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Anthranilic Acid Derivatives As Novel Antibiotics Against Mrsa And Other Gram Positive Microorganisms: Combating Antibiotic Resistance, Nkrumah Grant

McNair Scholars Journal

Implementation of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections began during World War II. Since then, a number of antibiotic resistance microorganisms have emerged, one of these being Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This resistance can be accredited to multiple factors, but the greatest contributors are the similarity in the chemical composition of the commonly prescribed antibiotics used to treat MRSA and the improper use and disposal of these agents. MRSA is the most frequent health acquired infection in the United States and to combat this growing problem, we have developed a novel class of antibiotics derived from anthranilic acids that show …

Evaluation Of Microbiological Quality And Safety In Kuala Sepetang Estuaries (Perak, Malaysia) Using Cultivation-Dependent Method / Aziz Ghaderpour, Aziz Ghaderpour

Student Works (2010-2019)

Estuaries are crucial coastal and marine habitats of various aquaculture organisms. However, uncontrolled development has caused contamination in many coastal areas all over the world that will eventually bring negative effects to aquaculture industry and public health. Bacteriological study based on culturing methods is appropriate not only for routine monitoring in laboratories, but also for making inferences on the physiological and metabolic properties of the organisms. Therefore the applicability of CHROMagarTM Orientation agar was evaluated in microbiological survey of estuarine waters and sediments as well as to detect and isolate human-associated bacterial pathogens in the surface waters and sediments along …

Screening Of Infectious Hypodermal And Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (Ihhnv) Infections In Wild Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii, In Malaysia / Hazreen Nita Binti Mohd Khalid, Hazreen Nita Mohd Khalid

Student Works (2010-2019)

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), so called Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV) has been detected widely in penaeid culture facilities in Asia and the Americas. A study by Hsieh et al. (2006) reported that infection of IHHNV on sub-adult and postlarvae of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Southeast Taiwan caused high mortalities of up to 80 %. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were also found on the connective tissues between epithelial cells of the infected samples. In Malaysia, although there is no report of IHHNV infection in M. rosenbergii, preliminary works warrant urgent need to setup a screening …

In Vitro Bioactivity And Chemical Investigation Of Ervatamia Coronaria And Tinospora Crispa For The Treatment Of Sinusitis / Heida Nadia Binti Zulkefli, Heida Nadia Zulkefli

Student Works (2010-2019)

Sinusitis can be defined as an acute or chronic inflammation of the sinuses. One of the most potent inflammatory mediators are free radicals that can be neutralized by antioxidants. The present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities of Ervatamia coronaria and Tinospora crispa of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water extracts using four different assays namely DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay, Metal Chelating Assay, Reducing Power Assay and Haemolysate Catalytic Assay. Total Phenolic Content Assay revealed that chloroform and methanol extracts exhibited higher phenolic content compared to petroleum ether and water extracts. It agrees with the preliminary …

Isolation And Characterization Of Indigenous Microorganisms From Agricultural Soil / Mahsa Ansari, Mahsa Ansari

Student Works (2010-2019)

Microorganisms have many properties include the ability to degrade waste products. In this study Haemolysis was used as an initial selection criterion for the primary isolation of surfactant-producing bacteria. Only β and γ Haemolytic activity were detected in this study which as the presence of a definite clear zone around a colony. From this study, Out of 139 (49 %) hemolytic colonies were observed in this study had shown strong haemolytic activity. The Gram stain results had showed: cocci and bacilli shapes. The colony morphology identification had shown rough, smooth and mucoid appearance. 120 of 139 (86%) isolates possessed biocleaner …

Determinants For Disease Progression In Aids Patients Receiving Treatment In The University Of Malaya Medical Centre / Rahayu Lubis, Abdullah Rahayu Lubis

Student Works (2010-2019)

Objectives: To determine predictors of disease progression in HIV-infected patients receiving treatment at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Methods: HIV-infected patients aged 20 years and above on treatment in the UMMC were followed up with a bidirectional cohort study starting in 2007. Patient records were investigated retrospectively to 1986 and prospectively until 2009. Kaplan Meier and Cox regression analysis were performed using SPSS. Results: A total of 1314 patients, 73.3 per cent were aged 20-39 years, 81.8 per cent male, 61.2 per cent Chinese, 45.2 per cent single, 73.5 per cent had only primary or secondary education, 43.2 …

Efficacy Of Switching To Aripiprazole And Ziprasidone On Clinical And Metabolic Profile Among Schizophrenic Patients With Metabolic Syndrome / Mas Ayu Binti Said, Said Mas Ayu

Student Works (2010-2019)

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness that impairs mental and social functioning and often leads to the development of co-morbid diseases. They are at greater risk for metabolic dysfunctions than other individuals due to a number of reasons, including inactive lifestyle, poor dietary choices, and side effects of antipsychotic medications. Atypical antipsychotics were reported to be associated with increased risk of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia, and subsequently increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. However, ziprasidone and aripiprazole have a favourable metabolic profile. Objectives: i) To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among schizophrenia patients. ii) To determine …

Hepatoprotective, Immunomodulatory And Antibacterial Effects Of Selected Malaysian Medicinal Plant Extracts / Mohammed Abdullah Mahdi Alshawsh, Mahdi Alshawsh Mohammed Abdullah

Student Works (2010-2019)

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Morinda citrifolia L. are considered an important traditional folk medicine and commonly used in Malaysia for treating many diseases. In this study, the ethanol extracts of O. stamineus and M. citrifolia were evaluated for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities; in vivo against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and in vitro against H2O2-induced hepatotoxicity in WRL-68 liver cell line, as well as to investigate their immunomodulatory and antibacterial effects. Orthosiphon stamineus and Morinda citrifolia were evaluated for their antioxidant activities using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. In addition the phenolic and flavonoids contents were determined. Seven groups of …

Antibiofilm Activity From Novel Soil Bacterial Species Of Paenibacillus Haemolyticus Strain 139si Towards New Therapeutic Management Of Chronic And Recurrent Tonsillitis / Saad Musbah Naji Alasil, Naji Alasil Saad Musbah

Student Works (2010-2019)

A biofilm is a layer of microbial cells that is firmly attached to surfaces and enclosed in a matrix of polysaccharide material. Biofilms pose a problem to the environment, industry and the medical field causing a variety of chronic infections particularly in the ear, nose and throat like chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. Therefore, development of new therapeutic strategies against biofilm-forming pathogens is essential in the management of biofilm-associated tonsillar diseases. One hundred and forty (140) palatine tonsils were collected from 70 patients undergoing tonsillectomy at University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) and the type of microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility of …

Development Of A Novel Diagnostic Technique And Geospatial Database For Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis In Malaysia / Romano Ngui, Ngui Romano

Student Works (2010-2019)

The main objectives of this thesis are two pronged which include the development of a novel diagnostic technique and the creation a geospatial database for soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Malaysia. These aims have been successfully accomplished and the outcomes are detailed out in Chapters 5 and 7. Nonetheless in order to achieve these good outcomes, prior work in getting appropriate samples for high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and current data for geographical information system (GIS) had to be conducted in some epidemiological studies in the human and animal populations and these are illustrated in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Therefore, this …

Tuberculosis Model : A Mathematical Analysis / Nadhirah Bt Abdul Halim, Nadhirah Abdul Halim

Student Works (2010-2019)

In this thesis, the design and analysis of compartmental deterministic models for the transmission dynamics of infectious disease in a population is studied. A basic Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) model for the transmission of infectious disease with immigration of latent and infectious individuals is developed and rigorously analyzed. The model is assumed to have permanent immunity and homogenous mixing. The constant immigration of the infected individuals into the population makes it impossible for the disease to die out which means, there will be no disease-free equilibrium. However, it is shown that there exists an endemic equilibrium which is locally asymptotically stable under …

Preparation And Characterization Of Nanocomposite Films And Their Application In Electrochemical Sensors To Detection Of Carbohydrates, D-Penicillamine And L-Tryptophan / Samira Bagheri, Samira Bagheri

Student Works (2010-2019)

Nanotechnology has become one of the most important fields in science. The nanoparticles exhibit unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that are different from those of bulk materials, due to their small size and better architecture. Nanoparticles can be used to construct novel sensing devices; in particular electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical detection is highly attractive for the monitoring of glucose, cancer cells, cholesterol and infectious diseases. For the present investigation of my PhD work, the nanomaterials of zinc oxide and anatase titanium dioxide were synthesized by simple and low-cost techniques using gelatin as an organic precursor via the sol–gel method. The …

Statistical Methods For Computer Aided Diagnosis In Chest Radiography / Hossein Ebrahimian, Hossein Ebrahimian

Student Works (2010-2019)

This study was done to create a semi automatic procedure for the discrimination of three different lung diseases using chest radiograph. The statistical discrimination procedure make use of phase congruency and texture measures as features for discrimination. Initially, a literature review was carried out which showed that phase congruency in the proposed discrimination procedure has not been attempted before. The cases studied are chest X-ray films collected from the Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, which were digitized into DICOM format before extracting the relevant imaging data. This study continues in three independent parts. Firstly, the region of infection (ROI) …

Proteomic Analysis On Host Responses To Chikungunya Virus Infection / Christina Thio Li Ping, Christina Li Ping Thio

Student Works (2010-2019)

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has caused multiple unprecedented outbreaks in both tropical and temperate countries over the past five decades. There is no commercial vaccine or antiviral drug to date, due in part to the lack of knowledge and understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of this virus. Thus, there is an increasing need for researchers to focus their research efforts in this area of virology. The current study employed proteomics to investigate alterations of the whole cell proteome and secretome of WRL-68 cells during early CHIKV infection, with the main aim being to identify the …

Production Of Bovine Embryos In Vitro Through In Vitro Fertilisation (Ivf) And Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (Icsi) Techniques / Nor Fadillah Binti Awang, Nor Fadillah Awang

Student Works (2010-2019)

The objective of this study was to develop an optimal in vitro produced embryos (IVP) protocol using two methods of insemination, namely in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) protocols by using different qualities of oocytes in Malaysian cattle. The ovaries were collected from slaughtered cattle from the local abattoir. The oocyte morphology was observed and grouped into three groups: Groups A, B and C, based on cumulus cell compactness. Then the oocytes were subdivided based on the cytoplasm quality, namely homogenous and heterogenous (Experiment 1). The oocytes were matured in humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 38.5°C at …

Nationwide Distribution And Insecticide Resistance Study Of Malaysian Mosquito Culex Quinquefasciatus Say By Molecular And Biochemical Tools / Low Van Lun, Van Lun Low

Student Works (2010-2019)

A nationwide investigation was carried out to (1) determine the distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus and other species of mosquitoes in stagnant water in residential areas, (2) investigate the genetic diversity of Cx. quinquefasciatus, (3) quantify the insecticide susceptibility status of Cx. quinquefasciatus, (4) characterize the biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus, (5) characterize the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus from 13 states and one federal territory in Malaysia. Culex larval surveillance indicated that Cx. quinquefasciatus was the predominant species in residential areas. Several habitat characteristics (i.e., pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, elevation and dissolved …

Chemical Constituents And Bioactivity Of Mitrella Kentii (Bl.) Miq. (Annonaceae) / Ainnul Hamidah Syahadah Binti Azizan, Ainnul Hamidah Syahadah Azizan

Student Works (2010-2019)

The phytochemical and bioactivity studies on Mitrella kentii species from Annonaceae family have been performed. The extraction of phytochemicals from dried and ground plants were performed using conventional method extractions; Soxhlet extractor and Cold-extraction. The isolation of pure compounds from crude extracts were carried out by using various chromatographic methods such as column chromatography (CC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). The structural elucidations of the isolated compounds were established based on the spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1D-NMR (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), 2D-NMR (COSY, DEPT, HSQC and HMBC) and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. …

Alkaloids From Alstonia Macrophylla / Lim Siew Huah, Siew Huah Lim

Student Works (2010-2019)

The Malaysian plant, Alstonia macrophylla Wall, was investigated for its alkaloidal content and the results are summarized in the Table below. A total of 90 alkaloids were isolated and characterized from the leaf and stem-bark of A. macrophylla. Of these, 30 are new alkaloids. The leaf extract of A. macrophylla yielded a total of 13 new alkaloids, including a macroline indole 1, a macroline oxindole 16, eight akuammiline alkaloids (compounds 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31), a sarpagine alkaloid 32, and two ajmaline alkaloids (compounds 33 and 34). The stem-bark extract of A. macrophylla gave a total …

The Ownership Of Water Services Company In Indonesia : An Islamic Economic Perspective / Abdul Malik Badeges, Abdul Malik Badeges

Student Works (2010-2019)

Air merupakan salah satu unsur yang paling penting yang perlu dirawat dengan cara yang betul. Rangkaian Air telah ditubuhkan untuk memudahkan kehidupan rakyat yang menjadi kebimbangan besar sebagai hak asas manusia. Berikutan gelombang sejarah jualan aset milik negara di seluruh dunia, penswastaan masih antara keutamaan dan mempunyai satu fenomena global. Disebabkan keadaan semasa, pemilikan syarikat perkhidmatan air Jakarta yang dikenali sebagai PDAM Jaya telah dipindahkan pada tahun 1997 daripada agensi kerajaan kepada pihak pengurusan sektor swasta, ia telah diswastakan selama 16 tahun dengan tujuan untuk pengurusan yang lebih baik dan beberapa penambahbaikan. Satu lagi isu lain sejak perkhidmatan air telah …

Bioremediation And Phytoremediation Of Diesel Fuel Contaminated Soil Using Organic Wastes / Arezoo Dadras Nia, Arezoo Dadrasnia

Student Works (2010-2019)

Contamination of soil by organic compounds, especially hydrocarbon, is prevalent in industrialized and oil producing countries of the world. About 1.7 to 8.8 million metric tons of oil is released into the water and soils every year. This may pose a great threat to the environment and human being at large. This study evaluated the efficiency of organic wastes (biowastes) as supplementations for remediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil. Three organic wastes [tea leaf (TL), Soybean cake (SC) and Potato skin (PS)] and two economically viable plants (Dracaena reflexa and Podocarpus polystachyus) were utilized to evaluate the biodegradation of diesel …

Antibacterial Properties Of Synthetic Peptides And Schiff Base Compounds Against Different Types Of Clinical Bacteria / Chow Wei Chon, Wei Chon Chow

Student Works (2010-2019)

The emergence of multiple drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens affects the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment of infectious diseases in patients. Therefore, continuous development of new synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the synthetic peptides and Schiff base complexes to complement the current antibiotic treatment is essential. The in-vitro antibacterial activities of six synthetic cationic peptides and twenty-nine synthetic Schiff base complexes towards selected sixteen clinical strains of multiple drug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii (AC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) were investigated in this study. Evaluation of the antibacterial activities were determined through disk diffusion testing, broth micro-dilution assay for …

Exercise Behaviour Among Malaysian Teacher Trainees / Kee Kang Mea, Kang Mea Kee

Student Works (2010-2019)

Physical activity is an effective way for the prevention of diseases and serves as a cost-effective strategy to improve public health across the population. There are strong evidences linking increased regular physical activity with better health. It is evident that individuals who are able to maintain a regular routine of activity long enough or more vigorously in intensity are likely to benefit more and have less risk of death. Despite the recognized psychological, physical and social benefits of regular exercise, physical inactivity continues to be extensive. The proportions of the Malaysian population who participate in regular and sustainable physical activity …

Review Of Ear Health And Hearing Among Indigenous Peoples, Jane Burns, Neil Thomson

Research outputs pre 2011

This review of ear health and hearing among Indigenous Australians has been prepared by the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet as a part of our contributions to ‘closing the gap’ in health between Indigenous people1 and other Australians. The aim is to make relevant, high quality knowledge and information easily accessible to policy makers, health service providers, program managers, clinicians, researchers and the general community. The review is an example of the HealthInfoNet’s translational research, defined as ‘comprehensive applied research that strives to translate the available knowledge and render it operational’

The main purpose of the review, which follows the model of …

The Expected Number Of Background Disease Events During Mass Immunization In China, Youxin Wang, Lijuan Wu, Xinwei Yu, Feifei Zhao, Alyce Russell, Manshu Song, Wei Wang

Research outputs 2013

It is critical to distinguish events that are temporarily associated with, but not caused by, vaccination from those caused by vaccination during mass immunization. We performed a literature search in China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Pubmed databases. The number of coincident events was calculated based on its incidence rate and periods after receipt of a dose of hypothesized vaccine. We included background incidences of Guillain-Barre´ syndrome, anaphylaxis, seizure, sudden adult death syndrome, sudden cardiac death, spontaneous abortion, and preterm labour or delivery. In a cohort of 10 million individuals, 7.71 cases of Guillain-Barre´ syndrome would be expected to occur within …

Review Of Ear Health And Hearing Among Indigenous Australians, Jane F. Burns, Neil J. Thomson

Research outputs 2013

Indigenous Australians experience some of the highest levels of ear disease and hearing loss in the world, with rates up to ten times more than those for non-Indigenous Australians [4]. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to ear infections. The most common ear disease among Indigenous children is otitis media (OM), which is inflammation/infection of the middle ear typically caused by bacterial and viral pathogens. Indigenous children living in urban, rural and, particularly, remote areas, are more likely than their non-Indigenous counterparts to have OM at younger ages, more often, at a greater level of severity, and with more likelihood …

The Role Of Inflammation In Contrast Induced Nephropathy, Elijah A. Kwasa

Master of Medicine in Imaging and Diagnostic Radiology

Background: Intravenously administered iodinated contrast media are widely and liberally used in daily diagnostic radiological investigations. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is notable as the third commonest cause of hospital-acquired renal injury. Justification: The global prevalence of CIN from various studies ranges from 2-5% but an incidence of CIN of 12-14% in Kenya was highlighted by a recent study without an explanation for the markedly increased incidence. Intravascular contrast has been demonstrated to commonly cause renal vasoconstriction. However, the low incidence of CIN in the general population infers that contrast alone cannot be a causative insult. This study proposes that inflammatory states, …

Rational Use Of Antibiotics--A Quality Improvement Initiative In Hospital Setting, Sidrah Nausheen, Rabia Hammad, Ambreen Khan

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Objectives: To minimise irrational use of antibiotics by implementing guidelines for antibiotic usage in obstetrics and Gynaeocology.
Methods: The observational study was conducted from January to December 2010 at the maternity unit of Aga Khan Hospital for Women and children, Kharadar, a secondary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. Data was collected from medical records related to the study period. Prophylactic antibiotics were given according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommendation 2009. Surveillance was done by surgical site infection rates and infectious morbidity. Data was analysed on SPSS 13.
Results: Therapeutic antibiotic use was rationalized, reducing the use …

In Vitro Antimicrobial And Cytotoxic Activity Of Tamarix Dioica Roxb. Leaves, Saifullah Khan, Farman Ullah, Tahir Mahmood

Turkish Journal of Biology

Medicinal plants have been in use for thousands of years for treatment of different types of diseases and a large inventory of useful drugs has been isolated from them. The aim of our study is to investigate a new and effective plant possessing antimicrobial activity. The crude extracts of Tamarix dioica Roxb. leaves, as well as fractions of the extract in various solvents, were investigated against standard strains of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus and fungi Candida glabrata, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus. For in …

Changes In Transferrin Gene Expression In Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Challenged With Vibrio Anguillarum, Menekşe Di̇dem Ercan, Süheyla Karataş, Emre Turgay, Mustafa Kolukirik, Orhan İnce, Bahar İnce

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Vibrio anguillarum expresses several virulence factors and causes hemorrhagic septicemia accompanied by serious losses in marine fish. Transferrin is a glycoprotein, also known as a multitasking protein, which is mainly synthesized by the liver. It has a fundamental role in the immune system. In the present study, the transferrin gene expression of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was investigated during an experimental infection with V. anguillarum. Fish samples were examined by hematological and serological methods as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction. The infection was performed via water. The sampled fish displayed vibriosis infection symptoms, both internally and externally. The transferrin …

Rapid And Simultaneous Detection Of Mycobacterium Bovis And Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis In Invasive Flies By Duplex Pcr, Jihong Zhang, Shijun Zheng, Tangming Zhu, Siguo Liu, Rusong Li, Ting Zhu, Suwen Huang, Jianfeng Wang, Jianbo Ni, Xiuling Zhao, Jing Sun, Shaotang Huang

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A rapid and effective polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, specific for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in invasive flies, was developed. This duplex PCR technique was specifically designed to amplify the sequences of IS6110 of M. bovis and IS900 of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The results of the interference test, simulated contamination test, and several other experiments indicated that this technique had high stability, specificity, and sensitivity with detection limits at 92.98 pg of M. bovis and 110.27 pg of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Therefore, this duplex PCR test is a rapid and effective technique …