Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2009

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 1741 - 1770 of 16972

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Rules And Standards On The Forefront Of Patentability, John F. Duffy Nov 2009

Rules And Standards On The Forefront Of Patentability, John F. Duffy

William & Mary Law Review

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Schools For Strategy: Teaching Strategy For 21st Century Conflict, Colin S. Gray Dr. Nov 2009

Schools For Strategy: Teaching Strategy For 21st Century Conflict, Colin S. Gray Dr.

Books, Monographs & Collaborative Studies

All would-be strategists would benefit by some formal education. However, for education in strategy to be well-directed, it needs to rest upon sound assumptions concerning the eternal nature yet ever shifting character, meaning, and function of strategy, as well as the range of behaviors required for effective strategic performance. The author emphasizes the necessity for strategic education to help develop the strategic approach, the way of thinking that can solve or illuminate strategic problems. He advises that such education should not strive for a spurious relevance by presenting a military variant of current affairs. The author believes that the strategist …

Go to article

Dynamic Load Balancing For I/O-Intensive Applications On Clusters, Xiao Qin, Hong Jiang, Adam Manzanares, Xiaojun Ruan, Shu Yin Nov 2009

Dynamic Load Balancing For I/O-Intensive Applications On Clusters, Xiao Qin, Hong Jiang, Adam Manzanares, Xiaojun Ruan, Shu Yin

School of Computing: Faculty Publications

Load balancing for clusters has been investigated extensively, mainly focusing on the effective usage of global CPU and memory resources. However, previous CPU- or memory-centric load balancing schemes suffer significant performance drop under I/O-intensive workloads due to the imbalance of I/O load. To solve this problem, we propose two simple yet effective I/O-aware load-balancing schemes for two types of clusters: (1) homogeneous clusters where nodes are identical and (2) heterogeneous clusters, which are comprised of a variety of nodes with different performance characteristics in computing power, memory capacity, and disk speed. In addition to assigning I/O-intensive sequential and parallel jobs …

Go to article

Communicative Correlates Of Satisfaction, Family Identity, And Group Salience In Multiracial/Ethnic Families, Jordan Soliz, Allison R. Thorson, Christine E. Rittenour Nov 2009

Communicative Correlates Of Satisfaction, Family Identity, And Group Salience In Multiracial/Ethnic Families, Jordan Soliz, Allison R. Thorson, Christine E. Rittenour

Department of Communication Studies: Faculty Publications

Guided by the Common Ingroup Identity Model (S. L. Gaertner & J. F. Dovidio, 2000) and Communication Accommodation Theory (C. Shepard, H. Giles, & B. A. LePoire, 2001), we examined the role of identity accommodation, supportive communication, and self-disclosure in predicting relational satisfaction, shared family identity, and group salience in multiracial/ ethnic families. Additionally, we analyzed the association between group salience and relational outcomes as well as the moderating roles of multiracial/ethnic identity and marital status. Individuals who have parents from different racial/ethnic groups were invited to complete questionnaires on their family experiences. Participants (N = 139) answered questions about …

Go to article

Palm Vitamin E And Glucosamine Sulphate In The Treatment Of Osteoarthritis Of The Knee, Norhazla M. Haflah, Kamsiah Jaarin, Suhail Abdullah, Masbah Omar Nov 2009

Palm Vitamin E And Glucosamine Sulphate In The Treatment Of Osteoarthritis Of The Knee, Norhazla M. Haflah, Kamsiah Jaarin, Suhail Abdullah, Masbah Omar

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of oral palm vitamin E in reducing symptoms of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee compared to oral glucosamine sulphate. METHODS: This open study was carried out at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between March 2006 and November 2007. Seventy-nine patients were recruited to receive either 1.5g oral glucosamine sulphate or 400mg oral palm vitamin E for 6 months. Symptoms were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index and visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: Sixty-four patients completed the trial (vitamin E n=33, glucosamine sulfate n=31). After …

Go to article

Lung Cancer Stem Cells Research. Clues From Ontogeny, Yu Xu, Yi-De Hu Nov 2009

Lung Cancer Stem Cells Research. Clues From Ontogeny, Yu Xu, Yi-De Hu

Saudi Medical Journal

Cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides us with a new approach to the understanding of carcinogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. In recent years, the origin and biological characteristics of CSC were widely studied in solid tumors; it is astonishing to find out the delicate relevancy between CSC and committed progenitors evolved from embryonic stem cells (ESC) during organ development. In this review, we propose that some key molecular signal pathways during lung development are crucial for abnormal self-renewal and differentiation of lung cancer stem cell as well as try to elaborate the lung CSCs from the point view of ontogeny.

Go to article

The Effect Of Regular Training On Plasma Cytokines Response In Healthy And Diabetic Rats, Mohammadreza Bonyadi, Reza Badalzadeh, Mustafa Mohammadi, Shahindokht Poozesh, Iraj Salehi Nov 2009

The Effect Of Regular Training On Plasma Cytokines Response In Healthy And Diabetic Rats, Mohammadreza Bonyadi, Reza Badalzadeh, Mustafa Mohammadi, Shahindokht Poozesh, Iraj Salehi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of regular swimming exercise on plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-1B and of IL-6 cytokines in healthy and diabetic rats. METHODS: In this study, carried out from March 2008 to March 2009 in the Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz, Iran, 40 Wistar rats (250-300g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): control-sedentary, control-exercised, diabetic-sedentary, and diabetic-exercised. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The exercise protocol consisted of swimming (one hour/day, and 5 days/week) for 8 weeks. The plasma cytokines were measured by using specific kits and the …

Go to article

Comparison Of Polymerase Chain Reaction And Culture For Detection Of Genital Mycoplasma In Clinical Samples From Patients With Genital Infections, Nour Amirmozafari, Reza Mirnejad, Bahram Kazemi, Elaheh Sariri, Mohammad R. Bojari, Farideh D. Darkahi Nov 2009

Comparison Of Polymerase Chain Reaction And Culture For Detection Of Genital Mycoplasma In Clinical Samples From Patients With Genital Infections, Nour Amirmozafari, Reza Mirnejad, Bahram Kazemi, Elaheh Sariri, Mohammad R. Bojari, Farideh D. Darkahi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture for detection of genital mycoplasma (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) in clinical samples from patients with genital infections. METHODS: Duplicate genital swabs were taken from 210 patients, referred to the gynecology clinic of Rasool Hospital, Tehran, Iran between December 2007 and June 2008. They were transported to the laboratory in a selective mycoplasma transport medium and in phosphate buffer solution. The specimens were inoculated into specific broth and solid medium for culture. Characteristic mycoplasma colonies were determined with Diennes9 stain and examined microscopically. For PCR, samples were analyzed with …

Go to article

Comparison Of Xanthine Oxidase Levels In Synovial Fluid From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis And Other Joint Inflammations, Nadjet Hanachi, Noureddine Charef, Abderrahmane Baghiani, Seddik Khennouf, Yacine Derradji, Sabah Boumerfeg, Daoud Harzallah, Lekhmici Arrar Nov 2009

Comparison Of Xanthine Oxidase Levels In Synovial Fluid From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis And Other Joint Inflammations, Nadjet Hanachi, Noureddine Charef, Abderrahmane Baghiani, Seddik Khennouf, Yacine Derradji, Sabah Boumerfeg, Daoud Harzallah, Lekhmici Arrar

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To search whether xanthine oxido-reductase (XOR) present in the synovium is also liberated, to determine its activity in synovial fluid and to establish a possible relationship between XOR levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and non-RA patients. METHODS: This study was carried out in the Laboratory of Immunology, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria from 2001-2008. This study is a retrospective controlled study matching cases with RA to non rheumatoid joint inflammations. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected with consent of the patients, at Setif University Hospital, from adults suffering from RA (n=36) or only with joint inflammations (n=52). After its …

Go to article

Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Novel Fatty Acid Derivatives And Other Natural Antimicrobials, Patricia Nobmann Nov 2009

Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Novel Fatty Acid Derivatives And Other Natural Antimicrobials, Patricia Nobmann

Doctoral

The food industry has shown increased interest for novel natural antimicrobials due to consumer demand for foods with fewer synthetic additives, increased safety, quality and shelf-life. Concurrently, the emergence of drug resistant bacteria substantiates the need for newer antimicrobial agents. Alternative strategies include the use of novel antimicrobials, such as fatty acid derivatives, essential oils and bacteriocins, with proven antimicrobial properties against a diverse range of bacteria. This study investigated novel carbohydrate fatty acid (CF A) derivatives for their antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. A series of mono-substituted CF A derivatives using lauric and caprylic …

Go to article

Understanding Child Sexual Behavior Problems: A Developmental Psychopathology Framework, Natasha Elkovitch, Robert D. Latzman, David J. Hansen, Mary Fran Flood Nov 2009

Understanding Child Sexual Behavior Problems: A Developmental Psychopathology Framework, Natasha Elkovitch, Robert D. Latzman, David J. Hansen, Mary Fran Flood

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

entific community. While a heterogeneous group, children with sexual behavior problems consistently demonstrate a number of problems related to adjustment and overall development. In order to appropriately intervene with these children, a comprehensive understanding of etiology is imperative. The overarching goal of the present paper is to review the extant research on mechanisms associated with the development of problematic sexual behavior in childhood within a developmental psychopathology framework. What is known about normative and nonnormative sexual behavior in childhood is reviewed, highlighting definitional challenges and age-related developmental differences. Further, the relationship between child sexual abuse and child sexual behavior problems …

Go to article

Killing Of Treponema Denticola By Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages, P. Gaibani, C. Vocale, S. Ambretti, F. Cavrini, Jacques Izard, L. Miragliotta, M. T. Pellegrino, V. Sambri Nov 2009

Killing Of Treponema Denticola By Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages, P. Gaibani, C. Vocale, S. Ambretti, F. Cavrini, Jacques Izard, L. Miragliotta, M. T. Pellegrino, V. Sambri

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Treponema denticola has been identified as an important cause of periodontal disease and hypothesized to be involved in extra-oral infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of T. denticola cell length and motility during mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro uptake. Macrophages, incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, produced a similar amount of TNF-α when stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS. The uptake of FlgE- and CfpA-deficient mutants of T. denticola was significantly increased compared with the wild-type strain, due to cell size or lack of motility. Opsonization with specific antibodies considerably improved the treponemes’ uptake. …

Go to article

Extraction And Characterization Of Natural Cellulose Fibers From Common Milkweed Stems, Narendra Reddy, Yiqi Yang Nov 2009

Extraction And Characterization Of Natural Cellulose Fibers From Common Milkweed Stems, Narendra Reddy, Yiqi Yang

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Natural cellulose fibers with cellulose content, strength, and elongation higher than that of milkweed floss and between that of cotton and linen have been obtained from the stems of common milkweed plants. Although milkweed floss is a unique natural cellulose fiber with low density, the short length and low elongation make milkweed floss unsuitable as a textile fiber. The possibility of using the stems of milkweed plant as a source for natural cellulose fibers was explored in this research. Natural cellulose fibers extracted from milkweed stems have been characterized for their composition, structure, and properties. Fibers obtained from milkweed stems …

Go to article

Particle Resuspension In The Columbia River Plume Near Field, Emily Y. Spahn, Alexander R. Horner-Devine, Jonathan Nash, David A. Jay, Levi Kilcher Nov 2009

Particle Resuspension In The Columbia River Plume Near Field, Emily Y. Spahn, Alexander R. Horner-Devine, Jonathan Nash, David A. Jay, Levi Kilcher

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Measurements of suspended sediment concentration, velocity, salinity, and turbulent microscale shear in the near-field region of the Columbia River plume are used to investigate the mechanisms of sediment resuspension and entrainment into the plume. An east-west transect was occupied during spring and neap tide periods in August 2005 and May 2006, corresponding to low and high river discharge conditions, respectively. During the high-discharge period the plume is decoupled from the bottom, and fine sediment resuspended from the bottom does not leave the benthic boundary layer. The primary modes of sediment transport associated with the plume are advection of sediment from …

Go to article

Current Medical Research Winter 2008–Spring 2009, Richard J. Fehring Nov 2009

Current Medical Research Winter 2008–Spring 2009, Richard J. Fehring

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Note that the “Current Medical Research” feature focuses on issues relevant to natural family planning and the beginning of life. This piece is complemented by medical reviews published in The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, which focus more on other areas of general medical interest including end-of-life issues.—Ed.

Go to article

Subconjunctivally Implantable Hydrogels With Degradable And Thermoresponsive Properties For Sustained Release Of Insulin To The Retina., Gauri P. Misra, Ravi S.J. Singh, Tomas S. Aleman, Samuel G. Jacobson, Thomas W. Gardner, Tao L. Lowe Nov 2009

Subconjunctivally Implantable Hydrogels With Degradable And Thermoresponsive Properties For Sustained Release Of Insulin To The Retina., Gauri P. Misra, Ravi S.J. Singh, Tomas S. Aleman, Samuel G. Jacobson, Thomas W. Gardner, Tao L. Lowe

College of Pharmacy Faculty Papers

The objective of this work is to develop subconjunctivally implantable, biodegradable hydrogels for sustained release of intact insulin to the retina to prevent and treat retinal neurovascular degeneration such as diabetic retinopathy. The hydrogels are synthesized by UV photopolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) monomer and a dextran macromer containing multiple hydrolytically degradable oligolactate-(2-hydroxyetheyl methacrylate) units (Dex-lactateHEMA) in 25:75 (v:v) ethanol:water mixture solvent. Insulin is loaded into the hydrogels during the synthesis process with loading efficiency up to 98%. The hydrogels can release biologically active insulin in vitro for at least one week and the release kinetics can be modulated by varying …

Go to article

Asymmetric Deactivation Of Hiv-1 Gp41 Following Fusion Inhibitor Binding., Kristen M Kahle, H Kirby Steger, Michael J Root Nov 2009

Asymmetric Deactivation Of Hiv-1 Gp41 Following Fusion Inhibitor Binding., Kristen M Kahle, H Kirby Steger, Michael J Root

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium factors influence the efficacy of pharmaceutical agents that target intermediate states of biochemical reactions. We explored the intermediate state inhibition of gp41, part of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) that promotes viral entry through membrane fusion. This process involves a series of gp41 conformational changes coordinated by Env interactions with cellular CD4 and a chemokine receptor. In a kinetic window between CD4 binding and membrane fusion, the N- and C-terminal regions of the gp41 ectodomain become transiently susceptible to inhibitors that disrupt Env structural transitions. In this study, we sought to identify kinetic parameters that …

Go to article

2009 Annual Progress Report: Doe Hydrogen Program, U.S. Department Of Energy Nov 2009

2009 Annual Progress Report: Doe Hydrogen Program, U.S. Department Of Energy

Publications (E)

This report summarizes the hydrogen and fuel cell R&D activities and accomplishments of the DOE Hydrogen Program for FY2009. It covers the program areas of hydrogen production and delivery; fuel cells; manufacturing; technology validation; safety, codes and standards; education; and systems analysis.

Go to article

Experiences With Statistical Consulting, Patrick Ciavonne Ziegler Nov 2009

Experiences With Statistical Consulting, Patrick Ciavonne Ziegler

Statistics

For my senior project, I met with the consultant for the statistics department and sat in on sessions with clients. Throughout two quarters, I worked on asking better questions and becoming more comfortable with my knowledge of statistics. The write-up of this project includes descriptions of projects I participated on, what I learned from them and what was done. It also includes thoughts I had relating to the senior project experience as a whole.

Go to article

Addressing The Lack Of Male Elementary School Teachers: Factors That Influence Grade-Level Preference, Michael David Patrick Nov 2009

Addressing The Lack Of Male Elementary School Teachers: Factors That Influence Grade-Level Preference, Michael David Patrick

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to determine which, if any, specific factors are deterring male teachers from pursuing elementary education. The number of male elementary teachers in America's public school systems had continued to decline, and this survey sought to discover what specific factors had contributed to this. This study surveyed 231 male public school teachers from six different school districts in Tennessee, Georgia, and Missouri. Male participants recorded their viewpoints regarding male elementary teachers while at the same time they provided personal information concerning factors which contributed to their own personal grade level selection. Participants were surveyed to …

Go to article

God’S Shield: The Relationship Between God Attachment, Relationship Satisfaction, And Adult Child Of An Alcoholic (Acoa) Status In A Sample Of Evangelical Graduate Counseling Students, Karin Mcpeak Dumont Nov 2009

God’S Shield: The Relationship Between God Attachment, Relationship Satisfaction, And Adult Child Of An Alcoholic (Acoa) Status In A Sample Of Evangelical Graduate Counseling Students, Karin Mcpeak Dumont

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The conceptual framework for this study focused on adult attachments and adult relationship satisfaction being defined and supported by initial attachment style. The literature review consistently revealed that individuals with a secure attachment style report higher relationship satisfaction than individuals with an insecure style. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of attachment to God and a history of an alcoholic parent on adult relationship satisfaction while controlling for romantic attachment. A total of 267 participants from an evangelical graduate program in counseling were administered the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST), Attachment to God Inventory (AGI), …

Go to article

Activity-Aware Ecg-Based Patient Authentication For Remote Health Monitoring, Janani Sriram, Minho Shin, Tanzeem Choudhury, David Kotz Nov 2009

Activity-Aware Ecg-Based Patient Authentication For Remote Health Monitoring, Janani Sriram, Minho Shin, Tanzeem Choudhury, David Kotz

Dartmouth Scholarship

Mobile medical sensors promise to provide an efficient, accurate, and economic way to monitor patients' health outside the hospital. Patient authentication is a necessary security requirement in remote health monitoring scenarios. The monitoring system needs to make sure that the data is coming from the right person before any medical or financial decisions are made based on the data. Credential-based authentication methods (e.g., passwords, certificates) are not well-suited for remote healthcare as patients could hand over credentials to someone else. Furthermore, one-time authentication using credentials or trait-based biometrics (e.g., face, fingerprints, iris) do not cover the entire monitoring period and …

Go to article

Microevolution And Macroevolution Are Governed By The Same Processes, Michael Dietrich Nov 2009

Microevolution And Macroevolution Are Governed By The Same Processes, Michael Dietrich

Dartmouth Scholarship

This collection of specially commissioned essays puts top scholars head to head to debate the central issues in the lively and fast growing field of philosophy of biology Brings together original essays on ten of the most hotly debated ...

Go to article

Juvenile Justice: The Fourth Option, Christopher Slobogin, Mark R. Fondacaro Nov 2009

Juvenile Justice: The Fourth Option, Christopher Slobogin, Mark R. Fondacaro

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

The current eclectic mix of solutions to the juvenile-crime problem is insufficiently conceptualized and too beholden to myths about youth, the crimes they commit, and effective means of responding to their problems. The dominant punitive approach to juvenile justice, modeled on the adult criminal justice system, either ignores or misapplies current knowledge about the causes of juvenile crime and the means of reducing it. But the rehabilitative vision that motivated the progenitors of the juvenile court errs in the other direction, by allowing the state to assert its police power even over those who are innocent of crime. The most …

Go to article

The False Promise Of Adolescent Brain Science In Juvenile Justice, Terry A. Maroney Nov 2009

The False Promise Of Adolescent Brain Science In Juvenile Justice, Terry A. Maroney

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

Recent scientific findings about the developing teen brain have both captured public attention and begun to percolate through legal theory and practice. Indeed, many believe that developmental neuroscience contributed to the U.S. Supreme Court’s elimination of the juvenile death penalty in Roper v. Simmons. Post-Roper, scholars assert that the developmentally normal attributes of the teen brain counsel differential treatment of young offenders, and advocates increasingly make such arguments before the courts. The success of any theory, though, depends in large part on implementation, and challenges that emerge through implementation illuminate problematic aspects of the theory. This Article tests the legal …

Go to article

Indentation As A Technique To Assess The Mechanical Properties Of Fallback Foods, Peter W. Lucas, Paul J. Constantino, Janine Chalk, Charles Ziscovici, Barth W. Wright, Dorothy M. Fragaszy, David A. Hill, James Jin-Wu Lee, Herzl Chai, Brian W. Darvell, Tony D.B. Yuen Nov 2009

Indentation As A Technique To Assess The Mechanical Properties Of Fallback Foods, Peter W. Lucas, Paul J. Constantino, Janine Chalk, Charles Ziscovici, Barth W. Wright, Dorothy M. Fragaszy, David A. Hill, James Jin-Wu Lee, Herzl Chai, Brian W. Darvell, Tony D.B. Yuen

Biological Sciences Faculty Research

A number of living primates feed partyear on seemingly hard food objects as a fallback. We ask here how hardness can be quantified and how this can help understand primate feeding ecology. We report a simple indentation methodology for quantifying hardness, elastic modulus, and toughness in the sense that materials scientists would define them. Suggested categories of fallback foods—nuts, seeds, and root vegetables— were tested, with accuracy checked on standard materials with known properties by the same means. Results were generally consistent, but the moduli of root vegetables were overestimated here. All these properties are important components of what fieldworkers …

Go to article

The Knowledge Problem Of New Paternalism, Mario J. Rizzo, Douglas Glen Whitman Nov 2009

The Knowledge Problem Of New Paternalism, Mario J. Rizzo, Douglas Glen Whitman

BYU Law Review

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Using Socio-Economics And Binary Economics To Serve The Interests Of Poor And Working People: What Critical Scholars Can Do To Help, Robert Ashford Nov 2009

Using Socio-Economics And Binary Economics To Serve The Interests Of Poor And Working People: What Critical Scholars Can Do To Help, Robert Ashford

Seattle Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Go to article

The Exclusion Of Race From Mandated Continuing Legal Education Requirements: A Critical Race Theory Analysis, Lorenzo Bowman, Tonette Rocco, Elizabeth Peterson Nov 2009

The Exclusion Of Race From Mandated Continuing Legal Education Requirements: A Critical Race Theory Analysis, Lorenzo Bowman, Tonette Rocco, Elizabeth Peterson

Seattle Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Rethinking The Constitutional Criminal Procedure Of Juvenile Transfer Hearings: Apprendi, Adult Punishment And Adult Process, Jenny E. Carroll Nov 2009

Rethinking The Constitutional Criminal Procedure Of Juvenile Transfer Hearings: Apprendi, Adult Punishment And Adult Process, Jenny E. Carroll

Faculty Scholarship

This article makes valuable new contributions to the burgeoning scholarly discourse on Apprendi v. New Jersey-a landmark decision that celebrates its tenth anniversary this year. It builds on the author's experience as a public defender, during which she pioneered the surprising but straightforward argument that under Apprendi, findings that justify transferring a juvenile to adult court must be proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Apprendi requires that any fact authorizing a sentence higher than the otherwise applicable statutory maximum must be found by a jury using a beyond a reasonable doubt standard. This tenet applies directly to juvenile …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last