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2012

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Goodyear And Nicastro: Observations From A Transnational And Comparative Perspective, Linda J. Silberman Jan 2012

Goodyear And Nicastro: Observations From A Transnational And Comparative Perspective, Linda J. Silberman

Faculty Articles

The article reflects on two cases under the U.S. Supreme Court personal jurisdiction including Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown and J. McIntyre Machinery Ltd. v. Nicastro. In Goodyear case North Carolina plaintiffs were killed in a bus accident in Paris, France resulting from defective tire manufactured by foreign subsidiaries of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. In Nicastro case, the plaintiff was injured by a metal-shearing machine in a work-related accident in New Jersey.

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Flow Structure And Transport Characteristics Of Feeding And Exchange Currents Generated By Upside-Down Cassiopea Jellyfish, Arvind Santhanakrishnan, Makani Dollinger, Christina L. Hamlet, Sean Colin, Laura A. Miller Jan 2012

Flow Structure And Transport Characteristics Of Feeding And Exchange Currents Generated By Upside-Down Cassiopea Jellyfish, Arvind Santhanakrishnan, Makani Dollinger, Christina L. Hamlet, Sean Colin, Laura A. Miller

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

Quantifying the flows generated by the pulsations of jellyfish bells is crucial for understanding the mechanics and efficiency of their swimming and feeding. Recent experimental and theoretical work has focused on the dynamics of vortices in the wakes of swimming jellyfish with relatively simple oral arms and tentacles. The significance of bell pulsations for generating feeding currents through elaborate oral arms and the consequences for particle capture are not as well understood. To isolate the generation of feeding currents from swimming, the pulsing kinematics and fluid flow around the benthic jellyfish Cassiopea spp. were investigated using a combination of videography, …

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Dreaming In Chinese: Accountable Development, Barbara L. Bezdek Jan 2012

Dreaming In Chinese: Accountable Development, Barbara L. Bezdek

Maryland Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

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South Carolina V. North Carolina - Some Problems Arising In An Easy Coast Water Dispute, Kristin Linsley Myles Jan 2012

South Carolina V. North Carolina - Some Problems Arising In An Easy Coast Water Dispute, Kristin Linsley Myles

Wyoming Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Replicating Adenovirus-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (Siv) Vectors Efficiently Prime Siv-Specific Systemic And Mucosal Immune Responses By Targeting Myeloid Dendritic Cells And Persisting In Rectal Macrophages, Regardless Of Immunization Route, L. Jean Patterson, Seraphin Kuate, Mara Daltabuit-Test, Qingsheng Li, Peng Xiao, Katherine Mckinnon, Janet Dipasquale, Anthony Cristillo, David Venzon, Ashley Haase, Marjorie Robert-Guroff Jan 2012

Replicating Adenovirus-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (Siv) Vectors Efficiently Prime Siv-Specific Systemic And Mucosal Immune Responses By Targeting Myeloid Dendritic Cells And Persisting In Rectal Macrophages, Regardless Of Immunization Route, L. Jean Patterson, Seraphin Kuate, Mara Daltabuit-Test, Qingsheng Li, Peng Xiao, Katherine Mckinnon, Janet Dipasquale, Anthony Cristillo, David Venzon, Ashley Haase, Marjorie Robert-Guroff

United States Public Health Resources

Although priming with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) recombinants, followed by HIV/SIV envelope boosting, has proven highly immunogenic, resulting in protection from SIV/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenges, Ad5hr recombinant distribution, replication, and persistence have not been examined comprehensively in nonhuman primates. We utilized Ad5hr-green fluorescent protein and Ad5hr-SIV recombinants to track biodistribution and immunogenicity following mucosal priming of rhesus macaques by the intranasal/intratracheal, sublingual, vaginal, or rectal route. Ad recombinants administered by all routes initially targeted macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and rectal tissue, later extending to myeloid dendritic cells …

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Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Decreases De Novo Lipid Synthesis In Human Adipocytes, Thomas Obsen, Nils J. Faergeman, Soonkyu Chung, Kristina Martinez, Semone Gobern, Olivier Loreau, Martin Wabitsch, Susanne Mandrup, Michael Mcintosh Jan 2012

Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Decreases De Novo Lipid Synthesis In Human Adipocytes, Thomas Obsen, Nils J. Faergeman, Soonkyu Chung, Kristina Martinez, Semone Gobern, Olivier Loreau, Martin Wabitsch, Susanne Mandrup, Michael Mcintosh

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces adiposity in vivo. However, mechanisms mediating these changes are unclear. Therefore, we treated cultures of human adipocytes with trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) CLA, cis-9, trans-11 (9,11) CLA, or other trans fatty acids (FA) and measured indices of lipid metabolism. The lipid-lowering effects of 10,12 CLA were unique, as other trans FA did not reduce TG content to the same extent. Using low levels of [14C]-CLA isomers, it was shown that both isomers were readily incorporated into acylglycerols and phospholipids, albeit at lower levels than [14C]-oleic or [14C]-linoleic acids. When using [14C]-acetic acid and [14C]-pyruvic acid as …

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Glia Delimit Shape Changes Of Sensory Neuron Receptive Endings In C. Elegans, Carl Procko Jan 2012

Glia Delimit Shape Changes Of Sensory Neuron Receptive Endings In C. Elegans, Carl Procko

Student Theses and Dissertations

Neuronal receptive endings such as dendritic spines and sensory protrusions are structurally remodeled by experience. How receptive endings acquire their remodeled shapes is not well understood. In response to environmental stressors, including starvation, crowding and high temperature, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enters a diapause state, termed dauer, which is accompanied by remodeling of sensory neuron receptive endings. Here, we demonstrate that sensory receptive endings of the AWC amphid neurons in dauer animals remodel in the confines of a compartment defined by the amphid sheath glial cells that envelop these endings. The glia remodel concomitantly with and independently of AWC receptive …

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Dissecting Mammalian Replication-Independent Chromatin Assembly — Biochemical And Structural Studies On The H3.3-Specific Histone Chaperones Hira And Daxx, Simon Elsässer Jan 2012

Dissecting Mammalian Replication-Independent Chromatin Assembly — Biochemical And Structural Studies On The H3.3-Specific Histone Chaperones Hira And Daxx, Simon Elsässer

Student Theses and Dissertations

Histones are architectural proteins that wrap approximately two turns of DNA around their octameric core structure, constituting the fundamental packaging unit of eukaryotic chromatin — the nucleosome. Beyond their structural role, they regulate virtually all processes that act on or depend on DNA, such as replication, gene expression and maintenance of centromeres and telomeres. Despite the high conservation of the four core histones, H3, H4, H2A and H2B, throughout all eukaryotes, histone variants have emerged with variable degree of divergence from their canonical counterparts. These variants are thought to expand the regulatory repertoire of chromatin. The histone replacement variant H3.3 …

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Genetic Variation In Neurotransmitter Receptors Generates Behavioral Diversity, Andres Bendesky Jan 2012

Genetic Variation In Neurotransmitter Receptors Generates Behavioral Diversity, Andres Bendesky

Student Theses and Dissertations

Variation in behavior among individuals is both remarkable and of great significance to society. People differ in locomotor skills, in sleep patterns, in their willingness to take risks, and in how they relate to other people. Whereas diversity enriches society, extreme behavioral deviations can be pathological, so it is important to identify the causes of behavioral variability. It is clear that both the environment and genetics contribute to behavioral diversity in all animals, but the nature of the specific genes involved is only beginning to emerge. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a good animal model to study the genetic …

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Analysis Of Behavior In Populations Of Swimming Microbes, David Jordan Jan 2012

Analysis Of Behavior In Populations Of Swimming Microbes, David Jordan

Student Theses and Dissertations

This work describes our work developing an experimental biological system to study patterns of behavioral variability. We selected motility as the behavior of interest because it is common throughout biology and can be recorded and analyzed relatively easily. We chose to work with a microbe, Tetrahymena thermophila, as a model organism for these studies; it is easy to grow in the laboratory in controlled conditions, has a relatively short generation time, and is large enough to for its motions to be easily imaged. To achieve the imaging, we developed a set of low cost digital video microscopes. Concurrently, we wrote …

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The Diversity Of Cortical Interneurons, Miho Nakajima Jan 2012

The Diversity Of Cortical Interneurons, Miho Nakajima

Student Theses and Dissertations

The cortex is involved in diverse higher cognitive processes including decision making,motor planning, sensory discrimination, and memory consolidation. The cortical interneurons are key elements of the cortical system. These interneurons stabilize networks, but at the same time they also add non-linear effects to the excitatory system to make the cortical network more dynamic. To achieve this, cortical interneurons form a very heterogeneous group, making it hard to classify them without markers. We took a BACtrap approach performing translating ribosome affinity purifications on transgenic mice with Bacterial artificial chromosome, for systematic discovery of markers for different cell types. First, we generated …

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Chemical Reporters For Investigating Lipidated Proteins At The Host-Pathogen Interface, Guillaume Charron Jan 2012

Chemical Reporters For Investigating Lipidated Proteins At The Host-Pathogen Interface, Guillaume Charron

Student Theses and Dissertations

Lipidation of proteins regulates many cellular processes such as signaling transduction and membrane sorting by modulating protein localization and proteinprotein interactions. As such, defects in protein lipidation can render host cells more susceptible to microbial infection and are also associated with a variety of human diseases ranging from cancer to neurological disorders. Moreover, viral and bacterial pathogens can exploit and modulate the host lipidation machinery to enhance infection. Robust biochemical methods for characterizing lipidated proteins are therefore important for understanding fundamental physiology and disease mechanisms. In this thesis, I report the development of alkyne-lipid chemical reporters that afford more sensitive …

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The Gluk4 Kainate Receptor Subunit Regulates Mood, Memory And Excitotoxic Neurodegeneration, Emily Rhodes Lowry Jan 2012

The Gluk4 Kainate Receptor Subunit Regulates Mood, Memory And Excitotoxic Neurodegeneration, Emily Rhodes Lowry

Student Theses and Dissertations

Though the GluK4 kainate receptor subunit shows limited homology and a restricted expression pattern relative to other kainate receptor subunits, its ablation results in distinct behavioral and molecular phenotypes. To study the function of GluK4, I generated a global GluK4 knockout mouse line by crossing a germline-expressed cre transgenic mouse line with a GluK4-floxed mouse line in which exon 16 of GRIK4, the gene encoding GluK4, was flanked by lox-P sites (floxed). Thorough characterization of GluK4 expression in the resulting knockout mice using RT-PCR and a custom-designed anti-GluK4 antibody revealed that GRIK4 mRNA expression persisted though GluK4 protein expression was …

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Wip1 Phage Specificity For B. Anthracis, Sherry Kan Jan 2012

Wip1 Phage Specificity For B. Anthracis, Sherry Kan

Student Theses and Dissertations

Bacteriophage-based diagnostics and therapeutics have been recognized as tools to combat bacterial infections for nearly a century. Wip1 is a recently isolated phage that infects Bacillus anthracis, the notorious biothreat pathogen and gram-positive bacterium that causes anthrax disease. The current standard for identifying suspected B. anthracis involves testing for Wγ phage sensitivity. However, studies have shown that the narrow Wip1 host range is even more specific to B. anthracis than that of Wγ, suggesting that Wip1 may be a superior diagnostic tool. Wip1's high specificity to B. anthracis is likely mediated by the initial recognition and binding of the virus …

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The Neural Circuit For Behavioral Responses To Pheromone And Social Behavior In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Heeun Jang Jan 2012

The Neural Circuit For Behavioral Responses To Pheromone And Social Behavior In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Heeun Jang

Student Theses and Dissertations

Social behavior is a widespread phenomenon across species from microorganisms to humans. Chemical communication using pheromones is particularly interesting for its versatile use in many organisms, and has been studied at both molecular and circuit levels. However, the central issue of how genes and molecular components contribute to neural circuits that eventually lead to complex social behaviors remains unclear. Using the nematode model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, I have examined two behavioral responses to pheromones, pheromone avoidance and pheromoneregulated social aggregation behavior, at genetic and circuit levels. The known C. elegans pheromones are a set of related compounds called ascarosides. Specific …

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Characterization Of The Central Cavity Of A Potassium Channel: Helix Dipoles, Conformational Plasticity And Inhibition, Disan Schold Davis Jan 2012

Characterization Of The Central Cavity Of A Potassium Channel: Helix Dipoles, Conformational Plasticity And Inhibition, Disan Schold Davis

Student Theses and Dissertations

Potassium channels are important for regulating the flow of potassium ions across semi-permeable cell membranes in an efficient and selective manner. Potassium channels form a conduction pore comprised of a selectivity filter responsible for the strong preference for potassium, and a water-filled central cavity that contributes to rapid conduction by lowering the energy barrier for potassium ions to cross the low dielectric membrane environment. In the high resolution structure of the potassium channel KcsA, a hydrated potassium ion was observed in the central cavity. It was proposed that some electrostatic stabilization for this potassium ion may come from the backbone …

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Conserved And Novel Properties Of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis In Dictyostelium Discoideum, Laura Macro Jan 2012

Conserved And Novel Properties Of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis In Dictyostelium Discoideum, Laura Macro

Student Theses and Dissertations

The protein clathrin mediates one of the major pathways of endocytosis from the extracellular milieu and plasma membrane. Clathrin functions with a network of interacting accessory proteins, one of which is the adaptor complex AP-2, to co-ordinate vesicle formation. Disruption of genes involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis causes embryonic lethality in multicellular animals suggesting that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a fundamental cellular process. However, loss of clathrin-mediated endocytosis genes in single cell eukaryotes, such as S.cerevisiae (yeast), does not cause lethality, suggesting that clathrin may convey specific advantages for multicellularity. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal dynamics and requirements for individual components of the clathrin-mediated …

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Progress Towards Integrated Models Of Hcv Dynamics, Thomas S. Oh Jan 2012

Progress Towards Integrated Models Of Hcv Dynamics, Thomas S. Oh

Student Theses and Dissertations

Hepatitis C virus is a small, enveloped positive-strand RNA member of the Flaviviridae and the etiological agent of a global epidemic of chronic hepatitis C. One of the salient features of HCV is a complex regulatory scheme involving numerous viral and cellular components and which may be the key to its striking success in initiating and maintaining decades-long chronic disease in infected individuals. Lacking any known latent or integrated form, HCV must persist through ongoing RNA replication, immune evasion, and infection of naïve cells. HCV is a highly-studied virus, and many details of its life cycle have been worked out; …

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Chemical Reporters For Bacterial Pathogenesis And Beyond, Markus Grammel Jan 2012

Chemical Reporters For Bacterial Pathogenesis And Beyond, Markus Grammel

Student Theses and Dissertations

Microbial infection involves complex and dynamic interplay of host defense and pathogen virulence pathways that requires new methods for mechanistic investigation. Towards this goal, I have developed chemical reporters of nucleic acid and protein synthesis and posttranslational modifications to explore their functions in bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biological pathways. Initially, I developed amino acid chemical reporters that allow the cell-selective labeling of bacterial proteomes to facilitate the analysis of bacterial protein expression during infection of host cells. These reporters are based on unnatural amino acids that are incorporated into the bacterial proteome instead of methionine or phenylalanine when …

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Variability In Singing And In Song In The Zebra Finch, Cameron Wellock Jan 2012

Variability In Singing And In Song In The Zebra Finch, Cameron Wellock

Student Theses and Dissertations

Variability is a defining feature of the oscine song learning process, reflected in song and in the neural pathways involved in song learning. For the zebra finch, juveniles learning to sing typically exhibit a high degree of vocal variability, and this variability appears to be driven by a key brain nucleus. It has been suggested that this variability is a necessary part of a trial-and-error learning process in which the bird must search for possible improvements to its song. Our work examines the role this variability plays in learning in two ways: through behavioral experiments with juvenile zebra finches, and …

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Mechanisms That Ensure The Proper Terminal Structure Of Mammalian Telomeres, Peng Wu Jan 2012

Mechanisms That Ensure The Proper Terminal Structure Of Mammalian Telomeres, Peng Wu

Student Theses and Dissertations

The telomeric single-stranded 3' overhang, a conserved feature at the ends of linear chromosomes, is thought to contribute to the important functions of end protection and telomere length homeostasis. Here, I investigated the mechanism by which the overhang is generated and maintained at mammalian telomeres. First, I evaluated the terminal chromatin structure of mouse telomeres using conventional micrococcal nuclease (MNase) assays and a novel method to examine the terminal nucleosomes adjacent to the telomeric overhang. In wild type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the telomeric overhang was protected from MNase digestion of chromatin in nuclei. In addition, the induction of various …

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Vocal Handedness: The Emergence Of Lateralization At Fledging, Rudy Bellani Jan 2012

Vocal Handedness: The Emergence Of Lateralization At Fledging, Rudy Bellani

Student Theses and Dissertations

Adult waterslager canaries produce the majority of their song under the control of the left hemisphere/left syringeal half. Unilateral section of the left treacheosyringeal nerve results in near complete loss of song while right denervation affects only a subset of call elements. This strong asymmetry for the production of a learned vocalization is reminiscent of the left hemisphere control for language in humans and provides a potentially powerful animal model to study lateralized behaviors in the vertebrate brain. Earlier work on another songbird, the European chaffinch, Friungilla crebes, suggested that the onset of lateralized vocalizations occured before song learning took …

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The Application Of Functional Metagenomics To Natural Products Research, Jeffrey William Craig Jan 2012

The Application Of Functional Metagenomics To Natural Products Research, Jeffrey William Craig

Student Theses and Dissertations

The study of bacterial natural products offers important insights into the physiologies and behaviors of individual species of bacteria as well as the contributions of these organisms to complex microbial communities. Such information frequently has important downstream applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, biotechnology, basic sciences and applied microbiology. The majority of bacteria found in nature cannot be cultivated in a laboratory setting, however, leaving a wealth of genetic and chemical diversity unexplored by traditional microbiological methods. Culture-independent approaches for studying diverse microbial populations affords indirect access to these resources. Within the wide array of culture-independent approaches currently in use (collectively …

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Structure Function Analysis Of Adenosine Deaminase Acting On Trna (Adat2) From Trypanosoma Brucei, Miller Marshall Jan 2012

Structure Function Analysis Of Adenosine Deaminase Acting On Trna (Adat2) From Trypanosoma Brucei, Miller Marshall

Student Theses and Dissertations

tRNA is edited at the wobble position of the anticodon to accommodate the degeneracy of the genetic code. The enzymes responsible for deamination of adenosine 34 to inosine are found in all organisms and in all but a few cases are essential for life. In bacteria the reaction is carried out by the homodimeric adenosine deaminase acting on tRNA (ADAT) and modifies only tRNAarg, whereas in eukarya the enzyme is the ADAT2/3 heterodimer, which performs the same reaction on all tRNA molecules with adenosine at position 34. Despite a similar evolutionary origin, the characteristics of these two enzymes are significantly …

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Examining Intracellular Phosphorylation Gradients During Cell Division, Lei Tan Jan 2012

Examining Intracellular Phosphorylation Gradients During Cell Division, Lei Tan

Student Theses and Dissertations

The dynamic cellular reorganization needed for successful mitosis requires spatial regulatory cues. I examine this problem at two different levels. First, I analyze a phosphorylation gradient for substrates of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). CPC is a conserved regulator involved in key mitotic events such as chromosome-microtubule attachment and spindle midzone formation. Previously, spatial phosphorylation gradients have been reported for CPC substrates, raising the possibility that CPC-dependent signaling establishes order on the micron-length scale in dividing cells. However, this hypothesis has not been tested, largely because of incomplete characterization of the CPC-dependent phosphorylation dynamics. Here I examine the spatiotemporal dynamics …

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Structural And Functional Studies Of Slo K+ Channels: Mechanisms Of Gating By Intracellular Signaling, Manuel D. Leonetti Jan 2012

Structural And Functional Studies Of Slo K+ Channels: Mechanisms Of Gating By Intracellular Signaling, Manuel D. Leonetti

Student Theses and Dissertations

Eukaryotic K+ channels from the SLO family (SLO1, SLO2 and SLO3) provide a link between intracellular signaling and the electrical activity of a cell. The opening and closing (gating) of the three different SLO homologs is controlled by the synergistic action of membrane voltage and specific intracellular cues: Ca2+ binding in SLO1, Na+ binding in SLO2 and pH increase in SLO3. It is known that intracellular signals activate SLO channels by acting on the large cytoplasmic domains (CTDs) of these proteins, which follows the transmembrane ionconduction pore. However, a molecular description of the mechanisms of intracellular gating …

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Micrornas In Breast Cancer Metastasis: Molecular Regulation Of Endothelial Recruitment By Cancer Cells & Regulation Of Metastasis Suppressor Micrornas, Kim J. Png Jan 2012

Micrornas In Breast Cancer Metastasis: Molecular Regulation Of Endothelial Recruitment By Cancer Cells & Regulation Of Metastasis Suppressor Micrornas, Kim J. Png

Student Theses and Dissertations

Metastasis is a highly complex, multi stage process that is clinically daunting, causing the majority of deaths from solid malignancies. A previous study identified three microRNAs that robustly suppresses breast cancer metastasis to lung and bone – miR-126, miR-206 and miR-335. While miR-335 suppressed metastasis through inhibition of cell-autonomous metastatic phenotypes of cell migration and invasion, the role of miR-126 in metastasis remained unknown. Here, endogenous miR-126 is shown to regulate the non-cell autonomous phenotype of endothelial recruitment to metastatic breast cancer cells. Through coordinate targeting of IGFBP2, PITPNC1 and MERTK, miR-126 inhibits endothelial recruitment, which is required for metastatic …

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The Dynamic Streptococcus Pyogenes Transcriptome In The Host Cell Environment And Contributions By Phage, Barbara Juncosa Jan 2012

The Dynamic Streptococcus Pyogenes Transcriptome In The Host Cell Environment And Contributions By Phage, Barbara Juncosa

Student Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigates the transcriptional responses of Streptococcus pyogenes in the pharyngeal environment and characterizes two transcriptional regulators involved in the adaptive response to the host. Furthermore, this thesis explores the potential role of integrated prophage on the streptococcal transcriptome. We are specifically interested in global regulatory systems in group A streptococci and how they impact virulence regulation. With this work, we hoped to identify new regulatory elements involved in the infection process. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the transcriptional shift induced in streptococci upon introduction into the in vitro host environment. Using three time points, …

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Using "Designer" Nucleosomes To Study Enzymatic Crosstalk Between Histone Ubiquitylation And Histone Methyltransferases, Sarah J. Whitcomb Jan 2012

Using "Designer" Nucleosomes To Study Enzymatic Crosstalk Between Histone Ubiquitylation And Histone Methyltransferases, Sarah J. Whitcomb

Student Theses and Dissertations

It is well established that chromatin is a destination and source for signal transduction affecting all types of DNA metabolism. Histone proteins in particular are extensively post-translationally modified (PTM), and many of these individual modifications have been studied in depth. I have been interested in how the complex repertoire of histone PTMs are co-regulated to generate combinations with meaningful physiological outcomes. One important mechanism is "crosstalk" between pre-existing histone PTMs and enzymes that add or remove subsequent modifications on chromatin. It has been previously shown that H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases involved in transcriptional activation are stimulated and repressed by H2Bub …

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Roles Of The Methylcitrate And Methylmalonyl-Coa Pathways In Mycobacterial Metabolism And Pathogenesis, Manisha Ulhas Lotlikar Jan 2012

Roles Of The Methylcitrate And Methylmalonyl-Coa Pathways In Mycobacterial Metabolism And Pathogenesis, Manisha Ulhas Lotlikar

Student Theses and Dissertations

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been a human pathogen for the history of mankind, but we are only now beginning to understand how it is able to survive and persist indefinitely in the host. Understanding carbon metabolism of the pathogen during infection is key, not only as a source of potential drug targets, but also for elucidating the environment in vivo, so that drugs can be tested under relevant conditions. Studies have revealed that, during infection, M. tuberculosis relies on gluconeogenic carbon sources rather than sugars. Fatty acids, cholesterol, and amino acids have all been demonstrated as usable carbon sources in vitro …

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