh

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Conventionally, FACTS devices employ a proportional-integral (PI) controller as a supplementary controller. However, the conventional PI controller has many disadvantages. The present paper aims to propose an on-line self-learning PI-derivative (PID) controller design of a static synchronous series compensator for power system stability enhancement and to overcome the PI controller problems. Unlike the PI controllers, the proposed PID controller has a local nature because of its powerful adaption process, which is based on the back-propagation (BP) algorithm that is carried out through an adaptive self-recurrent wavelet neural network identifier (ASRWNNI). In fact, the PID controller parameters are updated in on-line …

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A Computer-Aided Diagnosis System For Breast Cancer Detection By Using A Curvelet Transform, Nebi̇ Gedi̇k, Ayten Atasoy Jan 2013

A Computer-Aided Diagnosis System For Breast Cancer Detection By Using A Curvelet Transform, Nebi̇ Gedi̇k, Ayten Atasoy

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The most common type of cancer among women worldwide is breast cancer. Early detection of breast cancer is very important to reduce the fatality rate. For the hundreds of mammographic images scanned by a radiologist, only a few are cancerous. While detecting abnormalities, some of them may be missed, as the detection of suspicious and abnormal images is a recurrent mission that causes fatigue and eyestrain. In this paper, a computer-aided diagnosis system using the curvelet transform (CT) algorithm is proposed for interpreting mammograms to improve the decision making. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for …

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Actor-Critic-Based Ink Drop Spread As An Intelligent Controller, Hesam Sagha, Iman Esmaili Paeen Afrakoti, Saeed Bagherishouraki Jan 2013

Actor-Critic-Based Ink Drop Spread As An Intelligent Controller, Hesam Sagha, Iman Esmaili Paeen Afrakoti, Saeed Bagherishouraki

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper introduces an innovative adaptive controller based on the actor-critic method. The proposed approach employs the ink drop spread (IDS) method as its main engine. The IDS method is a new trend in soft-computing approaches that is a universal fuzzy modeling technique and has been also used as a supervised controller. Its process is very similar to the processing system of the human brain. The proposed actor-critic method uses an IDS structure as an actor and a 2-dimensional plane, representing control variable states, as a critic that estimates the lifetime goodness of each state. This method is fast, simple, …

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A Real-Time Extraction Of Active And Reactive Current Using Microcontrollers For A Multipulse Statcom, Mehmet Ali̇ Anadol, Musa Aydin, Tankut Yalçinöz Jan 2013

A Real-Time Extraction Of Active And Reactive Current Using Microcontrollers For A Multipulse Statcom, Mehmet Ali̇ Anadol, Musa Aydin, Tankut Yalçinöz

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In power transmission and distribution systems, the design of a compensator that adjusts the power factor without causing additional power losses requires the determination of the reactive current components that are going to be supplied into the system. In this study, the determination of the active and reactive current components is achieved via the use of the nonactive power theory and a microcontroller-based control system. The control system has been implemented with low-cost 16-bit microcontrollers. This system was used to control a 3-phase, 12-pulse laboratory-size prototype of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with the structure of a voltage source converter. …

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Multiobjective Differential Evolution-Based Performance Optimization For Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, Hedi Yahia, Noureddine Liouane, Rachid Dhifaoui Jan 2013

Multiobjective Differential Evolution-Based Performance Optimization For Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, Hedi Yahia, Noureddine Liouane, Rachid Dhifaoui

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The simple structure, low manufacturing cost, rugged behavior, high torque per unit volume, and wide torque-speed range make a switched reluctance motor (SRM) very attractive for industrial applications. However, these advantages are overshadowed by its inherent high torque ripple, acoustic noise, and difficulty to control. The controlled parameters in SRM drives can be selected as the turn-on angle, the turn-off angle, and the current reference. This paper investigates the problem of optimal control parameters considering the maximum average torque, minimum copper losses, and minimum torque ripple as the main objectives in SRM drives. The use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to …

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Implementation Of An Ac Model For Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Reliability Constraints, Amin Mahmoudabad, Masoud Rashidinejad, Majid Zeinaddini-Meymand, Mohsen Rahmani Jan 2013

Implementation Of An Ac Model For Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Reliability Constraints, Amin Mahmoudabad, Masoud Rashidinejad, Majid Zeinaddini-Meymand, Mohsen Rahmani

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this paper, a hybrid heuristic methodology that employs fuzzy logic for solving the AC transmission network expansion planning (AC-TEP) problem is presented. An enhanced constructive heuristic algorithm aimed at obtaining a significant quality solution for such complicated problems considering contingency is proposed. In order to indicate the severity of the contingency, 2 performance indices, namely the line flow performance index and voltage performance index, are calculated. An interior point method is applied as a nonlinear programming solver to handle such nonconvex optimization problems, while the objective function includes the costs of the new transmission lines as well as the …

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Comparison Study Of Computational Parameter Values Between Lrn And Narx In Identifying Nonlinear Systems, Farah Hani Nordin, Farrukh Hafiz Nagi, Aidil Azwin Zainul Abidin Jan 2013

Comparison Study Of Computational Parameter Values Between Lrn And Narx In Identifying Nonlinear Systems, Farah Hani Nordin, Farrukh Hafiz Nagi, Aidil Azwin Zainul Abidin

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

To determine the nonlinear autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (NARX) parameter values is not an easy task, even though NARX is reported to successfully identify nonlinear systems. Apart from the activation functions, number of layers, layer size, learning rate, and number of epochs, the number of delays at the input and at the feedback loop need to also be determined. The layer recurrent network (LRN) is seen to have the potential to outperform NARX. However, not many papers have reported on using the LRN to identify nonlinear systems. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to investigate and analyze …

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Shape Control Of Cyclic Networks In Multirobot Formations, Tolga Eren Jan 2013

Shape Control Of Cyclic Networks In Multirobot Formations, Tolga Eren

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The first part of this paper examines cycles at the network level of sensing and control architectures that are needed to maintain the shape of a multiagent formation in 2-dimensional space, while the formation moves as a cohesive whole. The key tools used in the paper are rigidity theory and graph theory. The second part of the paper focuses on the planner level and controller level of the architecture by designing the fuzzy planner and fuzzy controller of individual agents. This permits the decomposition of the complex coordination problem into a series of smaller ones. The fuzzy planner and the …

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An Automated Prognosis System For Estrogen Hormone Status Assessment In Breast Cancer Tissue Samples, Fati̇h Sarikoç, Adem Kalinli, Hülya Akgün, Fi̇gen Öztürk Jan 2013

An Automated Prognosis System For Estrogen Hormone Status Assessment In Breast Cancer Tissue Samples, Fati̇h Sarikoç, Adem Kalinli, Hülya Akgün, Fi̇gen Öztürk

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Estrogen receptor (ER) status evaluation is a widely applied method in the prognosis of breast cancer. However, testing for the existence of the ER biomarker in a patient's tumor sample mainly depends on the subjective decisions of the doctors. The aim of this paper is to introduce the usage of a machine learning tool, functional trees (FTs), to attain an ER prognosis of the disease via an objective decision model. For this aim, 27 image files, each of which came from a biopsy sample of an invasive ductal carcinoma patient, were scanned and captured by a light microscope. From these …

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Cover And Contents Jan 2013

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

No abstract provided.

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A Rule Induction Algorithm For Knowledge Discovery And Classification, Ömer Akgöbek Jan 2013

A Rule Induction Algorithm For Knowledge Discovery And Classification, Ömer Akgöbek

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Classification and rule induction are key topics in the fields of decision making and knowledge discovery. The objective of this study is to present a new algorithm developed for automatic knowledge acquisition in data mining. The proposed algorithm has been named RES-2 (Rule Extraction System). It aims at eliminating the pitfalls and disadvantages of the techniques and algorithms currently in use. The proposed algorithm makes use of the direct rule extraction approach, rather than the decision tree. For this purpose, it uses a set of examples to induce general rules. In this study, 15 datasets consisting of multiclass values with …

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Topology And Control Design Of A Sinusoidal Very Low Frequency High Voltage Generator, Zhigang Liu, Guofeng Li, Ninghui Wang Jan 2013

Topology And Control Design Of A Sinusoidal Very Low Frequency High Voltage Generator, Zhigang Liu, Guofeng Li, Ninghui Wang

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

To reduce the volume and the structural complexity of a very low frequency (VLF) high voltage (HV) generator, this paper introduces a novel sinusoidal VLF HV generator with 2 high frequency HV (HFHV) transformers and 2 metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor cascaded HV bridge arms. Series-parallel resonant converter technology is applied to reduce the impact of the distributed parameters, decreasing the power loss and the volume of the transformer. Both the switching frequency and the duty cycle are utilized as actuating variables to cope with the large ranges of output. Simultaneously, the principle of segmental data processing is proposed to obtain …

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Operational Characteristics Of A Filtering Rectifier Transformer For Industrial Power Systems, Zhiyu Zhao, Longfu Luo, Jiazhu Xu, Thanhngoc Tran, Zhiwen Zhang Jan 2013

Operational Characteristics Of A Filtering Rectifier Transformer For Industrial Power Systems, Zhiyu Zhao, Longfu Luo, Jiazhu Xu, Thanhngoc Tran, Zhiwen Zhang

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Many conventional methods focus on reducing the harmful impact of the poor power quality in industrial rectifier systems, but they focus more on the harmonic problems of the utility grid than they do on that of the rectifier transformer; hence, the rectifier transformer would still be adversely affected by harmonic pollution. In order to solve the problem, a filtering rectifier transformer is proposed that adopts a harmonic current drainage system that incorporates tertiary winding and tuned harmonic filters. The impedance of the tertiary winding is specially designed and the tuned harmonic filters work together to restrain the harmonic current and …

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Unscented Transformation-Based Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow For Modeling The Effect Of Wind Power Generation, Morteza Aien, Mahmood Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Farrokh Aminifar Jan 2013

Unscented Transformation-Based Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow For Modeling The Effect Of Wind Power Generation, Morteza Aien, Mahmood Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Farrokh Aminifar

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The unprecedented increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, mainly harvesting renewable energies, is a direct result of environmental concerns. These types of energy resources bring about more uncertainties in the power system and, consequently, necessitate probabilistic analyses of the system performance. This paper develops a new approach for probabilistic optimal power flow (P-OPF) by adapting the unscented transformation (UT) method. The heart of the proposed method lies in how to produce the sampling points. Appropriate sample points are chosen to perform the P-OPF with a high degree of accuracy and less computational burden in comparison with the features of other …

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