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2013

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Using Valuation-Based Decision Making To Increase The Efficiency Of China's Patent Subsidy Strategies, William Murphy, John L. Orcutt Jan 2013

Using Valuation-Based Decision Making To Increase The Efficiency Of China's Patent Subsidy Strategies, William Murphy, John L. Orcutt

Law Faculty Scholarship

[Excerpt] “The Chinese government has grown concerned that its patent fee subsidy programs have not funded the most deserving patents, and thus they no longer wish to spend public resources to promote low-value patents. Instead, the government would prefer subsidy programs that encourage the most deserving patents. The Patent Strategy reflects this desire, as the fourth strategic focus of the Patent Strategy recognizes the need to “[o]ptimize [China’s] patent subsidy policy and further define the orientation to enhance patent quality.”19 This Article explains how a disciplined and transparent valuation-based decision making process can help the Chinese government design patent fee …

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Genetic Privacy And The Fourth Amendment: Unregulated Surreptitious Dna Harvesting, Albert E. Scherr Jan 2013

Genetic Privacy And The Fourth Amendment: Unregulated Surreptitious Dna Harvesting, Albert E. Scherr

Law Faculty Scholarship

Genetic privacy and police practices have come to the fore in the criminal justice system. Case law and stories in the media document that police are surreptitiously harvesting the DNA of putative suspects. Some sources even indicate that surreptitious data banking may also be in its infancy. Surreptitious harvesting of out-of-body DNA by the police is currently unregulated by the Fourth Amendment. The few courts that have addressed the issue find that the police are free to harvest DNA abandoned by a putative suspect in a public place. Little in the nascent surreptitious harvesting case law suggests that surreptitious data …

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Intellectual Property And Opportunities For Food Security In The Philippines, Jane Payumo, Howard Grimes, Antonio Alfonso, Stanley P. Kowalski, Keith Jones, Karim Maredia, Rodolfo Estigoy Jan 2013

Intellectual Property And Opportunities For Food Security In The Philippines, Jane Payumo, Howard Grimes, Antonio Alfonso, Stanley P. Kowalski, Keith Jones, Karim Maredia, Rodolfo Estigoy

Law Faculty Scholarship

By 2050, the Philippine population is projected to increase by as much as 41 percent, from 99.9 million to nearly 153 million people. Producing enough food for such an expanding population and achieving food security remain a challenge for the Philippine government. This paper argued that intellectual property rights (IPR) can play a key role in achieving the nation’s current goal to be food-secure and provided examples to illustrate that the presence of sound intellectual property (IP) helps foster research, development, and deployment of agricultural innovations. This paper also offered key recommendations about how the IP system can be further …

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Patent Landscape Of Helminth Vaccines And Related Technologies, Jon R. Cavicchi, Stanley P. Kowalski, John Schroeder, Rayna Burke, Jillian Michaud-King Jan 2013

Patent Landscape Of Helminth Vaccines And Related Technologies, Jon R. Cavicchi, Stanley P. Kowalski, John Schroeder, Rayna Burke, Jillian Michaud-King

Law Faculty Scholarship

Executive Summary This report focuses on patent landscape analysis of technologies related to vaccines targeting parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These technologies include methods of formulating vaccines, methods of producing of subunits, the composition of complete vaccines, and other technologies that have the potential to aid in a global response to this pathogen. The purpose of this patent landscape study was to search, identify, and categorize patent documents that are relevant to the development of vaccines that can efficiently promote the development of protective immunity against helminths. The search strategy used keywords which the team felt would be general …

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Intellectual Property And Public Health – A White Paper, Ryan G. Vacca, James Ming Chen, Jay Dratler Jr., Thomas Folsom, Timothy S. Hall, Yaniv Heled, Frank A. Pasquale Iii, Elizabeth A. Reilly, Jeffrey Samuels, Katherine J. Strandburg, Kara W. Swanson, Andrew W. Torrance, Katharine A. Van Tassel Jan 2013

Intellectual Property And Public Health – A White Paper, Ryan G. Vacca, James Ming Chen, Jay Dratler Jr., Thomas Folsom, Timothy S. Hall, Yaniv Heled, Frank A. Pasquale Iii, Elizabeth A. Reilly, Jeffrey Samuels, Katherine J. Strandburg, Kara W. Swanson, Andrew W. Torrance, Katharine A. Van Tassel

Law Faculty Scholarship

On October 26, 2012, the University of Akron School of Law’s Center for Intellectual Property and Technology hosted its Sixth Annual IP Scholars Forum. In attendance were thirteen legal scholars with expertise and an interest in IP and public health who met to discuss problems and potential solutions at the intersection of these fields. This report summarizes this discussion by describing the problems raised, areas of agreement and disagreement between the participants, suggestions and solutions made by participants and the subsequent evaluations of these suggestions and solutions. Led by the moderator, participants at the Forum focused generally on three broad …

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The Role Of Crude Rosehip Extracts In The Regulation Of African-American Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation, Tonisha Lestar Coburn Jan 2013

The Role Of Crude Rosehip Extracts In The Regulation Of African-American Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation, Tonisha Lestar Coburn

Theses

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), an aggressive form of breast cancer, has abnormal therapeutic results; leading to the need for unique treatment methods. Currently TNBC has no specific targeted therapy and has limited response to other chemotherapeutics. Plant extracts have shown to be useful as chemopreventive agents due to their disruption of pro-survival and proliferative mechanisms on cancer cells. Rosehip extracts have shown anti-proliferative activity against cancer cells in vitro. We hypothesized that rosehip extracts will inhibit cell proliferation in triple negative breast cancer cell lines at varying concentrations. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of rosehip …

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Consumer Acceptability And Storage Stability Of Cupcake Supplemented With Fish Oil Emulsion, Olariyike A. Fasanya Jan 2013

Consumer Acceptability And Storage Stability Of Cupcake Supplemented With Fish Oil Emulsion, Olariyike A. Fasanya

Theses

Omega-3 fatty acid (fish-oil) has gained attention as a functional food, and it is one of the best supplements used by several researchers to improve the nutritional value of different food products such as yogurt. The study was conducted to determine the effect of fish-oil emulsion on the physical attributes of shortened cupcake (control cake and five treatments) with different whey protein isolate concentrations. Emulsion concentration in each treatment included (1) 250mg Fish-oil + 0.5% Xanthan gum, (2) 250mg Fish-oil + 5% WPI, (3) 250mg Fish-oil +10% WPI, (4) 250mg Fish-oil + 0.5% Xanthan-gum + 5% WPI, and (5) 250mg …

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Investigating Moringa Oleifera Lam As A Dietary Supplement To Promote Immune Health: A Mouse Model, Donja S. Smith Jan 2013

Investigating Moringa Oleifera Lam As A Dietary Supplement To Promote Immune Health: A Mouse Model, Donja S. Smith

Theses

Moringa oleifera Lam (MOL) is a tree, native to the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia and Africa. All parts are edible and because it is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants it has many nutritional benefits. For example, many of the vitamins and minerals are known to modulate immunity, suggesting that MOL could be a good dietary supplement to boost immunity. Our lab is interested in identifying natural products that can be used to enhance immunity and health among animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate immune modulation by Moringa using a mouse model. Two trials were …

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Investigating The Apoptotic Response Of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells To Styrene, A Potential Poly(Adp-Ribose) Polymerase (Parp) Inhibitor, Shaina Richardson Jan 2013

Investigating The Apoptotic Response Of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells To Styrene, A Potential Poly(Adp-Ribose) Polymerase (Parp) Inhibitor, Shaina Richardson

Theses

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a rare basal-like subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of the estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2) receptors which are normally targeted in other breast cancer subtypes, thereby making TNBC difficult to combat. In this study, four different styrene compounds (1.001, 1.006, 1.007, and 1.009) were used to treat TNBC cell lines HCC1806 and HCC70. Each of the compounds were composed of a 3-nitro group on the A ring and varying aryl groups on the B ring of the styrene. The breast cancer cells were exposed over a …

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Cyclodextrin-Enhanced Extraction And Energy Transfer Of Carcinogens In Complex Oil Environments, Nicole Serio, Chitapom Chanthalyma, Lindsey Prignano, Mindy Levine Jan 2013

Cyclodextrin-Enhanced Extraction And Energy Transfer Of Carcinogens In Complex Oil Environments, Nicole Serio, Chitapom Chanthalyma, Lindsey Prignano, Mindy Levine

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Reported herein is the use of γ-cyclodextrin for two tandem functions: (a) the extraction of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil samples into aqueous solution, and (b) the promotion of highly efficient energy transfer from the newly extracted PAHs to a high-quantum yield fluorophore. The extraction proceeded in moderate to good efficiencies, and the resulting cyclodextrin-promoted energy transfer lead to a new, brightly fluorescent signal in the aqueous solution. The resulting dual-function system (extraction followed by energy transfer) has significant relevance in the environmental detection and cleanup of oil spill-related carcinogens.

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Synthesis Of A Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer In The Undergraduate Organic Teaching Laboratory, Teresa Mako, Mindy Levine Jan 2013

Synthesis Of A Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer In The Undergraduate Organic Teaching Laboratory, Teresa Mako, Mindy Levine

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Fluorescent organic polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including explosive sensing, clean energy technologies, and biological detection schemes. However, such polymers are rarely synthesized in an undergraduate organic teaching laboratory, due to their air and moisture sensitivity. The synthesis of a fluorescent organic polymer, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), is described for the upper-division undergraduate organic laboratory. This polymerization is accomplished using straightforward procedures to exclude air and moisture, without requiring the use of a glovebox or strict inert-atmosphere conditions. Once synthesized, the polymer is used for two applications, the fabrication of fluorescent thin films and the formation of organic …

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Epa-Minnesota Ag Certainty Program—Is It Up To The Task Of Cleaning Our Waters, Sherry A. Enzler Jan 2013

Epa-Minnesota Ag Certainty Program—Is It Up To The Task Of Cleaning Our Waters, Sherry A. Enzler

William Mitchell Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Southern Adventist University Undergraduate Catalog 2013-2014, Southern Adventist University Jan 2013

Southern Adventist University Undergraduate Catalog 2013-2014, Southern Adventist University

Catalog, Undergraduate

Southern Adventist University's undergraduate catalog for the academic year 2013-2014.

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Southern Adventist University Graduate Catalog 2013-2014, Southern Adventist University Jan 2013

Southern Adventist University Graduate Catalog 2013-2014, Southern Adventist University

Catalog, Graduate

Southern Adventist University's graduate catalog for the academic year 2013-2014.

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2013 Ruby Yearbook, Christine Dobisch, Brianna Still, Phoebe French, Derek Jensen, Ursinus College Senior Class Jan 2013

2013 Ruby Yearbook, Christine Dobisch, Brianna Still, Phoebe French, Derek Jensen, Ursinus College Senior Class

The Ruby Yearbooks, 1897-2020

A digitized copy of the 2013 Ruby, the Ursinus College yearbook.

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Drosophila Melanogaster Selection For Survival After Infection With Bacillus Cereus Spores: Evolutionary Genetic And Phenotypic Investigations Of Respiration And Movement, Junjie Ma, Andrew K. Benson, Stephen D. Kachman, Deidra J. Jacobsen, Lawrence G. Harshman Jan 2013

Drosophila Melanogaster Selection For Survival After Infection With Bacillus Cereus Spores: Evolutionary Genetic And Phenotypic Investigations Of Respiration And Movement, Junjie Ma, Andrew K. Benson, Stephen D. Kachman, Deidra J. Jacobsen, Lawrence G. Harshman

Department of Statistics: Faculty Publications

Laboratory populations of D.melanogaster have been subjected to selection for survival after live spores of B. cereus were introduced as a pathogenic agent. The present study was designed to investigate correlated traits: respiration as ametabolic trait and movement as a behavioral trait.An underlying hypothesiswas that the evolution of increased survival after B. cereus infection exerts ametabolic cost associated with elevated immunity and this would be detected by increased respiration rates. There was support for this hypothesis in the male response to selection, but not for selected-line females. Two phenotypic effects were also observed in the study. Females especially showed a …

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The Change In Differing Leukocyte Populations During Vaccination To Bovine Respiratory Disease And Their Correlations With Lung Scores, Health Records, And Average Daily Gain, R. J. Leach, C. G. Chitko-Mckown, G. L. Bennett, S. A. Jones, Stephen D. Kachman, J. W. Keele, K. A. Leymaster, R. M. Thallman, L. A. Kuehn Jan 2013

The Change In Differing Leukocyte Populations During Vaccination To Bovine Respiratory Disease And Their Correlations With Lung Scores, Health Records, And Average Daily Gain, R. J. Leach, C. G. Chitko-Mckown, G. L. Bennett, S. A. Jones, Stephen D. Kachman, J. W. Keele, K. A. Leymaster, R. M. Thallman, L. A. Kuehn

Department of Statistics: Faculty Publications

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically important disease in U.S. feedlots. Infection can result in morbidity, mortality, and reduced average daily gain. Cheap and reliable genetic methods of prediction and protection from BRD would be highly advantageous to the industry. The immune response may correlate with BRD incidence. Cattle (n = 2,182) were vaccinated against common viral and bacterial pathogens of BRD. Two blood samples were collected, one during booster vaccination and one 21d later, enabling 3 phenotypes for each trait [prebooster (pre), postbooster (post), and delta (post minus pre)]. From the blood samples innate and adaptive responses …

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The Climate Of The Holocene And Its Landscape And Biotic Impacts, Sherilyn C. Fritz Jan 2013

The Climate Of The Holocene And Its Landscape And Biotic Impacts, Sherilyn C. Fritz

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The Holocene Epoch has abundant paleoclimatic archives at relatively high temporal and spatial resolution, which have helped to reveal the patterns of natural climate variation during the present interglacial period and the impacts of that variation on landscapes and biota. This article presents a personal review of some interesting insights that have emerged from analysis of Holocene paleoclimatic records from continental archives at orbital to multidecadal scales. These include how the increased density of sites in Asia, South America and Africa have revealed unforeseen spatial patterns of variation in the dynamics of the monsoon systems at orbital scales and a …

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Systemic Optimization Of Microalgae Grown On Swine Wastewater As A Biofuel Feedstock, Rifat Hasan Jan 2013

Systemic Optimization Of Microalgae Grown On Swine Wastewater As A Biofuel Feedstock, Rifat Hasan

Theses

This research broadens the scope of research on microalgae grown on swine wastewater as it offers a combination of wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Swine wastewater is an enriched source of phosphorus, nitrogen and other organic compounds that are necessary for the growth of microalgae. While growing in swine wastewater, algae consume the nutrients from the wastewater, so there is no need of arable land for their growth. Current biofuel production relies on limited arable lands to supply feedstock making it impossible to meet the global biofuel demands without disrupting food production. Algae can potentially produce 1,000-4,000 gallons of oil/acre/yr …

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Effect Of Oxidative Stress On Human Brain Vascular Pericytes, Rasha Mohamed Jan 2013

Effect Of Oxidative Stress On Human Brain Vascular Pericytes, Rasha Mohamed

Theses

The occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) increases with extended life expectancy. The rise in elderly populations is resulting in an increased incidence of cognitive impairment, and a high risk for developing dementia. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neurovascular disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). It has also been linked to disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) in hypoxic-ischemic injury. As part of the neurovascular unit, pericytes are inevitably subjected to insult from oxygen and nitrogen radicals, generated in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to cell dysfunction or damage. In …

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Prophage Proximities To Cell Boundary Genes And Other Functional Categories In Escherichia Coli Genomes, Corey D. Young Jan 2013

Prophage Proximities To Cell Boundary Genes And Other Functional Categories In Escherichia Coli Genomes, Corey D. Young

Theses

Changes in bacterial genomes due to the integration of prophages have been proposed to be part of a symbiotic relationship. Prophage activity is common for bacterial pathogens in the fluctuating environment of animal hosts. Pathogenic bacteria have been found to have extensive variation of their bacterial cell boundary zone of components, which is the inherent interface for virulence properties of antigenicity, toxicity, and resistance. Prophages are a source of this variation, both through insertion of cargo genes via prophages into bacterial strains, and additional effects due to prophage insertions affecting the overall genomic structure. The latter scenario of genomic reorganization …

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Rural And Urban North Carolina Parent-Child Feeding Behaviors, Kayla J. Brooks Jan 2013

Rural And Urban North Carolina Parent-Child Feeding Behaviors, Kayla J. Brooks

Theses

This pilot study was conducted to describe parental feeding factors and explore the association between these factors and region of residence. Data was collected from 60 parents of children ages 2-11 in the form of a self-administered questionnaire. Thirty participants resided in a rural community and 30 resided in an urban community in North Carolina. Of the respondents, 87% were mothers, 50% were African Americans, 25% were Caucasians, and 20% were Hispanic Americans. This study’s findings indicated a significant difference in the frequency of consumption of home cooked meals (p=0.002). The intake of fruits (p=0.000), vegetables (p=0.001), meat, fish and …

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Hemocompatibility Of Magnesium Alloys, Nevija A. Watson Jan 2013

Hemocompatibility Of Magnesium Alloys, Nevija A. Watson

Theses

There are over 15 million people living in the United States with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The standard treatment for CVD is stent angioplasty, traditionally bare metal stents have been used for this procedure however they are permanent and can lead to in-stent restenosis. Biodegradable bare metal stents are a suggested solution to this problem because they will degrade over time. Magnesium alloys are the most clinically advanced materials for biodegradable bare metal stents. They have been tested in various clinical trials with promising biocompatibility results; however materials degrade before full healing has occurred. The alloying of magnesium with elements such …

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Evaluation Of Fc Receptor Genes In Bovine Neutrophils, Jamie S. Williams Jan 2013

Evaluation Of Fc Receptor Genes In Bovine Neutrophils, Jamie S. Williams

Theses

Receptors for the Fc portion of IgG, Fc receptors (FcR) are found on immune cells and contribute to protective functions of the immune system. The FcγRs (I, II and sub isoforms) bind specifically to IgG molecules and are important due to stimulating effector cells to destroy pathogens by phagocytosis and intracellular killing. The SYK kinase is critical for FcγR mediated phagocytosis and signal transduction in cells. Neutrophils contain a heterogeneous population of FcR. The objectives of this study were to evaluate genetic variation and the impact of IgG binding on transcription of FcγR and secreted levels of phosphorylated Syk between …

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A Study Of Cytocompatibility And Biodegradability Of Az31 Magnesium Alloy In Simulated Airway Surface Lining Fluid, Daniel R. Owuor Jan 2013

A Study Of Cytocompatibility And Biodegradability Of Az31 Magnesium Alloy In Simulated Airway Surface Lining Fluid, Daniel R. Owuor

Theses

The nature of magnesium alloys to degrade is attributed to the high oxidative corrosion rates which are attractive for a biodegradable medical implant since they will avoid a removal surgery by gradually degrading and being absorbed by the body. In this thesis project, the biocorrosion characteristics of AZ31 Mg alloy are investigated in a simulated physiological solution mimicking the airway surface lining fluid. Particular attention was focused on the effect of carbonate ions present in the solution and porcine stomach mucin added to the test solution to create an in vitro model of the epithelial mucus surfaces mimicking the epithelial …

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Comparative Study Of Sheep And Goat Innate Immune Responses On Pasture, Randall Merriott Jan 2013

Comparative Study Of Sheep And Goat Innate Immune Responses On Pasture, Randall Merriott

Theses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the innate immune response in goats co-grazed with St. Croix sheep. Boer goats (20) and St. Croix sheep (10) were co-grazed on the same pasture. A second group of Boer goats (10) were grazed on a separate pasture. On days 0 and 56 of the study body weights, FAMACHA© scores, blood (for packed cell volume and white blood cell differentials) and fecal samples (for fecal egg counts) were collected and the data analyzed using SAS PROC GLM. To evaluate the goat’s infection status blood from sheep and goats with low infection (7) …

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Whose Sense Of Place? A Political Ecology Of Amenity Development, Patrick T. Hurley Jan 2013

Whose Sense Of Place? A Political Ecology Of Amenity Development, Patrick T. Hurley

Environment and Sustainability Faculty Publications

Using a political ecology framework, this chapter examines the ways in which sense of place and amenity migration contribute to alternative residential development, which relies on uneven use of conservation subdivision features in the American West. Using case studies from Central Oregon, this chapter demonstrates how senses of place and developer decision-making are tied to wider political economic changes. It highlights the roles that amenity migrants and developers, two groups that are sometimes identical, play in landscape transformations that simultaneously draw on a particular sense of place and commodify landscapes in new ways.

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Gathering, Buying, And Growing Sweetgrass (Muhlenbergia Sericea): Urbanization And Social Networking In The Sweetgrass Basket-Making Industry Of Lowcountry South Carolina, Patrick T. Hurley, Brian Grabbatin, Cari Goetcheus, Angela Halfacre Jan 2013

Gathering, Buying, And Growing Sweetgrass (Muhlenbergia Sericea): Urbanization And Social Networking In The Sweetgrass Basket-Making Industry Of Lowcountry South Carolina, Patrick T. Hurley, Brian Grabbatin, Cari Goetcheus, Angela Halfacre

Environment and Sustainability Faculty Publications

Despite the visibility of natural resource use and access for indigenous and rural peoples elsewhere, less attention is paid to the ways that development patterns interrupt nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and gathering practices by people living in urbanizing landscapes of the United States. Using a case study from Lowcountry South Carolina, we examine how urbanization has altered the political-ecological relationships that characterize gathering practices in greater Mt. Pleasant, a rapidly urbanizing area within the Charleston-North Charleston Metropolitan area. We draw on grounded visualization—an analytical method that integrates qualitative and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data—to examine the ways that residential and …

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Glycosylation Of Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) Influences The Migratory Potential Of Cos-1 Cells, Julia Hand, Renee Dominguez, Miguel Regidor, Mary B. Sevigny Jan 2013

Glycosylation Of Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) Influences The Migratory Potential Of Cos-1 Cells, Julia Hand, Renee Dominguez, Miguel Regidor, Mary B. Sevigny

Natural Sciences and Mathematics | Faculty Research Posters

A cancer cell’s most threatening property is its ability to metastasize or detach from the primary tumor and migrate to other locations in the body. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can increase the metastatic potential of several cell types. COX-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the prostanoid biosynthesis pathway, converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important signaling molecule in the body. Glycosylation of COX-2 at the amino acid site Asn580 occurs about 50% of the time, and this results in two forms of the enzyme with molecular weights 72 and 74kDa. The purpose …

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Ribosomally Synthesized And Post-Translationally Modified Peptide Natural Products: Overview And Recommendations For A Universal Nomenclature, P. G. Arnison, M. J. Bibb, G. Bierbaum, A. A. Bowers, T. S. Bugni, G. Bulaj, J. A. Camarero, D. J. Campopiano, J. M. Willey, W. A. Van Der Donk, +55 Additional Authors Jan 2013

Ribosomally Synthesized And Post-Translationally Modified Peptide Natural Products: Overview And Recommendations For A Universal Nomenclature, P. G. Arnison, M. J. Bibb, G. Bierbaum, A. A. Bowers, T. S. Bugni, G. Bulaj, J. A. Camarero, D. J. Campopiano, J. M. Willey, W. A. Van Der Donk, +55 Additional Authors

Journal Articles

This review presents recommended nomenclature for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), a rapidly growing class of natural products. The current knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of the >20 distinct compound classes is also reviewed, and commonalities are discussed.

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