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2009

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Analysis Of Electroencephalogram Signals For The Identification Of Mental Tasks, My Thy Thi Tran Apr 2009

Analysis Of Electroencephalogram Signals For The Identification Of Mental Tasks, My Thy Thi Tran

Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can be used for implicit communication such as to control robots or medical equipment by brain activity or to detect an individual's intentions of committing premeditated crimes. An EEG based brain-computer interface allows paralyzed patients to express their thoughts. However, biological and technical artifacts heavily interfered with EEG signals due to blinking of the eyes, muscle activities and line noise. Sometimes the noise interference due to signal artifacts becomes more prominent than the information content. This thesis investigates novel feature extraction methodologies in EEG signals to represent different thought processes and employs neural network-based pattern classification techniques …

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White Lies: A Critical Race Study Of Power And Privilege, Patricia Jones Brainard Apr 2009

White Lies: A Critical Race Study Of Power And Privilege, Patricia Jones Brainard

Dissertations

This was a phenomenological study of racial privilege as experienced by White people who have struggled to become more racially aware and socially active in dismantling racism and White privilege. The primary conceptual framework for this study was Critical Race Theory with Transformative Learning theory and Racial Identity Development as additional theoretical lenses. The purpose of this study was to increase our awareness of how White people come to understand their racial privilege and what change in behavior occurs as a result of that increased awareness. Its goal was to promote and influence White adult educators to find explicit ways …

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Variation Of Benzyl Anions In Mgal-Layered Double Hydroxides: Fire And Thermal Properties In Pmma, Calistor Nyambo, Dan Chen, Shengpei Shu, Charles A. Wilkie Apr 2009

Variation Of Benzyl Anions In Mgal-Layered Double Hydroxides: Fire And Thermal Properties In Pmma, Calistor Nyambo, Dan Chen, Shengpei Shu, Charles A. Wilkie

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDHs) intercalated with a range of benzyl anions were prepared using the coprecipitation method. The benzyl anions differ in functionality (i.e. carboxylate, sulfonate, and phosphonate) and presence or absence of an amino substituent. Various methods for preparing LDHs (i.e. ion exchange, coprecipitation and rehydration of the calcined LDH methods) have been compared with the MgAl-benzene phosphonate and their effect on fire and thermal properties was studied. After characterization, the MgAl-LDHs were melt-blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at loadings of 3 and 10% by weight to prepare composites. Characterization of the LDHs and the PMMA composites …

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White-Tailed Deer Attacking Humans During The Fawning Season: A Unique Human–Wildlife Conflict On A University Campus, Ryan D. Hubbard, Clayton K. Nielsen Apr 2009

White-Tailed Deer Attacking Humans During The Fawning Season: A Unique Human–Wildlife Conflict On A University Campus, Ryan D. Hubbard, Clayton K. Nielsen

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Human–wildlife conflicts associated with suburban white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations have increased in the last 20 years. Primary threats to human health and safety associated with overabundant deer populations include deer–vehicle collisions, attacks on humans, disease, and damage to native and ornamental vegetation. During the fawning seasons (May–June) of 2005 and 2006, 13 confirmed incidences of white-tailed deer attacking humans occurred on the campus of Southern Illinois University–Carbondale. To our knowledge, no report exists that documents free-ranging does attacking humans during the fawning season. The attacks occurred at multiple locations on campus, with injuries to humans, including minor …

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Factors Contributing To The Success Of A Single-Shot, Multiyear Pzp Immunocontraceptive Vaccine For White-Tailed Deer, Lowell A. Miller, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Donald C. Wagner, Gary J. Killian Apr 2009

Factors Contributing To The Success Of A Single-Shot, Multiyear Pzp Immunocontraceptive Vaccine For White-Tailed Deer, Lowell A. Miller, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Donald C. Wagner, Gary J. Killian

Human–Wildlife Interactions

We evaluated 6 different porcine zona pellucida (PZP) preparations used as a single-shot vaccine for multiyear contraception of captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The study compared 2 PZP preparation technologies from ImmunoVaccine Technologies ™ (IVT) and National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) over a 7-year period. The study compared both the use of oil in an emulsion and in suspension delivery, as well as replacement of the oil with an alum adjuvant. The study demonstrated that the oil emulsion adjuvant provided the longest lasting response. PZP isolated by the IVT provides a longer-lasting response than the preparation used by …

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Deer Guards And Bump Gates For Excluding White-Tailed Deer From Fenced Resources, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Nathan W. Seward, Michael J. Lavelle, Justin W. Fischer, Gregaory E. Phillips Apr 2009

Deer Guards And Bump Gates For Excluding White-Tailed Deer From Fenced Resources, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Nathan W. Seward, Michael J. Lavelle, Justin W. Fischer, Gregaory E. Phillips

Human–Wildlife Interactions

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) causing damage is a reoccurring theme in the realm of wildlife damage management, especially regarding human safety, disease transmission, and agricultural losses. Fences often are the only reliable long-term nonlethal means of controlling deer damage. The efficacy of fences, however, relies on their weakest link: human-operated gates. Although not overly time-consuming, the act of closing a gate appears to be a burden to individuals, resulting in open-access to an otherwise protected resource. We examined the efficacy of 2 alternatives to traditional gates to evaluate their potential to be used for excluding or containing deer. …

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Development Of Wildlife Damage Management: A Personal Perspective, Walter E. Howard Apr 2009

Development Of Wildlife Damage Management: A Personal Perspective, Walter E. Howard

Human–Wildlife Interactions

During my professional career, many changes have occurred in the management of wildlife damage and human–wildlife conflicts, including some dramatic changes in people’s attitudes. ... Vertebrate pest control has now become a sophisticated scientific field. It is recognized that the factors responsible for some species of birds and mammals becoming pests are many. A species can overpopulate due to changes in habitat, lessening of predation, lack of competition with other species, or by transmitting disease. Additionally, the National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council Agricultural Board recognized that wildlife and other competitors of agriculture are important to the economy of …

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A Review Of The Potential Of Fertility Control To Manage Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Weihong Ji Apr 2009

A Review Of The Potential Of Fertility Control To Manage Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Weihong Ji

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were introduced into New Zealand from Australia in the mid-1800s and became a major invasive pest. They damage native biodiversity by browsing and predation, and they are a disease risk to the livestock industry by acting as vectors of bovine tuberculosis (TB). Management of possums includes their eradication from some offshore islands and control by trapping, shooting, and poisoning on the mainland. Possums have been eradicated successfully from some islands and greatly reduced in abundance in other areas of high conservation value or where they are infected with TB. However, possums are still at …

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Deterring Cliff-Swallow Nesting On Highway Structures Using Bioacoustics And Surface Modifications, Jaclyn S. Conklin, Michael J. Delwiche, W. Paul Gorenzel, Robert W. Coates Apr 2009

Deterring Cliff-Swallow Nesting On Highway Structures Using Bioacoustics And Surface Modifications, Jaclyn S. Conklin, Michael J. Delwiche, W. Paul Gorenzel, Robert W. Coates

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) are migratory birds that breed in colonies and frequently nest on highway structures. Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, swallows in their active nests cannot be harmed by nesting-control methods. This causes problems and delays in maintenance of structures by divisions of many departments of transportation. We evaluated 2 aversion strategies, bioacoustic deterrents and surface modifi cations, for their effect on cliff swallow nesting behavior. The bioacoustic deterrents consisted of sonic devices that broadcast 8 unique recordings of alarm and distress calls of cliff swallows. We made surface modifications, mounting high-density …

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House Cats As Predators In The Australian Environment: Impacts And Management, Christopher R. Dickman Apr 2009

House Cats As Predators In The Australian Environment: Impacts And Management, Christopher R. Dickman

Human–Wildlife Interactions

This paper provides an overview of the predatory activities of the house cat (Felis catus) in Australia, focusing principally on the interactions of domestic and stray cats with native species of prey. Like their free-living, or feral, counterparts, domestic cats take a broad range of prey, with small mammals, birds, and human-derived foods forming the bulk of the diet. Domestic and stray cats have contributed to declines of suburban populations of eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii) and superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae) in Victoria, Australia. The effects of cats on prey communities remain speculative. In …

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Home Range And Habitat Use Of Feral Hogs In Congaree National Park, South Carolina, Brad A. Friebel, Patrick G. R. Jodice Apr 2009

Home Range And Habitat Use Of Feral Hogs In Congaree National Park, South Carolina, Brad A. Friebel, Patrick G. R. Jodice

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Feral hogs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic species that currently occur in most states within the United States and are common throughout the southeastern United States. We radio-collared and tracked feral hogs from April 2005 to November 2006 in Congaree National Park (CNP), South Carolina, USA. The CNP is one of the largest and most intact tracts of old-growth, bottomland hardwood forest remaining in the United States. We measured home range size and determined habitat use for male and female hogs. The mean (± SE) home range sizes for male hogs (n = 7) and female hogs …

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Impacts Of Plant Size, Density, Herbivory, And Disease On Native Platte Thistle (Cirsium Canescens), Deidra Jacobsen Apr 2009

Impacts Of Plant Size, Density, Herbivory, And Disease On Native Platte Thistle (Cirsium Canescens), Deidra Jacobsen

Department of Environmental Studies: Undergraduate Student Theses

Abstract. Based on prior field observations, we hypothesized that individual and interacting effects of plant size, density, insect herbivory, and especially fungal disease, influenced seedling and juvenile plant growth in native Platte thistle populations (Cirsium canescens Nutt.). We worked at Arapaho Prairie in the Nebraska Sandhills (May - August 2007), monitoring plant growth, insect damage, and fungal infection within different density thistle patches. In the main experiment, we sprayed half of test plants in different density patches with fungicide (Fungonil© Bonide, containing chlorothalonil) and half with a water control. Fungal infection rates were very low, so we found no difference …

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Translocation Of Nine-Banded Armadillos, Daniel J. Gammons, Michael Mengak, L. Michael Conner Apr 2009

Translocation Of Nine-Banded Armadillos, Daniel J. Gammons, Michael Mengak, L. Michael Conner

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

During the last 150 years, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) have increased their range and abundance in the southeastern United States. When foraging, armadillos cause damage to agricultural crops as, as well as cause structural damage to driveways and foundations. Homeowners frequently use translocation to reduce local armadillo abundance. Despite its popularity with the general public, however, the appropriateness of nuisance wildlife translocation presents concerns for biologists. Our objective was to address some of these concerns by examining survival and movements of translocated armadillos. We translocated 12 armadillos (9 male, 3 female) equipped with radio-transmitters and compared their survival …

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N- And C-Terminal Domains In Human Holocarboxylase Synthetase Participate In Substrate Recognition, Yousef I. Hassan, Hideaki Moriyama, Lars J. Olsen, Xin Bi, Janos Zempleni Apr 2009

N- And C-Terminal Domains In Human Holocarboxylase Synthetase Participate In Substrate Recognition, Yousef I. Hassan, Hideaki Moriyama, Lars J. Olsen, Xin Bi, Janos Zempleni

Hideaki Moriyama Publications

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) catalyzes the binding of the vitamin biotin to carboxylases and histones. Carboxylases mediate essential steps in macronutrient metabolism. For example, propionyl- CoA carboxylase (PCC) catalyzes the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA in the metabolism of oddchain fatty acids. HCS comprises four putative domains, i.e., the N-terminus, the biotin transfer/ATP binding domain, a putative linker domain, and the C-terminus. Both N- and C-termini are essential for biotinylation of carboxylases by HCS, but the exact functions of these two domains in enzyme catalysis are unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that N- and C-termini play roles in substrate recognition by HCS. …

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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Tear. Primary And Secondary Magnetic Resonance Signs, Emam M. Kheder, Mohamed H. El-Hosan Apr 2009

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Tear. Primary And Secondary Magnetic Resonance Signs, Emam M. Kheder, Mohamed H. El-Hosan

Saudi Medical Journal

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a useful tool for assessing the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft when its integrity is in question, with some limitations. It can differentiate between a graft that is partially or completely torn. Several primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) signs have been described. Graft continuity in the coronal plane and normal graft thickness in the coronal or sagittal plane are the most valuable primary signs in excluding full thickness tear. Of the secondary signs, the anterior tibial translation and the uncovered lateral meniscus sign are the most useful in differentiating a torn from an intact graft. …

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Formaldehyde Cross-Linking Of Proteins To Osteoclast Differentiation Factor Promoter For The Identification Of Biofunctional Proteins, Mojgan Haghighi Apr 2009

Formaldehyde Cross-Linking Of Proteins To Osteoclast Differentiation Factor Promoter For The Identification Of Biofunctional Proteins, Mojgan Haghighi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To find the optimal cross-linking condition for nuclear factor (NF)Y (A, B, C), and find the transcription factors involved in osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) expression. METHODS: This experiment was carried out from 2002 to 2003 in Handa Lab, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. To search for the NFY-binding condition, optimal formaldehyde cross-linking was detected, and the complex was purified by immunoprecipitation. Some proteins were detected as interactors. Interaction between NFYs and the ODF promoter was detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The optimal cross-linking condition for NFYs was determined using 10 samples with …

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The Relationship Between Seminal Plasma Zinc Levels And High Molecular Weight Zinc Binding Protein And Sperm Motility In Iraqi Infertile Men, Omar F. Abdul-Rasheed Apr 2009

The Relationship Between Seminal Plasma Zinc Levels And High Molecular Weight Zinc Binding Protein And Sperm Motility In Iraqi Infertile Men, Omar F. Abdul-Rasheed

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between sperm motility and total seminal plasma zinc concentration and high molecular weight zinc bound protein values in infertile Iraqi men. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted at the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq between March 2005 to February 2006. The subjects for the study included 60 infertile male patients who were recruited Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital, and Institute of Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment, Baghdad, Iraq. They were categorized according to their seminal parameters to oligozoospermia (n=32), azoospermia (n=22), and asthenozoospermia (n=6). Thirty nine fertile men (age range 31.87 …

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Radioprotective Effects Of Kojic Acid Against Mortality Induced By Gamma Irradiation In Mice, Seyed J. Hosseinimehr, Saeed Emami, Vali Zakaryaee, Amirhossein Ahmadi, Daryush Moslemi Apr 2009

Radioprotective Effects Of Kojic Acid Against Mortality Induced By Gamma Irradiation In Mice, Seyed J. Hosseinimehr, Saeed Emami, Vali Zakaryaee, Amirhossein Ahmadi, Daryush Moslemi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of kojic acid on mortality induced by gamma irradiation in mice. The efficacy was compared with amifostine as a reference radioprotector. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari and Babolsar Radiotherapy Hospital, Babolsar, Iran, between October 2006 and January 2008. Kojic acid was administrated subcutaneously as single doses of 142, 175, 232, and 350 mg/kg, one hour prior to a lethal dose of gamma irradiation (8 Gy). Amifostine was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 200 mg/kg at a similar irradiation dose. The mortality …

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Correlation Between Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D3 And Laboratory Risk Markers Of Cardiovascular Diseases In Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Shokoufeh Bonakdaran, Abdolreza Varasteh Apr 2009

Correlation Between Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D3 And Laboratory Risk Markers Of Cardiovascular Diseases In Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Shokoufeh Bonakdaran, Abdolreza Varasteh

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk markers among diabetic patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, from December 2007 to March 2008 in 119 type 2 diabetic patients. Coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases were confirmed. Blood biochemical parameters including laboratory risk markers of cardiovascular disease were determined. Serum 25 hydoxy (OH) D was measured during winter. The correlation between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular prevalence, and also laboratory variables was determined. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 55.3 ± 11.2 years. The mean 25(OH) D concentration …

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Microwave-Assisted Ruthenium Trichloride-Catalyzed Synthesis Of Pyrrole Fused With Indole System In Water, Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Antara Banik, Sahil Bhatta, Bimal K. Banik Apr 2009

Microwave-Assisted Ruthenium Trichloride-Catalyzed Synthesis Of Pyrrole Fused With Indole System In Water, Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Antara Banik, Sahil Bhatta, Bimal K. Banik

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Chemistry)

A simple and efficient microwave-induced ruthenium trichloride-catalyzed synthesis of pyrrole fused with indole system in water is developed by reacting commercially available isatin and 4-hydroxyproline.

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Promoting Overall Health And Wellness Among Clients: The Relevance And Role Of Professional Counselors, Holly Fetter, Dennis W. Koch Apr 2009

Promoting Overall Health And Wellness Among Clients: The Relevance And Role Of Professional Counselors, Holly Fetter, Dennis W. Koch

Adultspan Journal

No abstract provided.

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Life Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, And Subjective Age In Women Across The Life Span, Christine Borzumato-Gainey, Alison Kennedy, Beth Mccabe, Suzanne Degges-White Apr 2009

Life Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, And Subjective Age In Women Across The Life Span, Christine Borzumato-Gainey, Alison Kennedy, Beth Mccabe, Suzanne Degges-White

Adultspan Journal

No abstract provided.

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On Doctors And Judges, Barak Richman Apr 2009

On Doctors And Judges, Barak Richman

Duke Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Chemical Oxygen Demand (Cod) Reduction Of Jatropha Curcas L. Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Processing Wastewater By Batch Electrochemical Treatment, Al Kaixer G. Ancheta Apr 2009

Chemical Oxygen Demand (Cod) Reduction Of Jatropha Curcas L. Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Processing Wastewater By Batch Electrochemical Treatment, Al Kaixer G. Ancheta

Undergraduate Theses

Electrochemical treatment was employed to treat the Jatropha methyl ester processing wastewater mainly to reduce its COD. Electro-oxidation experiments on the raw wastewater at 2A showed a COD removal efficiency of only 25% in 15 hours.Further experiments were then conducted on the wastewater supplemented with artificial seawater (ASW) at varying proportions of 0.10%, 30% and 50% which could help generate more chlorine-based oxidants for oxidizing the COD in the wastewater. Increasing the operating current while proportionally the time achieved the same COD removal efficiency (all around 25%) by statistical analysis, Increasing the seawater amount also had no significant effect to …

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Technical Feasibility Study For The Treatment Of Dairy Processing Wastewater By Electroflocculation., Omar Rey Bonifacio Armada Apr 2009

Technical Feasibility Study For The Treatment Of Dairy Processing Wastewater By Electroflocculation., Omar Rey Bonifacio Armada

Undergraduate Theses

Electrolytic removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and color from dairy processing wastewater was conducted in a batch system using electroflocculation. The effect of operating current, operating time, and salt supplementation of the electrolytic process was investigated. Removal efficiencies of pollutants were determined to evaluate different operating conditions. Secondary effects such ads pH and temperature were also monitored. A higher operating current resulted in higher removal efficiency and faster rate of removal due to higher production of flocculants and flocculating agents. Salt supplementation enhanced the process by increasing the conductivity of the electrolytes. Electroflocculation at 5A …

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Evaluation Of The Removal Efficiency Of The Wastewater Treatment System Of Wack Wack Golf And Country Club, Rosanne Hibaya Ancog Apr 2009

Evaluation Of The Removal Efficiency Of The Wastewater Treatment System Of Wack Wack Golf And Country Club, Rosanne Hibaya Ancog

Undergraduate Theses

The study was conducted at the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club from April 16 to June 7, 2008. It generally aimed to evaluate the removal efficiency of the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club Wastewater Treatment system, as well as determine the suitability of the effluent for turf grass irrigation and aquaculture. To achieve these objectives, wastewater characterization for both influent and effluent were done based on selected water quality parameters. Values obtained were then used to determine the removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment system. The effluent water quality requirements of tilapia and irrigation water quality criteria for …

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Technical Feasibility Study For The Treatment Of Dairy Processing Wastewater By Electro-Oxidation, Renato Fajardo Cruz Apr 2009

Technical Feasibility Study For The Treatment Of Dairy Processing Wastewater By Electro-Oxidation, Renato Fajardo Cruz

Undergraduate Theses

Electrolytic removal of pollutants from dairy processing wastewater such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and color was conducted in a batch using electro-oxidation. Salt was also supplemented for other batch electrolysis systems. Removal efficiencies for COD, TSS and color were determined to assess the technical feasibility of electro-oxidation process. The effects of operating current and salt concentration were also determined. Secondary effects such as pH and temperature were also monitored. A higher operating current resulted in higher removal efficiency and faster rate of removal due to its higher oxidizing power. Salt supplementation enhanced the electrolytic system …

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From Climate Variability To Climate Change: Challenges And Opportunities To Extension, Clyde W. Fraisse, Norman E. Breuer, David Zierden, Keith T. Ingram Apr 2009

From Climate Variability To Climate Change: Challenges And Opportunities To Extension, Clyde W. Fraisse, Norman E. Breuer, David Zierden, Keith T. Ingram

Journal of Extension

Interest of farmers in climate change has recently increased in response to intense media coverage of climate change, recent weather extremes in Florida such as 2 years of intense hurricane activity and a drought in 2007, and additional revenue possibilities in the carbon market. This article discusses the challenges involved and potential opportunities for the development and implementation of a climate change extension program at the University of Florida, complementing a recently established climate Extension program aimed at helping farmers cope with seasonal climate variability.

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A Bio-Optical Model For Syringodium Filiforme Canopies, Margaret A. Stoughton Apr 2009

A Bio-Optical Model For Syringodium Filiforme Canopies, Margaret A. Stoughton

OES Theses and Dissertations

Seagrasses are significant ecological and biogeochemical agents in shallow water ecosystems throughout the world. In many regions, seagrass meadows occupy a sufficient fraction of the coastal zone, and generate optical signatures that can be observed from space. Bio-optical models of light absorption and scattering by submerged plant canopies for certain species such as Thalassia testudinum and Zostera marina have successfully modeled the plane irradiance distribution and photosynthesis within the submerged canopies. Syringodium filiforme differs &om T. testudinttm and Z marina, in leaf morphology and canopy architecture. The objective of this study was to develop a radiative transfer model that …

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Take-All Patch In Turf, Erin Frank, Kent Evans Apr 2009

Take-All Patch In Turf, Erin Frank, Kent Evans

All Current Publications

Subterranean termites are social insects with a caste system, and belong to the order Isoptera and family Termititae. These termites are closely related to drywood (Kalotermitidae) and dampwood (Termopsidae) termites.

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