Digital Commons Network^™

Is Intellectual Property A Hurdle For Transferring Technology To Developing Countries - If So, How High Or A Hurdle, Cecily Anne O'Regan

UC Law Science and Technology Journal

It might appear that intellectual property protection has a positive impact on a country's economic development. According to Professor Franqois Dessemontet, "there is a strong correlation between the rate of patents sought by enterprise and the general level of economic developments." However, it would be arrogant to presume that a one-size-fits-all approach toward intellectual property protection would work for developing countries. In fact, as noted by Sir Hugh Laddie, "[flor too long intellectual property rights have been regarded as food for the rich countries and poison for poor countries ... Poor countries may find them useful provided they are accommodated …

The Emerging Constitutional Challenge Of Climate Change: India In Perspective, Deepa Badrinarayana

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Road To Clean Air Is Paved With Many Obstacles: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Should Grant A Waiver For California To Regulate Automobile Greenhouse Gas Emissions Via Assembly Bill 1493, Kevin M. Davis

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

Biofuels: Potential, Problems & Solutions, Richard L. Ottinger

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

International Trade And The Environment: What Is The Role Of The Wto?, Dominic Gentile

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Environmental Impact Of Commodity Subsides: Nepa And The Farm Bill, Jennifer Hoffpauir

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

On The Origins Of Environmental Migration, Robert A. Mcleman

Fordham Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Patent Prosecution Highway: Is Life In The Fast Lane Worth The Cost, Alicia Pitts, Joshua Kim

UC Law Science and Technology Journal

Globalization has led to a rapid increase in the number of patent applications filed in the United States and abroad. In response, individual patent offices have introduced preliminary programs to share the workload and reduce redundancy, giving rise to the "patent prosecution highway." Setting grandiose visions aside, the patent prosecution highway is generally failing. This article examines the strengths and weakness of the patent prosecution highway and suggests some methods through which the highway should be navigated and used as part of a global patent strategy.

Of Babies And Bathwater - The Impact Of In Re Bilski On Life Science Patents, Michael J. Shuster, Juleen Konkell

UC Law Science and Technology Journal

Tension between the broad language of 35 U.S.C. § 101 and limitations of its scope is an emerging issue in recent court decisions attempting to resolve the issue of whether patent claims preempt a natural phenomenon. These decisions significantly impact the patentability of personalized medicine inventions that rely on discovery of correlations between biomarkers and the safety and efficacy of therapeutic treatment in an individual. While a "business methods" case, the Federal Circuit's In re Bilski decision may have a profound impact on medical diagnostics and personalized medicine patents by altering the ability of personalized medicine companies to protect the …

Analyzing Adherence To Prenatal Supplements: Does Pill Count Measure Up?, Kristie Elizabeth Appelgren

MUSC Theses and Dissertations

Background: Results of a trial of prenatal Vitamin D supplementation are analyzed for associations of pill count data with serum-based measures of adherence. Obiective: It is hypothesized that adherence as measured by pill count will have a significant association with serum-based measures of adherence. Design: The study from which the data for this analysis were derived is a large randomized, controlled, and double-blinded trial of vitamin D supplements in pregnant women. The women have been stratified by race and randomized into three groups, which receive a 400IU (control), 20001U, or 40001U dose of vitamin D[subscript 3] once daily. Women enter …

Calling A Spade A Spade: Maternal Mortality As A Human Rights Violation, Luisa Cabal, Morgan Stoffregen

Human Rights Brief

No abstract provided.

United Nations And Ngo Updates, Zach Zarnow, Doug Keillor

Human Rights Brief

No abstract provided.

An Aggregate Approach To Antitrust: Using New Data And Rulemaking To Preserve Drug Competition, C. Scott Hemphill

Center for Contract and Economic Organization

This Article examines the "aggregation deficit" in antitrust: the pervasive lack of information, essential to choosing an optimal antitrust rule, about the frequency and costliness of anticompetitive activity. By synthesizing available information, the present analysis helps close the information gap for an important, unresolved issue in U.S. antitrust policy: patent settlements between brand-name drug makers and their generic rivals. The analysis draws upon a new dataset of 143 such settlements.

Due to the factual complexity of individual brand-generic settlements, important trends and arrangements become apparent only when multiple cases are examined collectively. This aggregate approach provides valuable information that can …

Allocating Vaccines And Antiviral Medications During An Influenza Pandemic, Carl H. Coleman

Seton Hall Law Review

No abstract provided.

Dna Structure Modulates The Oligomerization Properties Of The Aav Initiator Protein Rep68, Jorge Mansilla-Soto, Miran Yoon-Robarts, William J. Rice, Shailee Arya, Carlos R. Escalante, R. Michael Linden

Physiology and Biophysics Publications and Presentations

Rep68 is a multifunctional protein of the adeno-associated virus (AAV), a parvovirus that is mostly known for its promise as a gene therapy vector. In addition to its role as initiator in viral DNA replication, Rep68 is essential for site-specific integration of the AAV genome into human chromosome 19. Rep68 is a member of the superfamily 3 (SF3) helicases, along with the well-studied initiator proteins simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40-LTag) and bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E1. Structurally, SF3 helicases share two domains, a DNA origin interaction domain (OID) and an AAA+ motor domain. The AAA+ motor domain is also …

Heraclio Bernal: Bandit Citizen, Amy Robinson

Decimonónica

Shortly after Heraclio Bernal’s much awaited defeat to federal forces in 1888, the Governor of Sinaloa, Francisco Cañedo, referred to the state’s famous outlaw as “el bandido ciudadano” (El Nacional, 10 Jan. 1888).¹ The Mexico City newspaper El Nacional promptly registered their disapproval:

Saline Lakes Around The World : Unique Systems With Unique Values, 10th Isslr Conference And 2008 Friends Of Great Salt Lake Forum, May 11-16, 2008, University Of Utah, Salt Lake City, Aharon Oren, David L. Naftz, Patsy Palacios, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

No abstract provided.

Microbial Biodiversity Of Great Salt Lake, Utah, Bart C. Weimer, Giovanni Rompato, Jacob Parnell, Reed Gann, Balasubramanian Ganesan, Cristian Navas, Martin Gonzalez, Mario Clavel, Steven Albee-Scott

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Microbial biodiversity is difficult to measure in extreme environments due to the inability to culture many of the species, especially from hypersaline environments. Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, USA offers a unique ecology to study microbial diversity across a salt gradient. GSL has increasing salt from South to North that varies from marine salt concentrations to saturation, respectively. We used three methods to examine the biodiversity of the GSL-traditional cultivation on solid media, 16s rRNA gene sequencing, multiplexed 16s rRNA gene hybridization to the phylochip, and DNA hybridization to the Geochip for metabolic diversity estimates. Over 40 isolates from the …

Biostromes, Brine Flies, Birds And The Bioaccumulation Of Selenium In Great Salt Lake, ,Utah, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Benthic organisms and substrates in Great Salt Lake, Utah, were sampled to measure selenium concentrations of prey organisms of the birds that utilize the lake for nesting and during migrations. The sampling was focused on stromatolite biostromes, as these solid reef-like structures cover approximately 23% of the oxic benthic area of the lake and are the principal habitat for brine fly (Ephydra cinerea) larvae and pupae. Samples were taken at depths of 1-5 m along two transects in Gilbert Bay were salinities ranged from 116-126 g 1-1...

Mercury Inputs To Great Salt Lake, Utah: Reconnaissance-Phase Results, David Naftz, Christopher Fuller, Jay Cederberg, David Krabbenhoft, John Whitehead, Jodi Garberg, Kimberly Beisner

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

In response to increasing public concern regarding mercury (Hg) cycling in Great Salt Lake (GSL) ecosystem, a series of studies were initiated to differentiate between the mass of Hg from riverine versus atmospheric sources to GSL. Cumulative riverine Hg load to GSL during a 1 year time period (April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008) was 6 kg, with almost 50% of the cumulative Hg load contributed by outflow from Farmington Bay. Comparison of cumulative annual atmospheric Hg deposition (32 kg) to annual riverine deposition (6 kg) indicates that atmospheric deposition is the dominant input source to GSL. A sediment …

Farmington Bay Wetlands Of Great Salt Lake: Nutrient Criteria, Macroinvertebrate Studies And Beneficial Uses, Theron G. Miller, Heidi M. Hoven, John F. Cavitt

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

No abstract provided.

Developing Vegetation Metrics For The Assessment Of Beneficial Uses Of Impounded Wetlands Surrounding Great Salt Lake, Utah, Usa, Heidi M. Hoven, Theron G. Miller

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Many wetlands around Farmington Bay of Great Salt Lake are managed waterfowl habitat by means of impounding the flow at the terminus of the Jordan River. The majority of the Jordan River flow is comprised of the secondary-treated effluent of several municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTP), resulting in elevated phosphorus concentrations. This study was initiated to determine whether the assimilative capacity for phosphorus of the impounded wetlands had been exceeded, resulting in a negative impact to the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the wetlands. The majority of the SAV is sago pondweed and western fineleaf pondweed (Stuckenia pectinata and …

Avian Response To Early Tidal Salt Marsh Restoration At Former Commercial Salt Evaporation Ponds In San Francisco Bay, California, Usa, Nicole D. Athearn, John Y. Takekawa, Joel M. Shinn

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Restoration of former commercial salt evaporation ponds in the San Francisco Bay estuary is intended to reverse a severe decline (>79%) in tidal salt marshes. San Francisco Bay is a critical migratory stopover site and wintering area for shorebirds and waterfowl, and salt ponds are important high tide roosting and foraging areas. Conservation of past bird abundance is a stated goal of area restoration projects, and early adaptive management will be critical for achieving this objective. However, initial avian response at sites restored to tidal flow may not be indicative of long-term results. For example, winter shorebirds at a …

Planktonic Bloom-Forming Nodularia In The Saline Lake Alchichica, Mexico, Maria Guadalupe Oliva, Alfonso Lugo, Javier Alcocer, Laura Peralata, Luis Alberto Oseguera

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Lake Alchichica displays a characteristic cyanobacterial bloom associated with the onset of the stratification period. It mostly consists of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. Filaments of Nodularia were straight, usually with an evident colorless, transparent sheath, with gas vesicles and without akinetes. The bloom developed in waters with a conductivity of 13.47 to 14.14 mS/cm. Water column temperature was between 14.1 and 21.2 C, the pH fluctuated between 8.8 and 10.0 and dissolved oxygen between 0 and 9.3 mg/l. The annual mean concentration of N-NO3 was highest in 2001 and lowest in 2000. For P-PO4 the highest mean value was …

Algal And Cyanobacterial Saline Biofilms Of The Grande Coastal Lagoon, Lima, Peru, Haydee Montoya

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Tropical coastal wetland ecosystems are widely distributed in arid regions. The Grande coastal lagoon in Peru's central plain is shallow, eutrophic and alkaline, exposed to the annual hydrological regime with flooding and desiccation periods, when a salt crust is formed. The brackish to hypersaline habitats showed salinity gradients from 2-90 ppt (NaCl) to saturation, pH values from 7.0 to 10.5, temperatures from 18 to 31 C, phosphate concentrations from 0.5 to 50 mg 1-1. Dominance of halophilic biofilms of benthic cyanobacteria followed by diatoms and the submerged macrohpytes Chara hornemannii and Ruppia maritima during the clear water state supported the …

Archaeal Diversity In The Dead Sea: Microbial Survival Under Increasingly Harsh Conditions, Idan Bodaker, Oded Beja, Itai Sharon, Roi Feingersch, Mira Rosenberg, Aharon Oren, Muna Y. Hindiyeh, Hanan I. Malkawi

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

The Dead Sea is rapidly drying out. The lake is supersaturated with NaCl, and precipitated of halite from the water column has led to a decrease in sodium content, while concentrations of magnesium and calcium greatly increased, making the lake an ever more extreme environment for microbial life. In the past decades, blooms of algae (Dunaliella) and halophilic Archaea were twice observed in the lake (1980-1982 and 1992-1995), triggered by massive inflow of freshwater floods, but no conditions suitable for renewed microbial growth have occurred since. To examine whether the Death Sea in its current state (density 1.24 g ml-1, …

Diel Variability And Community Metabolism In African Soda Lakes, John M. Melack

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Information theory based indices of predictability were used to quantify seasonal differences in diel variability of dissolved oxygen and temperature in Lakes Elmenteita and Sonachi. Predictability of patterns in diel variability was high in both lakes for water temperatures and dissolved oxygen. Community metabolism was measured in Lake Elmenteita, a shallow, Kenyan soda lake based on a series of vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen and temperature measured about monthly over several days for 13 periods from February 1973 to May 1974. Variations in areal oxygen content at successive intervals throughout each day and night were corrected for air-water oxygen exchange …

Long-Term Mesocosm Simulation Of Algal And Archaeal Blooms In The Dead Sea Following Dilution With Red Sea Water, Aharon Oren, Jonha Gavrieli, Marco Kohen, Joseph Lati, Mordehay Aharoni, Ittai Gavrieli

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

To understand the factors that determine the extent of blooms of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella and halophilic Archaea in the Dead Sea, and to predict the possible effects of the planned conveyance of Red Sea water to the Dead Sea, we performed simulation experiments in the 0.9 m3 outdoor mesocosms on the grounds of the Dead Sea Works Ltd. at Sedom, as well as in the laboratory. The laboratory simulations showed that development of the Dunaliella was possible only when Dead Sea water (340 g 1-1 total dissolved salts) was diluted with minimally 10% (by volume) of Red Sea …

Biodiversity Of Inland Saltscapes Of The Iberian Peninsula, Katia Hueso Kortekaas, Jesus-F. Carrasco Vaya

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

The Iberian Peninsula hosts a wide variety of inland saltscapes, from man-made solar evaporation salterns to hyper-saline lakes and salt rivers, most of them unknown to other European countries. The present contribution deals with this diversity of saltscapes, briefly introduces their main features and locations, and presents a general overview of their conservation status. Some of their natural values are not even well understood by the scientists themselves, and therefore they are very rare and fragile and in need of protection. However, many of these natural saltscapes have been and are currently under threat, having been desiccated, used as waste …

Role Of Phytoplankton In Sediment Formation In Lakes With Pelogenous Potential, Liana Gheorghievici

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

No abstract provided.