Digital Commons Network^™

Training Youth Caregivers To Provide Hiv Education And Support To Orphans And Vulnerable Children In South Africa, Tobey C. Nelson, Eka Esu-Williams, Lungile Mchunu, Pinkie Nyamakazi, S'Fiso Mnguni, Katie D. Schenk, Catherine Searle, Jennifer Redner

HIV and AIDS

In KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, in Durban’s peri-urban community of Valley of 1000 Hills, Horizons partnered with Valley Trust to implement and evaluate a program to provide education and support to orphans and vulnerable children. The study utilized a pre-post test design to assess the feasibility and impact of building the capacity of youth aged 18–24 years to provide HIV education and support to in-school orphans and vulnerable children in their communities. The Valley Trust Youth Caregiver Program trained older youth to provide HIV education, homework assistance, and psychosocial support to orphans and vulnerable children aged 11–15 years. The program …

Engaging Communities In Supporting Hiv Prevention And Adherence To Antiretroviral Therapy In Zambia, Fiona Samuels, Joseph Simbaya, Avina Sarna, Scott Geibel, Phillimon Ndubani, Jolly Kamwanga

HIV and AIDS

In Zambia, the prevalence of HIV is estimated at 16 percent among 15–49-year-olds. This brief presents findings from an operations research study to access the outcomes of the Antiretroviral Community Education and Referral (ACER) project in two urban areas in Zambia—Lusaka and Ndola. The ACER project was implemented by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, based in England, and the Alliance’s Zambia office, in conjunction with local Zambian partners. Launched in mid-2004, the two-year project built on previous formative research that examined knowledge and attitudes about prevention and treatment. The research was conducted by the Institute of Eco­nomic and Social Research in …

Food On The Table: The Role Of Livelihood Strategies In Maintaining Nutritional Status Among Art Patients In Kenya And Zambia, Fiona Samuels, Naomi Rutenberg, Joseph Simbaya, Jerry Okal, Nicodemus Kisengese, Stanley Luchters, Susan Kaai, Scott Geibel

HIV and AIDS

As understanding of the multidimensional nature of HIV epidemics improves, it is increasingly recognized that policy and program interventions, whether focusing on prevention, treatment and care, or impact mitigation, must take into account the integral role of food and nutrition security. More broadly, interventions need to consider how people’s livelihoods evolve and adapt to deal with the multifaceted nature of HIV. In eastern and southern Africa, evidence pointing to a vicious cycle between HIV and food and nutrition insecurity is mounting. Programs are now being implemented that link HIV to food and nutritional security, as well as to livelihoods. However, …

Involving Young People In The Care And Support Of People Living With Hiv In Zambia: An Evaluation Of Program Sustainability, Eka Esu-Williams, Catherine Searle, Anderson Zulu

HIV and AIDS

In 2005, approximately 17 percent of the population of reproductive age in Zambia was infected with HIV and nearly 710,000 under the age of 18 were orphans. As the needs of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) escalate, communities are seeking new ways of helping those affected by the disease. A Horizons intervention study conducted in northern Zambia from 2000–02 found that youth could be trained to help meet the care and support needs of PLHIV and their families, including OVC. Study participants belonged to anti-AIDS clubs that taught about HIV and how to prevent …

The Lactating Angel Or Activist? Public Breatsfeeding As Symbolic Speech, Elizabeth Hildebrand Matherne

Michigan Journal of Gender & Law

The only way to combat this stigma against public breastfeeding is through the act of breastfeeding in public. The author proposes that breastfeeding is a powerful act of symbolic speech vital for discarding one of the lingering shackles of women's inequality that triggers first amendment protection. Breastfeeding in public addresses this stigma by treating two ills at once: 1) greater public exposure to the practice decreases the severity of society's reactions, and 2) the less stares and confrontation that publicly nursing mothers receive, the more likely they will be to breastfeed, whenever or wherever their baby is hungry. This will …

Annual Report Of The Selectmen And Other Town Officers Unity, N.H. Year Ending December 31, 2007., Unity Town Representatives

Unity, NH Annual Reports

This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire.

2007 Annual Report Of The Selectmen, Treasurer, Road Agent, Police Department, Town Clerk/Tax Collector, Trustees Of The Trust Funds And Cemeteries, And Other Officers And Committees. Town Of Croydon, New Hampshire, Together With The Report Of The School Board And The Vital Statistics., Croydon Town Representatives

Croydon, NH Annual Reports

This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire.

Annual Reports Of The Town Of Seabrook, New Hampshire For The Year Ending December 31st, 2007 As Compiled By The Town Officers., Seabrook Town Representatives

Seabrook, NH Annual Reports

This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire.

Annual Report. Errol, New Hampshire. Year Ending December 31, 2007. Errol School District Annual Report Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 2007., Errol Town Representatives

Errol, NH Annual Reports

This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire.

Strategic Water For Iraq: The Need For Planning And Action , Frederick Michael Lorenz

American University International Law Review

No abstract provided.

Dr. Maximillian Schmidt's 1884 Review Of The Growth Rates Of Asian Elephants, Robert H.I. Dale, Fred Yaniga

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Rarely is there a scientific article of such creativity, insight and importance that it is fascinating even 125 years after it was written. The following article by Max Schmidt, translated in English for the first time, as far as we know, is one of these. As in the original article, an illustration precedes the text.

Dr. Schmidt addressed a topic of considerable interest in recent times (for example, Sukumar, 2003, Appendix 2): The growth curves of elephants. He combined data on multiple elephants from several sources to generate a table of shoulder heights from birth to the age of 34 …

History: The Birth Of "America" In 1882, Robert H.I. Dale

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

This article concerns a New York Times story about the birth of the female Asian elephant calf, named America, at the winter headquarters of the "Greatest Show on Earth" in Bridgeport, Connecticut on February 2, 1882. Phineas T. Barnum, one of the owners of the show, and one prone to self-aggrandizing bluster, claimed that America was the second elephant ever born in captivity. America was born only to months before the arrival in New York of the most famous circus elephant of all time, Jumbo, on Easter Sunday, 1882, and only two years before the origin of a small wagon …

Effect Of Wintering System And Nutrition Around Breeding On Gain And Reproduction In Heifers, Daniel M. Larson, Jeremy L. Martin, Richard N. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Replacement heifers were developed using corn stalks (Experiments 1 and 2), winter range (Experiment 1), or a dry lot (Experiment 2) with or without a high energy supplement around breeding. Corn stalk development reduced ADG and the percentage pubertal prior to breeding; however, neither first service conception nor pregnancy rates were affected. High energy supplemental nutrition around breeding tends to improve first service conception. Corn stalk development does not appear to negatively impact reproduction, although it resulted in lighter calf birth weight compared to winter range.

Nebraska Beef Cattle Report 2008

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Contents

Cow/Calf
Effect of Pre-breeding Weight and MGA Supplementation on Heifer Performance
Effect of Wintering System and Nutrition Around Breeding on Gain and Reproduction in Heifers
Pre- and Peri-pubertal Feeding of Melengesterol Acetate (MGA) Alters Testis Characteristics in Bulls
Effects of Summer Climatic Conditions on Body Temperature in Beef Cows
Supplementing Beef Cows Grazing Cornstalk Residue with a Distillers Based Cube
Comparison of Crude Protein and Digestibility of Diets of Grazing Cattle at Different Sandhills Range Sites
Determination of Diet Protein and Digestibility of Native Sandhills Upland Range
Evaluation of Storage Methods for Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles with Added …

Supplementing Beef Cows Grazing Cornstalk Residue With A Distillers Based Cube, Zachary Hall, Richard J. Rasby, Mark Dragastin

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A 4-year study is being conducted to determine the effect of excess undegrad¬able intake protein supplementation using a cube that is 2/3 dried distillers grains (DDG) to beef cows in late gesta¬tion on cow and calf performance and the performance of heifer calves whose dams were supplemented with protein. Feeding a supplement containing DDG did not influence calf birth and wean¬ing weights, cow body weight prior to calving, and calving interval. Cow body condition score and percentage of cows cyclic prior to breeding increased for supplemented cows.

Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin - Volume 64, No. 1, Tennessee Folklore Society

Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin

No abstract provided.

2008 Annual Report, Tennessee. Department Of Audit, Tennessee. Comptroller Of The Treasury

Department of Audit Annual Reports

This document is the annual report for the Tennessee Department of Audit.

Do Reasonable Efforts Require Cultural Competence - The Importance Of Culturally Competent Reunification Services In The California Child Welfare System, Nell Clement

UC Law Journal of Race and Economic Justice

Despite the disproportionate number of culturally diverse families represented in the California child welfare system, there exists no statutory requirement that families in crisis be provided with reunification services that are culturally competent. This note examines the evolution of the child welfare system in United States in recent decades and the current child welfare law in California. This note discusses the negative effect of removal of culturally diverse children from their families and communities and the specific aspects of the child welfare system that play a part in this removal. Clement concludes by advocating for statutory recognition of culture in …

H.R. 3610, The Food And Drug Import Safety Act Of 2007, Kelly Chen, Rosa Dunnegan-Mallat

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Engineered Nanoscale Materials And Derivative Products: Regulatory Challenges, Linda-Jo Schierow

Congressional Research Service Reports

Scientists and engineers can now examine, design, and manipulate materials at the molecular level, termed “nanoscale,” between 1 and 100 billionths of a meter. The U.S. government has invested heavily to ensure that American industry remains a global leader in the field, because the products of nanotechnology are seen to have great economic potential and offer possible solutions to national problems ranging from energy efficiency to detection of agents of biological warfare. Optimism about nanotechnology is tempered, however, by concerns about the unknown potential of nanoscale materials to harm the environment and human health. Some have called for federal regulation …

The Effect Of Beta-Alanine Supplementation On Neuromuscular Fatigue In Elderly (55–92 Years): A Double-Blind Randomized Study, Jeffrey R. Stout, B. Sue Graves, Abbie E. Smith, Michael J. Hartman, Joel T. Cramer, Travis W. Beck, Roger C. Harris

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Ageing is associated with a significant reduction in skeletal muscle carnosine which has been linked with a reduction in the buffering capacity of muscle and in theory, may increase the rate of fatigue during exercise. Supplementing beta-alanine has been shown to significantly increase skeletal muscle carnosine. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of ninety days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWC_FT) in elderly men and women.

Methods: Using a double-blind placebo controlled design, twenty-six men (n = 9) and women (n = 17) (age ± …

Sampling Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles To Determine Nutrient Variability, Crystal D. Buckner, Sarah J. Vanness, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Joshua R. Benton

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Dry matter, protein, fat, phosphorus, and sulfur were measured on 100 wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) samples per ethanol plant (6 plants total) with 10 samples/day, 5 consecutive days, and 2 separate months (periods). Coefficients of variation were 1.5% to 4.5% for DM within plant. Fat in WDGS averaged 11.8% and ranged from 10.7% to 13.1% across plants, with ranges of 2 to 5 percentage units within plant. Coefficients of variation were 5% to 8% and as great as 36% within plant for sulfur. The variation in protein and phosphorus were minimal.

Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Leptin's Metabolic Effects, Amandeep Singh

Student Theses and Dissertations

Obesity is rapidly increasing in prevalence, and has become one of the leading contributors to poor health in the world. Increased body weight by necessity must be a result of increased nutrient intake relative to total energy expenditure. While many have focused on the importance of caloric consumption in determining weight, it is increasingly clear that differences in energy expenditure, basal metabolic rates and/or adaptive thermogenesis are also important variables that contribute to human obesity. The experiments in this thesis start off by demonstrating that a significant portion of leptin-mediated weight loss is the result of an increase in energy …

Measurement Of Concentrations Of Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites In Free-Ranging African Elephants Within The Kruger National Park, J. J. Viljoen, A. Ganswindt, R. Palme, H. C. Reynecke, Johan T. Du Toit, W. R. Langbauer

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

During the past several years, non-invasive monitoring of steroid metabolites in faeces of elephants has become an increasingly popular technique to generate more information about the causal relationship between hormones and behaviour in both living elephant species. This is important knowledge which can be used to optimise local conservation and wildlife management by finding new strategies for better elephant population management and control. In this context, however, information about an actual involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during assumable stressful events is still limited, especially for wildlife populations. One difficulty in discovering such information is often the lack of reliable data …

Defining Fiscal Transparency: Transnational Norms, Domestic Laws And The Politics Of Budget Accountability, Lisa Philipps, Miranda Stewart

Comparative Research in Law & Political Economy

Since the early 1990s, the issue of fiscal or budget transparency has attracted increasing attention at transnational and domestic policy levels, among agencies such as the IMF and OECD, and through NGOs initiatives such as the International Budget Project. At the domestic level, where budgeting takes place, some jurisdictions have enacted legislation to formalize their commitments to fiscal disclosure. This paper tracks the emergence of global norms about fiscal transparency through the interaction of 'soft law' measures with more conventional legal forms, drawing on examples from both higher and lower income countries. It offers a critical analysis of the various …

Allies Not Adversaries: Teaching Collaboration To The Next Generation Of Doctors And Lawyers To Address Social Inequality, Elizabeth Tobin Tyler

Journal of Health Care Law and Policy

No abstract provided.

Changing The Negative Behavioral And Developmental Outcomes To A Toxic Prenatal Environment Through Parent Education, Angela Elieen Laughlin Lebedev

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of current education materials on changing maternal smoking attitudes. Children are affected by prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke. Although there are educational efforts to discourage pregnant women from smoking, the practice continues in a significant number of pregnancies. New materials, based on current research, were also evaluated for effectiveness. The theoretical framework for this study was adult learning theory presented by Knowles which makes the assumption that an individual is shaped by environmental systems, that adult learning is affected by previous knowledge they bring to the learning and that adults …

Prognostic Factors Of Varying Treatment Outcomes For Onychomycosis (Nail Fungal Infection) Patients, Bin Cai

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Prevalence of onychomycosis, as high as 26.9% in the general population, can be reduced by improving current antifungal treatment. This could be accomplished by understanding prognostic factors, especially healthy nail growth, associated with achieving complete cure. This population-based study aimed to evaluate if healthy nail length or percentage of total full nail length as healthy can be early indictors for complete cure. Logistics regression analyses were performed by comparing variables between a population who achieved the complete cure and a population who failed after both populations received the same antifungal treatment in two large randomized double-blinded clinical trials that assessed …

Effect Of Varying Inclusion Levels Of Linseed Oil On Growth, Fatty Acid Profile, Membrane Fluidity And Epa/Dha Production In Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar), Mary Anne Eaton

Open Access Dissertations

Fish oil accounts for approximately 26.8% of the operating costs of salmon aquaculture. To compensate for the increasing demand in fish oil, alternative plant and animal oils have been used to replace the fish oil. The goal of this study was to formulate a cost-effective fish feed which supports adequate growth of salmon and is less susceptible to oxidative damage while maintaining the characteristic beneficial fatty acid profile. Experiments were undertaken to assess the growth, fatty acid profile, erythrocyte membrane fluidity, and ability of liver hepatocytes to convert linolenic acid to EPA and DHA in Atlantic salmon with inclusion of …

New Strategies For Progressive Realization Assessments Of Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights: Cambodian Aids-Related Orphans And Vulnerable Children As The Hard Case, Elizabeth Shura

Fordham International Law Journal

This Note proposes two alternatives to the standard use of progressive realization assessments under international human rights law. The first is to identify "key rights"-immediately enforceable civil and political rights that are so deeply intertwine with related social, economic, and political rights that enforcing the first unlocks access to the second. This strategy relies on the deep interconnection of all human rights a connection that is heightened among vulnerable populations such as Cambodian AIDS-related orphans. The second solution offered is an alternative method of conducting analysis under the progressive realization standard. Economic, social, and cultural rights can be examined and …