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2012

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Male-Male Competition And Loud Calls In One-Male Groups Of Simakobu (Simias Concolor), Wendy Marie Erb Aug 2012

Male-Male Competition And Loud Calls In One-Male Groups Of Simakobu (Simias Concolor), Wendy Marie Erb

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Sexual selection arises when individuals compete for access to mates, resulting in differences in reproductive success. In mammals, where females invest much more in offspring through gestation and lactation, sexual selection is usually stronger in males, whose fitness is limited by access to receptive females and who compete to monopolize them. Males can maintain exclusive access to a group of females by avoiding other groups, aggressively excluding rival males, or by herding females or defending an area in which they range. In polygynous species, male weapons, ornaments, and displays are often well developed for intrasexual competition, and males may use …

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Phenylalanine As A Probe For Mineral-Mediated Hydroxyl Radical Formation, Shawn Charles Fisher Aug 2012

Phenylalanine As A Probe For Mineral-Mediated Hydroxyl Radical Formation, Shawn Charles Fisher

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Mineral-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to transformations of organic compounds in aqueous solutions and has been tied to human-health related illnesses resulting from inhalation of mineral or pyritic coal dust. This dissertation reports the use of phenylalanine (Phe) as a biologically-relevant probe to better characterize the conditions that control the formation and fate of hydroxyl radical (.OH) in suspensions of pyrite, coal, and manganese oxide minerals (MnOx). An HPLC-MS method involving minimal sample processing was developed that allows for sensitive analysis of both Phe and its specific phenyl hydroxylation product mixture of ortho-, meta-, and para-tyrosine …

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The Functions Of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury In An Adolescent Clinical Sample: Frequency, Structure, And Psychological Correlates, Catherine Rose Glenn Aug 2012

The Functions Of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury In An Adolescent Clinical Sample: Frequency, Structure, And Psychological Correlates, Catherine Rose Glenn

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; e.g. | cutting and burning) is most prevalent among adolescents, especially in clinical populations. Understanding the functions of NSSI can help clarify the behavior's etiology and treatment. Although research has begun to examine common functions of NSSI, there have been three major shortcomings to this literature: (a) inadequate assessment of the full range of NSSI functions, (b) use of non-validated assessment instruments, and (c) a limited examination of the psychological correlates of NSSI functions. The current study addressed these limitations through the use of a valid, comprehensive measure of NSSI functions and thorough measurement of diagnostic and …

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Correlating Structure And Function In Class A Gpcrs, Joseph Anthony Goncalves Aug 2012

Correlating Structure And Function In Class A Gpcrs, Joseph Anthony Goncalves

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve as the gatekeepers for cell signaling in eukaryotes. With over 4% of the human protein-encoding genome dedicated to their expression, GPCRs are accountable for a variety of physiological responses including, vision, vasodilation, and cell migration. These receptors all contain seven transmembrane helices and a number of conserved residues suggesting a universal activation mechanism. In order to understand GPCR activation, it is essential to delineate the structural differences between ligand-bound receptor conformations. Despite the breadth of biophysical studies conducted to date, how ligand binding is coupled to receptor activation remains to be elucidated. In …

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Synthesis Of New Substrates For The Investigation Of Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway Using Fluorescent Imaging Techniques, Jerome Gualbert Aug 2012

Synthesis Of New Substrates For The Investigation Of Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway Using Fluorescent Imaging Techniques, Jerome Gualbert

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) is a very versatile DNA repair pathway that enables cells to repair UV induced DNA lesions as well as structurally diverse types of adducts formed by carcinogens. Versatility and specificity in NER are achieved through the sequential and highly coordinated action of at least 30 proteins that detect the lesion and excise a damage-containing oligonucleotide of 24 to 32 nucleotides in length followed by repair synthesis and ligation to restore the DNA sequence to its original state. Reconstituted in vitro NER reactions are one of the most powerful ways to investigate this DNA repair pathway. In …

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The Molecular Basis Of A Nitric Oxide Responsive Quorum Sensing Circuit In Vibrio Harveyi, Bernadette Matanguihan Henares Aug 2012

The Molecular Basis Of A Nitric Oxide Responsive Quorum Sensing Circuit In Vibrio Harveyi, Bernadette Matanguihan Henares

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The discovery of bacteria's ability to coordinate population-wide undertakings has paved the way to understanding many biological processes once thought to be restricted to multi-cellular organisms. Bacteria use small molecules to communicate with one another and gauge the surroundings to formulate a unified response. This process, known as quorum sensing (QS), regulates diverse functions such as bioluminescence, biofilm formation, and virulence. Vibrio harveyi have three parallel QS circuits that regulate bioluminescence. Each system involves the synthesis of specific small molecule called autoinducer that binds to its cognate receptor histidine kinase and regulates phosphorylation. The three pathways converge and exchange phosphate …

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Principal Components Ancestry Adjustment, Jing Jin Aug 2012

Principal Components Ancestry Adjustment, Jing Jin

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

A genome wide association study may have spurious or misleading results due to population stratification. This research evaluated the properties of global principal components and local principal components to adjust for population stratification. Principal components were calculated using both common variants (with minor allele frequency greater than 0.05) and rare variants (with minor allele frequency between 0.0005 and 0.05). One genetic model considered was from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17). Additional genetic models developed in these analyses used the genotypes in the International Hapmap data. Phenotypes were simulated using these genotypes. Both type I error rates and powers of …

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Characterization Of Benthic Communities, Gregory A. Piniak, Shay Viehman, Christine M. Addison, Nicole D. Fogarty Aug 2012

Characterization Of Benthic Communities, Gregory A. Piniak, Shay Viehman, Christine M. Addison, Nicole D. Fogarty

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Reports

No abstract provided.

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Long-Range Ordered Carbon Clusters: A Crystalline Material With Amorphous Building Blocks, Lin Wang, Bingbing Liu, Hui Li, Wenge Yang, Yang Ding, Stanislav V. Sinogeikin, Yue Meng, Zhenxian Liu, Xiao Cheng Zeng, Wendy L. Mao Aug 2012

Long-Range Ordered Carbon Clusters: A Crystalline Material With Amorphous Building Blocks, Lin Wang, Bingbing Liu, Hui Li, Wenge Yang, Yang Ding, Stanislav V. Sinogeikin, Yue Meng, Zhenxian Liu, Xiao Cheng Zeng, Wendy L. Mao

Xiao Cheng Zeng Publications

Solid-state materials can be categorized by their structures into crystalline (having periodic translation symmetry), amorphous (no periodic and orientational symmetry), and quasi-crystalline (having orientational but not periodic translation symmetry) phases. Hybridization of crystalline and amorphous structures at the atomic level has not been experimentally observed. We report the discovery of a long-range ordered material constructed from units of amorphous carbon clusters that was synthesized by compressing solvated fullerenes. Using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and quantum molecular dynamics simulation, we observed that, although carbon-60 cages were crushed and became amorphous, the solvent molecules remained intact, playing a crucial role in maintaining …

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Fall 2012 E-Certi Newsletter, Center For Educational Research And Teaching Innovation Aug 2012

Fall 2012 E-Certi Newsletter, Center For Educational Research And Teaching Innovation

CAFE Faculty Newsletters

Hello S&T instructors: The fall semester is here and with it a time of saying farewell to Vice Provost Harvest Collier. Read a tribute to him here. Also, read about how Hank Pernicka teaches rocket science and consistently garners teaching awards, plus, find out little known facts about S&T’s Woman of the Year and details of this year’s Curators’ Teaching Summit. Welcome back!

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Meaningful Use And Meaningful Curricula: A Survey Of Health Informatics Programs In The U.S., Kai Koong, Madison Ngafeeson, Lai Lui Aug 2012

Meaningful Use And Meaningful Curricula: A Survey Of Health Informatics Programs In The U.S., Kai Koong, Madison Ngafeeson, Lai Lui

Journal Articles

The introduction of the US government’s Meaningful Use criteria carries with it many implications including the training curriculum of healthcare personnel. This study examines 108 health informatics degree programmes across the USA. First, the courses offered are identified and classified into generic classes. Next, these generic groupings are mapped to two important frameworks: the Learning to Manage Health Information (LMHI) academic framework; and the Meaningful Use criteria policy framework. Results suggest that while current curricula seemed acceptable in addressing Meaningful Use Stage 1 objective, there was insufficient evidence that these curricula could support Meaningful Use Stage 2 and …

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Healing Hands Reviewing The Potential Applications Of Energy Therapies To Redirect Pain During Labor And Childbirth, Cecilia Dinh Aug 2012

Healing Hands Reviewing The Potential Applications Of Energy Therapies To Redirect Pain During Labor And Childbirth, Cecilia Dinh

HIM 1990-2015

The birth experience is a highly subjective phenomenon that leaves a lasting impression for mothers and their families and friends. Although the passage of a child from the mother's womb into the world is typically joyous, the experience is not always as positive. Negative physical and psychological factors may greatly impact a woman's impression of the childbirth experience. Among childbearing women, the two main concerns of childbirth are pain and safe management. Similarly among healthcare providers, management of labor pain is one of the main goals of maternity care. Pain is a highly subjective phenomenon that is expected during the …

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Minimizing Incivility In The Workplace To Increase Retention Of New Graduate Nurses, Amanda D'Ambra Aug 2012

Minimizing Incivility In The Workplace To Increase Retention Of New Graduate Nurses, Amanda D'Ambra

HIM 1990-2015

Efforts to maintain a sufficient nurse workforce are hampered by dissatisfaction with the work environment. Incivility in the work environment is a major source of dissatisfaction. A healthy work environment is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction and improved retention. New graduate transition programs have been recommended as a deterrent to high levels of turnover associated within the first two years of employment, some of which is related to incivility. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the influence of incivility in the nursing workplace on new graduate job satisfaction and determine if there is an association between …

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Fenichel's Theorems With Applications In Dynamical Systems., Jeremy Warren Riley Aug 2012

Fenichel's Theorems With Applications In Dynamical Systems., Jeremy Warren Riley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Three main theorems due to Fenichel are fundamental tools in the exploration of geometric singular perturbation theory. This expository paper attempts to provide an introduction to the concepts stated in Fenichel's theorems and provide illustrative examples. The goal is to provide enough insight to gain a basic understanding of the usefullness of these theorems.

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Narrative Of Modern Chinese Masculinity In Ha Jin's Fiction., Lezhou Su Aug 2012

Narrative Of Modern Chinese Masculinity In Ha Jin's Fiction., Lezhou Su

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation consists of readings of three selected novels by Ha Jin-Waiting, The Crazed, and A Free Life. These novels cover three historical periods of Contemporary China under the rule of the Communist Party in sequence-the Mao's era (1949-1976), post-Mao era (1976-1989) and post-Tiananmen Square Incident era (1989 onwards). The readings are predominated with gender issues in the literary works, particularly with the construction and representation of contemporary Chinese masculinity. Drawing mainly on the Kam Louie's theory which pins down traditional Chinese masculinity in terms of wen (literary power) and wu (physical power)-the two concepts deeply entrenched in Confucianism, the …

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The Patient's View Of Orthodontic Training Requirements And The Influence Of Board Certification Or A Master's Degree On Their Choice For An Orthodontist., Justin Trisler 1980- Aug 2012

The Patient's View Of Orthodontic Training Requirements And The Influence Of Board Certification Or A Master's Degree On Their Choice For An Orthodontist., Justin Trisler 1980-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Competition for orthodontic patients is at an all time high. Ways to differentially market an orthodontic practice are essential in attracting patients. It is hypothesized that the patients don't understand the extra training that an orthodontist must complete and that being board certified by the ABO or completing a Master's degree does not make an orthodontic practice more attractive. A sample of 204 perspective patients was surveyed. 4 participants were resurveyed. Participants were asked to quantify the education of a general dentist and an orthodontist and use a VAS scale to measure their perception of differently qualified orthodontists and a …

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Biophysical And Bioanalytical Studies Of Hyaluronan And Lipids., Kristen Ann Magness 1981- Aug 2012

Biophysical And Bioanalytical Studies Of Hyaluronan And Lipids., Kristen Ann Magness 1981-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hyaluronan (HA) is a major structural component of the ocular vitreous humor (VH) and lipids are essential building blocks of cell membranes. However, little is known about their possible interactions. The VH is known to undergo liquefaction throughout the lifetime that may result in complications such as posterior vitreous detachment. The possible roles of lipids in the age-dependent liquefaction of the VH are unknown. As a first step in this new area of research in our group, model studies of the repeating unit of polymeric HA were performed. This unit contains glucuronate (GlcU) linked to N-acetylglucosamine (G1cNAc) via a 1-3 …

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Blockade Of Cxcr4 Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis Colonization In Vivo And Subsequent Periodontal Bone Loss., Megan L. Mc Intosh Aug 2012

Blockade Of Cxcr4 Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis Colonization In Vivo And Subsequent Periodontal Bone Loss., Megan L. Mc Intosh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Chronic periodontitis is strongly associated with composition of the oral biofilm occupying the gingival crevicular aspect of the tooth and its associated root. Some gram-negative, "red complex" bacteria instigate periodontal bone loss in patients, principal among these Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis is a "late colonizer", indicating not only its physical location within the oral biofilm, but also the pathogenic dynamic of the interaction between P. gingivalis and the host innate immunity. Among several other subversive tactics, P. gingivalis has been shown to compel receptors vital to the orchestration of an appropriate immune response to co-associate and consequently signal in a …

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A Systems-Based Approach For Detecting Molecular Interactions Across Tissues., Fahim Mohammad Aug 2012

A Systems-Based Approach For Detecting Molecular Interactions Across Tissues., Fahim Mohammad

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Current high-throughput gene expression experiments have a straightforward design of examining the gene expression of one group or condition relative to that of another. The data is typically analyzed as if they represent strictly intracellular events, and often treats genes as coming from a homogeneous population. Although intracellular events are crucial to nearly all biological processes, cell-cell interactions are often just as important, especially when gene expression data is generated from heterogeneous cell populations, such as from whole tissues. Cell-cell molecular interactions are generally lost in the available analytical procedures and as a result, are not examined experimentally, at least …

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A Holistic Examination Of The Impact Of Child Maltreatment On Child Behavioral Outcomes : A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis., April L. Murphy Aug 2012

A Holistic Examination Of The Impact Of Child Maltreatment On Child Behavioral Outcomes : A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis., April L. Murphy

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Child maltreatment touches almost 700,000 children annually. The effects of child maltreatment range from micro-level consequences, such as behavior problems and mental health issues, to mezzo-level consequences, such as increased child welfare worker caseloads and overcrowding residential facilities, to macro-level consequences, such as increased costs and policy implications. Data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) were analyzed to examine the factors that impact child behavior in children who have been reported to child protective services (CPS) as a result of child maltreatment. The model investigated the influence of child, caregiver, and environmental factors on child behavior …

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Genetic Variation In The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System : Associations With Blood Pressure Dipping In The Jackson Heart Study., Jersy L. Napoleon 1984- Aug 2012

Genetic Variation In The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System : Associations With Blood Pressure Dipping In The Jackson Heart Study., Jersy L. Napoleon 1984-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, are the leading causes of death in the United States. African-Americans carry the highest burden of disease with 32% of adults with hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) dipping, defined as a drop of> 10% in blood pressure from daytime to nighttime, occurs less often in African-Americans and is a risk factor for CVD. BP dipping has a significant genetic component. This study focuses on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that may influence BP dipping in this population. A total of 928 participants (266 dippers and 664 non-dippers) from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) …

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Individual And Developmental Differences In Susceptibility To The Irrelevant Speech Effect., Amanda Frances O'Bryan Aug 2012

Individual And Developmental Differences In Susceptibility To The Irrelevant Speech Effect., Amanda Frances O'Bryan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Irrelevant Speech Effect (ISE) is a phenomenon in which the presentation of auditory materials (typically speech) impairs the serial recall of visually presented materials, either digits or letters. Although this effect has been replicated in a large number of studies, a wide range of individual differences in susceptibility to the auditory distracters has been found. The current study investigates four possible determinants of individual differences of the ISE: (1) The sequence length of the short-term memory (STM) task, (2) the content of the STM task and auditory distracter, (3) the STM capacity of the individual, and (4) developmental differences. …

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Grief And Lost Potential In The Parents Of Adult Children With Severe Mental Illness., Karen Eisenmenger Aug 2012

Grief And Lost Potential In The Parents Of Adult Children With Severe Mental Illness., Karen Eisenmenger

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is an investigation into the intensity, nature, predictors, and time course of grief that parents of adult children with a severe mental illness experience. This is an area of research that has not been fully understood or addressed by the mental health community. Parents were recruited through National Alliance on Mental illness (NAMI-KY) family support group meetings. Each participant completed a package of anonymous surveys measuring grief due to the mental illness of their child, parental burden, and vocational lost potential, as well as completing demographic information. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that parental grief begins …

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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis : Diagnosis, Management, And The Search For A Cure., Daniel Fioret Aug 2012

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis : Diagnosis, Management, And The Search For A Cure., Daniel Fioret

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disease with poor prognosis. To address this disease broadly, the candidate engaged in clinical work, literature analysis, database analysis, and laboratory work. The clinical work culminated in a case report that highlights the controversies inherent in the diagnosis and treatment of IPF. The literature analysis discusses ongoing clinical trials and challenges inherent in the management of IPF. Evaluation of a national database unveiled information about the burden of IPF on the healthcare system. Finally, the laboratory work examined the role of oxidant stress and the interaction of lung fibroblasts and lung cancer …

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The Influence Of Social Contextual Conditions And Basic Psychological Need Fulfillment On Self-Management And Emotional Distress Among Urban African American Adults With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus : A Mixed Methods Study., Sula Marie Hood Aug 2012

The Influence Of Social Contextual Conditions And Basic Psychological Need Fulfillment On Self-Management And Emotional Distress Among Urban African American Adults With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus : A Mixed Methods Study., Sula Marie Hood

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: African Americans are disproportionally diagnosed with Type-2 diabetes, and have been observed to have poor self-management, which increases risk of complications. Social influences are commonly associated with diabetes-related outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess whether and how socio-contextual factors influence self-management and emotional distress in urban African American adults living with type-2 diabetes, as well as to assess whether social support facilitate relatedness need fulfillment within this population. The study also sought to gain an understanding of the psychosocial support needs and preferences of urban African American adults living with type-2 diabetes. Methods: The descriptive …

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The Effect Of Implant Placement And Simultaneous Soft Tissue Augmentation In The Esthetic Zone Using Either Connective Tissue Autograft Or Acellular Dermal Matrix Allograft., Thomas L. Peterson 1980- Aug 2012

The Effect Of Implant Placement And Simultaneous Soft Tissue Augmentation In The Esthetic Zone Using Either Connective Tissue Autograft Or Acellular Dermal Matrix Allograft., Thomas L. Peterson 1980-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Aims. The primary aims of this randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial were to compare the hard and soft tissue response following either a connective tissue (CT) or acellular dermal matrix (ADM) graft placed simultaneously with a laser-grooved implant. Methods. Twenty-four patients received a single tooth implant in the maxillary anterior that was bordered by two teeth. Twelve patients were randomly selected, using to coin toss, to receive either an ADM (test) or a CT (control) graft. At the 2-month uncovering appointment a lab constructed provisional was placed. At 4 months, following 2 months of tissue shaping, a fixture level impression …

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Parental Engagement On Student Academic Self-Efficacy And Educational Attainment Expectation For Immigrant Youth., Casey N. Griffith Aug 2012

Parental Engagement On Student Academic Self-Efficacy And Educational Attainment Expectation For Immigrant Youth., Casey N. Griffith

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

With the increase of immigration to the United States, immigrant children have a unique position in the education system. Immigrant parents influence their children through different academic engagement practices. It is important to understand how parents impact students' academic experiences. Employing the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, statistical analyses evaluated a sample of 2,514 high school sophomore immigrant students. The impact of parental engagement on the dependent variables were also compared between native language groups to learn whether or not specific cultural engagement practices impact student self-efficacy and attainment expectation differently. Findings revealed that parental engagement impacts academic self-efficacy and …

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Child Behavioral Inhibition, Parental Overcontrol, And Parental Anxiety As Predictors Of Adolescent Anxiety., Benjamin M. Keizer Aug 2012

Child Behavioral Inhibition, Parental Overcontrol, And Parental Anxiety As Predictors Of Adolescent Anxiety., Benjamin M. Keizer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation examined the prediction of anxiety symptoms over time during developmentally significant periods - the transition to middle school (12 years old) and the transition to high school (15 years old). Specifically, relationships between child behavioral inhibition, paternal anxiety, maternal anxiety, and parental control and concurrent levels of adolescent anxiety at each time point were analyzed. Despite a strong research base supporting individual connections between child behavioral inhibition, levels of parental control, parental anxiety symptoms and adolescent anxiety, the joint longitudinal associations have received scant attention in the literature. The current study also compared two different models of adolescent …

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Effectiveness Of Fluoride Containing Bonding Resins In Preventing Demineralization Of Enamel During Orthodontic Treatment., Robin J. Choi Aug 2012

Effectiveness Of Fluoride Containing Bonding Resins In Preventing Demineralization Of Enamel During Orthodontic Treatment., Robin J. Choi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Although orthodontics can correct a variety of dental and skeletal malocclusions, research has shown an increased risk of enamel demineralization leading to white spot lesions (WSLs). The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Pro Seal and Opal Seal, two fluoridated bonding agents, to Assure, a nonfluoridated bonding agent, in preventing demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Methods: 26 patients beginning comprehensive orthodontic treatment were divided into 3 groups. 9 patients were bonded with Assure (control), 9 patients were bonded with Pro Seal, and 8 patients were bonded with Opal Seal. Pretreatment and six-month progress photographs were used …

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Preparing Students For Post-Secondary Success : Exploring The Efficacy Of An Information Technology Certification Program., John Lawless Lanham 1967- Aug 2012

Preparing Students For Post-Secondary Success : Exploring The Efficacy Of An Information Technology Certification Program., John Lawless Lanham 1967-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Career and Technical Education (CTE) has a long and rich history of achievement among diverse populations. Two recent events have added to the complexity of CTE. First, the accountability movement forces traditional programs to show growth and achievement with students. Accountability trends affect the content and delivery of almost all programs. Perhaps more significantly, measureable performance is increasingly becoming tied into program funding with CTE programs. Second, while CTE in general has enjoyed a long history in secondary education, an emerging subcomponent is gaining attention. Information Technology (IT) classes have been present in secondary institutions for over 30 years. Business, …

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