Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Life Sciences (3087)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (1794)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1719)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (1444)
- Education (1233)
-
- Law (1050)
- Arts and Humanities (987)
- Engineering (829)
- Biology (812)
- Environmental Sciences (637)
- Animal Sciences (484)
- Higher Education (462)
- Psychology (427)
- Chemistry (387)
- Plant Sciences (361)
- Medical Sciences (341)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (292)
- History (286)
- Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology (279)
- Sociology (247)
- Communication (237)
- Library and Information Science (221)
- Medical Specialties (214)
- American Studies (210)
- Business (188)
- Forest Sciences (188)
- Public Health (182)
- Science and Mathematics Education (178)
- Entomology (176)
- Earth Sciences (174)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1493)
- University of South Florida (519)
- Louisiana State University (411)
- Utah State University (352)
- TÜBİTAK (313)
-
- University of Montana (308)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (287)
- Washington University School of Medicine (277)
- Brigham Young University (245)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (243)
- University of New Hampshire (231)
- University of Central Florida (221)
- Clemson University (199)
- Nova Southeastern University (191)
- University of Kentucky (190)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (189)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (175)
- University of New Mexico (166)
- Old Dominion University (161)
- Georgia Southern University (160)
- Stony Brook University (160)
- Purdue University (150)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (149)
- University of South Carolina (144)
- Eastern Illinois University (141)
- West Virginia University (140)
- University of Rhode Island (139)
- Wright State University (138)
- University of Northern Iowa (136)
- Thomas Jefferson University (126)
- Keyword
-
- Newspaper (175)
- Humans (137)
- Biology (127)
- Animals (119)
- 2009 (104)
-
- Bowling Green State University (93)
- Newsletter (92)
- Student newspapers (86)
- Education (84)
- Gender (67)
- Genetics (66)
- Male (66)
- Climate change (64)
- History (64)
- Faculty (63)
- Mice (63)
- Press release; media release; press statement; news media information (62)
- Research (62)
- Female (61)
- Future (60)
- 2009(Vol.41) (59)
- Central Florida Future (59)
- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Heersink School of Medicine (59)
- Chemistry (58)
- EIU (58)
- Eastern Illinois University (58)
- Turkey (58)
- Daily Eastern News (55)
- Ecology (55)
- UAB (55)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (503)
- Faculty Publications (378)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (251)
- Open Access Publications (199)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (186)
-
- Dissertations (149)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD) (118)
- All ETDs from UAB (117)
- Master's Theses (108)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (106)
- Theses (101)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (100)
- Open Access Dissertations (100)
- Faculty Scholarship (99)
- Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions) (93)
- Ethnobotanical Leaflets (82)
- All Theses (81)
- Western North American Naturalist (81)
- All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) (80)
- LSU Master's Theses (80)
- Articles (79)
- Biology Faculty Publications (78)
- Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers (75)
- Nebraska Tractor Tests (75)
- United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications (75)
- Dartmouth Scholarship (73)
- Biological Sciences Faculty Publications (70)
- All Dissertations (68)
- Research Publications (2006 to 2010) (68)
- Publications and Research (67)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 9331 - 9360 of 16984
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Sw 595.01: Social Work Practice In The Field Of Addictions, Timothy B. Conley
Sw 595.01: Social Work Practice In The Field Of Addictions, Timothy B. Conley
University of Montana Course Syllabi, 1990-2010
No abstract provided.
Psyc 423.01: Addiction Studies, Cynthia L. Garthwait
Psyc 423.01: Addiction Studies, Cynthia L. Garthwait
University of Montana Course Syllabi, 1990-2010
No abstract provided.
Bmed 422.01: Medicinal Chemistry Ii, David Freeman
Bmed 422.01: Medicinal Chemistry Ii, David Freeman
University of Montana Course Syllabi, 1990-2010
No abstract provided.
Bmed 495.01: Immunopharmacology, David M. Shepherd
Bmed 495.01: Immunopharmacology, David M. Shepherd
University of Montana Course Syllabi, 1990-2010
No abstract provided.
C&I 404.00: Teaching Science K-8, Lisa M. Blank
C&I 404.00: Teaching Science K-8, Lisa M. Blank
University of Montana Course Syllabi, 1990-2010
No abstract provided.
The Reading Experiences And Beliefs Of Secondary Pre-Service, Peggy Daisey
The Reading Experiences And Beliefs Of Secondary Pre-Service, Peggy Daisey
Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts
The purpose of this study was to describe secondary pre-service teachers’ past reading experiences, present attitudes and beliefs about reading, their attitudes and beliefs about a required content area literacy course, and their predicted use of reading in future instruction. Secondary pre-service teachers (N = 124) of diverse subject areas completed four surveys during the required course. Responses of those who enjoyed reading throughout their lives were compared to responses for those who did not enjoy reading. The results of the study suggest that secondary pre-service teachers might benefit from reflecting upon their past positive reading experiences and attempt to …
Pubh 540.50: Social And Behavioral Science In Public Health, Kari Harris
Pubh 540.50: Social And Behavioral Science In Public Health, Kari Harris
University of Montana Course Syllabi, 1990-2010
No abstract provided.
What's Happening: February, 2009, Maine Medical Center
What's Happening: February, 2009, Maine Medical Center
What's Happening
No abstract provided.
Cave Research Foundation Newsletter, Volume 37, No. 1, February 2009, William Payne
Cave Research Foundation Newsletter, Volume 37, No. 1, February 2009, William Payne
Cave Research Foundation Newsletter
Contents: CRF Fundraiser -- From the President: Fun in the Desert, CRF National Expedition and Meeting -- An Experience Sublime: Taking Music to the Underground -- Hopkins Chocolate (Cup) Cave, Lava Beds National Monument, California -- Regional Expedition Reports -- Call for Proposals 2009 CRF Research Grants -- 2009 Expedition Calendar -- Cave Books
Wyeth V. Levine: Examining The Doctrine Of Implied Preemption In State-Law Tort Claims, Allison Kostecka
Wyeth V. Levine: Examining The Doctrine Of Implied Preemption In State-Law Tort Claims, Allison Kostecka
Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Sidebar
No abstract provided.
Sex- And Context-Dependent Migration In A Pond-Breeding Amphibian, Kristine L. Grayson, Henry M. Wilbur
Sex- And Context-Dependent Migration In A Pond-Breeding Amphibian, Kristine L. Grayson, Henry M. Wilbur
Biology Faculty Publications
Partial migration, variation in the percentage of a population that completes a migration, can be influenced by the local environment and condition of an individual. We examined the direct and interacting effects of habitat quality and gender on migration decision by manipulating population density and sex ratio in a factorial field experiment using aquatic enclosures. In partially migrating red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), we measured the percentage of newts migrating to the terrestrial habitat vs. overwintering as pond residents. Density significantly influenced migration, with 63% of newts migrating from high-density enclosures compared to 39% from low-density enclosures. Newts also …
Imaging Gold Nanorods By Plasmon-Resonance-Enhanced Four Wave Mixing, Yookyung Jung, Hongtao Chen, Ling Tong, Ji-Xin Cheng
Imaging Gold Nanorods By Plasmon-Resonance-Enhanced Four Wave Mixing, Yookyung Jung, Hongtao Chen, Ling Tong, Ji-Xin Cheng
Other Nanotechnology Publications
The current work investigates the four-wave mixing (FWM) signal from gold nanorods (NRs) using two synchronized lasers and its potential applications in bioimaging. Using the lightning rod model, we show that the strongest FWM occurs when the pump laser wavelength is tuned to be resonant with the longitudinal plasmon resonance wavelength of NR. The calculation is experimentally demonstrated by comparing the intensities of FWM from NRs with different plasmon resonance wavelengths. The FWM signal is further found to be enhanced by aggregation of NRs and is strongly dependent on pulse width. The FWM intensity from NRs is similar to 39 …
New Dosing Schedules Of Dasatinib For Cml And Adverse Event Management, Siu Fun Wong
New Dosing Schedules Of Dasatinib For Cml And Adverse Event Management, Siu Fun Wong
Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research
Resistance to imatinib in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) has emerged as a significant clinical issue. Dasatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has 325-fold greater in vitro activity against native BCR-ABL (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson leukemia virus) compared with imatinib and can overcome primary (intrinsic) and secondary (acquired) imatinib resistance. Here, we review the clinical profile of dasatinib in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant patients and share clinical approaches for managing adverse events (AEs) to ensure maximum patient benefit. References were obtained through literature searches on PubMed as well as from the Proceedings …
Grace-Based Estimates Of Terrestrial Freshwater Discharge From Basin To Continental Scales, Tajdarul H. Syed, James S. Famiglietti, Don Chambers
Grace-Based Estimates Of Terrestrial Freshwater Discharge From Basin To Continental Scales, Tajdarul H. Syed, James S. Famiglietti, Don Chambers
Marine Science Faculty Publications
In this study, new estimates of monthly freshwater discharge from continents, drainage regions, and global land for the period of 2003–05 are presented. The method uses observed terrestrial water storage change estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and reanalysis-based atmospheric moisture divergence and precipitable water tendency in a coupled land–atmosphere water mass balance. The estimates of freshwater discharge are analyzed within the context of global climate and compared with previously published estimates. Annual cycles of observed streamflow exhibit stronger correlations with the computed discharge compared to those with precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P − E) in …
Extended Visions, January/February 2009
Extended Visions, January/February 2009
Extended Visions Newsletter (ARDC)
Contents:
ARDC FEATURE UNIT - Biological Systems Engineering
Extension Provides Programs for Beef Producers
In Memory of August N. Christenson
Master Gardener Training for Local Gardeners
Mead Magnet School
Leadership Students Learn by Serving
Programs for Crop Producers
The Clover Corner 4-H Reaches BEYOND
Tree Diseases/Insects
Bagworm
Pine Wilt
Graduate Connections- February 2009
Graduate Connections- February 2009
Graduate Connections: A Newsletter for UNL Graduate Students
In This Issue:
Click on links to navigate the newsletter
Navigating Graduate School......1
Advice for Completing a Thesis or Dissertation
Good Practices in Graduate
Education.................................... 3
How to be Fair and Ethical in the Classroom
Essential Connections.................. 4
Helping Students: A Peer Mentoring Approach
What You Should Know about Programs of Study/Memoranda of Courses, Graduate Level Courses
Teaching Tip .................................5
Handling Disruptions
Professional Development...........6
Individual Professional Development Plan
Interactions...................................8
Graduate Award Winners
GSA News
Funding Opportunities.................9
Resources for Researchers........11
Lab Safety Initiative
Events..........................................12
Announcements..........................13
Calendar......................................15
Word to the Wise.......................16
Dissertation Support Groups for Ph.D. Students
Readers’ Corner.........................17
Resources for Writing …
Indiana Wildlife Disease News, Volume 4, Issue 1 – February 2009
Indiana Wildlife Disease News, Volume 4, Issue 1 – February 2009
Indiana Wildlife Disease News
Inside this issue:
• Starvation and malnutrition in deer
• New test at ADDL can test for starvation and/or malnutrition in wildlife
• Avian Influenza symposium at the University of Georgia
• White-nose syndrome update
• WBII Information Node
• New Test at ADDL
• Int. Symposium on AI
• Steve Hooser Bio
• Upcoming Wildlife Disease Conf.
• NBII Information Node
• Midwest Wildlife Disease Update
Age-Related Differences In Reaction Time Task Performance In Young Children, Sergey Kiselev, Kimberly A. Espy, Tiffany Sheffield
Age-Related Differences In Reaction Time Task Performance In Young Children, Sergey Kiselev, Kimberly A. Espy, Tiffany Sheffield
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory: Faculty Publications
Performance of reaction time (RT) tasks was investigated in young children and adults to test the hypothesis that age-related differences in processing speed supersede a “global” mechanism and are a function of specific differences in task demands and processing requirements. The sample consisted of 54 4-year-olds, 53 5-year-olds, 59 6-year-olds, and 35 adults from Russia. Using the regression approach pioneered by Brinley and the transformation method proposed by Madden and colleagues and Ridderinkhoff and van der Molen, age-related differences in processing speed differed among RT tasks with varying demands. In particular, RTs differed between children and adults on tasks that …
A Preliminary Study Of The Diversity And Temporal Patterns Of Abundance Of Tachinidae In Southwestern Ohio, Diego J. Inclán, John O. Stireman Iii
A Preliminary Study Of The Diversity And Temporal Patterns Of Abundance Of Tachinidae In Southwestern Ohio, Diego J. Inclán, John O. Stireman Iii
Biological Sciences Faculty Publications
Although tachinids are one of the most diverse families of Diptera (Irwin et al. 2003) and represent the largest group of non-hymenopteran parasitoids (Belshaw 1994), the ecology of most species in the family is poorly known. Most of the studies that have focused on tachinids are related to taxonomic descriptions. Currently, our knowledge is very limited in terms of the diversity and distribution of populations across time and space, especially in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions (Stireman 2008). There have been a number of recent studies focused on diversity and temporal distributions of tachinids in the Palaearctic Region such as …
Earmstrong, Armstrong Atlantic State University
Earmstrong, Armstrong Atlantic State University
Armstrong News & Publications: e-Armstrong Newsletter (Archived)
No abstract provided.
Evaluating Pseudomonas Aeruginosa As Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria In West Africa, Anthony O. Adesemoye, Esther O. Ugoji
Evaluating Pseudomonas Aeruginosa As Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria In West Africa, Anthony O. Adesemoye, Esther O. Ugoji
Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications
Some parameters of growth were examined in three test crops as indices of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crops include Abelmoschus esculentus L. (okra), Lycopersicon esculentum L. (tomato), and Amaranthus sp. (African spinach). This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of PGPR in West Africa and determine whether the inoculation method has an impact on PGPR’s effectiveness. Bacterium was isolated from topsoil in the Botanical Garden, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Inoculation with bacteria was done by soaking seeds in 106 cfu/ml of bacterial suspension, and coating was done using 10% starch (w/v) as seed adhesive …
Mycobacterium Smegmatis Histone-Like Protein Hlp Is Nucleoid Associated: Research Letter, Anirban Mukherjee, Patrick J. Dimario, Anne Grove
Mycobacterium Smegmatis Histone-Like Protein Hlp Is Nucleoid Associated: Research Letter, Anirban Mukherjee, Patrick J. Dimario, Anne Grove
Faculty Publications
Eubacteria encode proteins that are required for nucleoid organization and for regulation of DNA-dependent processes. Of these histone-like proteins (Hlps), Escherichia coli HU has been shown to associate with the nucleoid and to regulate processes such as DNA repair and recombination. In contrast, the divergent HU homologs encoded by mycobacteria have been variously identified as involved in the physiology of dormancy, in the response to cold shock, or as laminin-binding proteins associated with the cell envelope. We show here, contrary to previous reports that the HU-related Hlp from Mycobacterium smegmatis associates with the nucleoid in vivo. Using indirect fluorescent antibody …
Reactivity Of Nitric Oxide With The [4fe-4s] Cluster Of Dihydroxyacid Dehydratase From Escherichia Coli, Xuewu Duan, Juanjuan Yang, Binbin Ren, Guoqiang Tan, Huangen Ding
Reactivity Of Nitric Oxide With The [4fe-4s] Cluster Of Dihydroxyacid Dehydratase From Escherichia Coli, Xuewu Duan, Juanjuan Yang, Binbin Ren, Guoqiang Tan, Huangen Ding
Faculty Publications
Although the NO (nitric oxide)-mediated modification of iron-sulfur proteins has been well-documented in bacteria and mammalian cells, specific reactivity of NO with iron-sulfur proteins still remains elusive. In the present study, we report the first kinetic characterization of the reaction between NO and iron-sulfur clusters in protein using the Escherichia coli IlvD (dihydroxyacid dehydratase) [4Fe-4S] cluster as an example. Combining a sensitive NO electrode with EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy and an enzyme activity assay, we demonstrate that NO is rapidly consumed by the IlvD [4Fe-4S] cluster with the concomitant formation of the IlvD-bound DNIC (dinitrosyl-iron complex) and inactivation of …
Yy1'S Longer Dna-Binding Motifs, Jeong Do Kim, Joomyeong Kim
Yy1'S Longer Dna-Binding Motifs, Jeong Do Kim, Joomyeong Kim
Faculty Publications
The DNA-binding sites of YY1 located within two newly identified downstream genes of YY1, Peg3 (GGCGCCATnTT) and Xist (CCGCCATnTT), are longer than the known motif of YY1 (CGCCATnTT). Gel shift assays indicated that these DNA-binding sites are previously unnoticed, longer motifs of YY1. Independent DNA-binding motif studies further confirmed that YY1 recognizes a longer sequence (GCCGCCATTTTG) as its consensus motif. This longer motif exhibited higher affinity to the YY1 protein than the known motif. Another DNA-binding motif study was also performed using a protein containing three amino acid substitutions in the first zinc finger unit of YY1, mimicking the zinc …
Puma: Bayesian Analysis Of Partitioned (And Unpartitioned) Model Adequacy, Jeremy M. Brown, Robert Eldabaje
Puma: Bayesian Analysis Of Partitioned (And Unpartitioned) Model Adequacy, Jeremy M. Brown, Robert Eldabaje
Faculty Publications
The accuracy of Bayesian phylogenetic inference using molecular data depends on the use of proper models of sequence evolution. Although choosing the best model available from a pool of alternatives has become standard practice in statistical phylogenetics, assessment of the chosen model's adequacy is rare. Programs for Bayesian phylogenetic inference have recently begun to implement models of sequence evolution that account for heterogeneity across sites beyond variation in rates of evolution, yet no program exists to assess the adequacy of these models. PuMA implements a posterior predictive simulation approach to assessing the adequacy of partitioned, unpartitioned and mixture models of …
An Rig-I-Like Rna Helicase Mediates Antiviral Rnai Downstream Of Viral Sirna Biogenesis In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Rui Lu, Erbay Yigit, Wan Xiang Li, Shou Wei Ding
An Rig-I-Like Rna Helicase Mediates Antiviral Rnai Downstream Of Viral Sirna Biogenesis In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Rui Lu, Erbay Yigit, Wan Xiang Li, Shou Wei Ding
Faculty Publications
Dicer ribonucleases of plants and invertebrate animals including Caenorhabditis elegans recognize and process a viral RNA trigger into virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to guide specific viral immunity by Argonaute-dependent RNA interference (RNAi). C. elegans also encodes three Dicer-related helicase (drh) genes closely related to the RIG-I-like RNA helicase receptors which initiate broad-spectrum innate immunity against RNA viruses in mammals. Here we developed a transgenic C. elegans strain that expressed intense green fluorescence from a chromosomally integrated flock house virus replicon only after knockdown or knockout of a gene required for antiviral RNAi. Use of the reporter nematode strain in …
Association Of Regions On Chromosomes 6 And 7 With Blood Pressure In Nigerian Families, Bamidele O. Tayo, Amy Luke, Xiaofeng Zhu, Adebowale Adeyemo, Richard S. Cooper
Association Of Regions On Chromosomes 6 And 7 With Blood Pressure In Nigerian Families, Bamidele O. Tayo, Amy Luke, Xiaofeng Zhu, Adebowale Adeyemo, Richard S. Cooper
Faculty Publications
Background: Elevated blood pressure (BP) shares a level of heritability similar to many other traits related to cardiovascular risk; however, specific susceptibility loci have been difficult to localize. We conducted a multistage study of BP as a continuous trait in a low-risk West African population in which it was anticipated that environmental exposures would be reduced in complexity and intensity. In our earlier genome-wide linkage study for BP in this population, strong linkage evidence was noted on chromosomes 6 and 7. Methods and Results: We subsequently genotyped a total of 3431 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3 regions (viz, 152.68 …
Response Of Melittia Oedipus (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) To Visual Cues Is Increased By The Presence Of Food Source, G. V.P. Reddy, Z. T. Cruz, N. Braganza, R. Muniappan
Response Of Melittia Oedipus (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) To Visual Cues Is Increased By The Presence Of Food Source, G. V.P. Reddy, Z. T. Cruz, N. Braganza, R. Muniappan
Faculty Publications
Visual and olfactory cues were shown to mediate short-distance orientation to different colors in the presence and in the absence of food in Melittia oedipus Oberthür (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), a biological control agent of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Violales: Cucurbitaceae). Yellow was the color most preferred by M. oedipus, and adults landed significantly more on yellow paper moistened with honey-water. The next preferred colors were gray and white with the identical food source. Colors such as red, blue, green, brown, and black were least preferred by M. oedipus and attracted the adults on par with each other. The M. oedipus landings …
Biophysics Of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Sperm, M. Hagedorn, J. Ricker, M. Mccarthy, S. A. Meyers, T. R. Tiersch, Z. M. Varga, F. W. Kleinhans
Biophysics Of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Sperm, M. Hagedorn, J. Ricker, M. Mccarthy, S. A. Meyers, T. R. Tiersch, Z. M. Varga, F. W. Kleinhans
Faculty Publications
In the past two decades, laboratories around the world have produced thousands of mutant, transgenic, and wild-type zebrafish lines for biomedical research. Although slow-freezing cryopreservation of zebrafish sperm has been available for 30 years, current protocols lack standardization and yield inconsistent post-thaw fertilization rates. Cell cryopreservation cannot be improved without basic physiological knowledge, which was lacking for zebrafish sperm. The first goal was to define basic cryobiological values for wild-type zebrafish sperm and to evaluate how modern physiological methods could aid in developing improved cryopreservation protocols. Coulter counting methods measured an osmotically inactive water fraction (Vb) of 0.37 ± 0.02 …
Prospective Prediction Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Using Fear Potentiated Auditory Startle Responses, Nnamdi Pole, Thomas C. Neylan, Christian Otte, Clare Henn-Hasse, Thomas J. Metzler, Charles R. Marmar
Prospective Prediction Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Using Fear Potentiated Auditory Startle Responses, Nnamdi Pole, Thomas C. Neylan, Christian Otte, Clare Henn-Hasse, Thomas J. Metzler, Charles R. Marmar
Psychology: Faculty Publications
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been most consistently associated with exaggerated physiologic reactivity to startling sounds when such sounds occur in threatening contexts. There is conflicting evidence about whether startle hyperreactivity is a preexisting vulnerability factor for PTSD or an acquired result of posttrauma neural sensitization. Until now, there have been no prospective studies of physiologic reactivity to startling sounds in threatening contexts as predictors of PTSD symptoms. Methods: One hundred and thirty-eight police academy cadets without current psychopathology were exposed to repeated 106-dB startling sounds under increasing (low, medium, or high) threat of mild electric shock while their …