Digital Commons Network^™

Branching Of Fungal Hyphae: Regulation, Mechanisms And Comparison With Other Branching Systems, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The ability of rapidly growing hyphae to generate new polarity axes that result in the formation of a branch represents one of the most important yet least understood aspects of fungal cell biology. Branching is central to the development of mycelial colonies and also appears to play a key role in fungal interactions with other organisms. This review presents a description of the two major patterns of hyphal branching, apical and lateral, and highlights the roles of internal and external factors in the induction of branch formation. In addition, potential mechanisms underlying branch site selection are outlined, and the possible …

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Induces Cell Death By A Cell Type Dependent Fashion, Vicki Geiser, Suzanne Rose, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), a member of the alpha-herpesvirinae subfamily, causes significant losses to the cattle industry. BHV-1 establishes latency in trigeminal ganglionic sensory neurons, but periodically reactivates from latency. Previous studies suggested that infection with BHV-1 induced novel morphological changes in rabbit skin cells (RS) versus bovine kidney cells (MDBK). Consequently, we hypothesized that viral infection led to a novel form of cell death in RS cells compared to MDBK cells. To test this hypothesis, we examined the levels of apoptosis in these cell types following infection with BHV-1. Infection of RS, but not MDBK, cells leads to high …

A Review Of The Biology Of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (Bhv-I), Its Role As A Cofactor In The Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex And Development Of Improved Vaccines, Clinton J. Jones, Shafiqul Chowdhury

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Infection of cattle by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) can lead to upper respiratory tract disorders, conjunctivitis, genital disorders and immune suppression. BHV-1-induced immune suppression initiates bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which costs the US cattle industry approximately 3 billion dollars annually. BHV-1 encodes at least three proteins that can inhibit specific arms of the immune system: (i) bICPO inhibits interferon-dependent transcription, (ii) the UL41.5 protein inhibits CD8⁺ T-cell recognition of infected cells by preventing trafficking of viral peptides to the surface of the cells and (iii) glycoprotein G is a chemokine-binding protein that prevents homing of lymphocytes to …

Nicarbazin Bait Reduces Reproduction By Pigeons (Columba Livia), Michael L. Avery, Kandy L. Keacher, Eric A. Tillman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Development of effective methods for reducing populations of overabundant nuisance bird species continues to challenge wildlife biologists. Reproductive inhibition, although conceptually pleasing, has been difficult to implement because of the lack of a safe, approved avian contraceptive. Recently, however, nicarbazin received regulatory approval in the United States for use as a bait to decrease hatchability of resident Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and feral pigeon (Columba livia) eggs. In anticipation of the feral pigeon registration, we evaluated efficacy by exposing captive pairs of nesting pigeons to nicarbazin bait for 4 h daily. Egg production was unaffected, but …

Evaluation Of Aerial Cluster Sampling Of Double-Crested Cormorants On Aquaculture Ponds In Mississippi, Brian S. Dorr, Loren W. Burger Jr., Scott C. Barras

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Concern over increasing numbers of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and their impacts on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) aquaculture has resulted in increased need for quantitative information to develop and evaluate depredation management efforts. We evaluated aerial surveys in a stratified cluster sampling (SCS) design to estimate and monitor abundance of cormorants on catfish aquaculture ponds in the Yazoo River Basin of Mississippi, USA (hereafter Yazoo Basin). Twice monthly abundance estimates and coefficient of variation during winter averaged 8,128 (n = 29, SE = 1,233) and 33% (n = 29, SE = 0.02), respectively. Counts of cormorants …

Bioaccumulation Of Pharmaceuticals And Other Anthropogenic Waste Indicators In Earthworms From Agricultural Soil Amended With Biosolid Or Swine Manure, Chad Kinney, Edward Furlong, Dana Kolpin, Mark Burkhardt, Steven Zaugg, Stephen Werner, Joseph Bossio, Mark Benotti

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Analysis of earthworms offers potential for assessing the transfer of organic anthropogenic waste indicators (AWIs) derived from land-applied biosolid or manure to biota. Earthworms and soil samples were collected from three Midwest agricultural fields to measure the presence and potential for transfer of 77 AWIs from land-applied biosolids and livestock manure to earthworms. The sites consisted of a soybean field with no amendments of human or livestock waste (Site 1), a soybean field amended with biosolids from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Site 2), and a cornfield amended with swine manure (Site 3). The biosolid applied to Site 2 contained …

Foot-And-Mouth Disease In North American Bison (Bison Bison) And Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni): Susceptibility, Intra- And Interspecies Transmission, Clinical Signs, And Lesions, Jack Rhyan, Ming Deng, He Wang, Gordon Ward, Thomas Gidlewski, Matthew Mccollum, Samia Metwally, Thomas Mckenna, Sherrilyn Wainwright, Antonio Ramirez, Charles Mebus, Mo Salman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

There is limited information about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of foot-andmouth disease (FMD) in North American bison (Bison bison) or elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). In these two experimental infection studies, we compared the susceptibilities of bison and elk to FMD virus (FMDV), respectively, with that of cattle; determined whether intra- and interspecies transmission could occur in bison and cattle, and elk and cattle; determined suitability of conventional available laboratory tests to detect FMDV infection in bison and elk; and investigated whether bison or elk are efficient long-term carriers of FMDV. In both studies, after a period …

Geochemical Evidence For Airborne Dust Additions To Soils In Channel Islands National Park, California, Daniel R. Muhs, James R. Budahn, Donald L. Johnson, Marith Reheis, Jossh Beann, Gary Skipp, Eric Fischer, Julia A. Jones

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

There is an increasing awareness that dust plays important roles in climate change, biogeochemical cycles, nutrient supply to ecosystems, and soil formation. In Channel Islands National Park, California, soils are clay-rich Vertisols or Alfi sols and Mollisols with vertic properties. The soils are overlain by silt-rich mantles that contrast sharply with the underlying clay-rich horizons. Silt mantles contain minerals that are rare or absent in the volcanic rocks that dominate these islands. Immobile trace elements (Sc-Th-La and Ta-Nd-Cr) and rare-earth elements show that the basalt and andesite on the islands have a composition intermediate between upper-continental crust and oceanic crust. …

When Does Nitrate Become A Risk For Humans?, David S. Powlson, Tom M. Addiscott, Nigel Benjamin, Kenneth G. Cassman, Theo M. De Kok, Hans Van Grinsven, Jean-Louis L'Hirondel, Alex A. Avery, Chris Van Kessel

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Is nitrate harmful to humans? Are the current limits for nitrate concentration in drinking water justified by science? There is substantial disagreement among scientists over the interpretation of evidence on the issue. There are two main health issues: the linkage between nitrate and (i) infant methaemoglobinaemia, also known as blue baby syndrome, and (ii) cancers of the digestive tract. The evidence for nitrate as a cause of these serious diseases remains controversial. On one hand there is evidence that shows there is no clear association between nitrate in drinking water and the two main health issues with which it has …

Genetic Background Impacts Soluble And Cell Wall-Bound Aromatics In Brown Midrib Mutants Of Sorghum, Nathan A. Palmer, Scott Sattler, Aaron J. Saathoff, Deanna Funnell, Jeffrey Pedersen, Gautam Sarath

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Moench) BMR-6 and BMR-12 encode cinnamylalcohol dehydrogenase and caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase, respectively. We have evaluated the impact of two bmr alleles, bmr-6 and bmr-12, respectively, on soluble and wall-bound aromatics in near isogenic, wild-type (WT), bmr-6, bmr-12 and double-mutant (DM; bmr-6 and bmr-12) plants in two genetic backgrounds, RTx430 and Wheatland. Immunoblots confirmed that COMT protein was essentially absent in bmr-12 and DM plants, but was present in bmr-6 and WT plants. In contrast, although CAD activity was not detected in bmr-6 and DM plants, …

Chapter 6: Nebraska Experience, S. R. Walker, J. C. Lund, D. G. Schumacher, P. A. Brakhage, B. C. Mcmanus, J. D. Miller, M. M. Augustine, J. J. Carney, R. S. Holland, Kyle D. Hoagland, John C. Holz, Todd M. Barrow, Donald C. Rundquist, Anatoly A. Gitelson

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Nebraska agencies and public health organizations collaboratively addressed cyanobacterial issues for the first time after two dogs died within hours of drinking water from a small private lake south of Omaha on May 4, 2004. A necropsy on one of the dogs revealed that the cause of death was due to ingestion of Microcystin toxins. Within two weeks after the dog deaths, state and local officials jointly developed strategies for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms and issuing public health alerts and advisories. Weekly sampling of public lakes for microcystin toxins and cyanobacteria was initiated during the week of May 17, 2004. ELISA …

Importance And Effect Of Nitrogen On Crop Quality And Health, Jürg Blumenthal, David D. Baltensperger, Kenneth G. Cassman, Stephen Mason, Alexander Pavlista

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Nitrogen (N) is often the most limiting factor in crop production. Hence, application of fertilizer nitrogen results in higher biomass yields and protein yield and concentration in plant tissue is commonly increased. Nitrogen often affects amino acid composition of protein and in turn its nutritional quality. In cereals, abundant supply of nitrogen decreases the relative proportion of lysine and threonine, thus, reducing the biological value of the protein. Increasing nitrogen supply generally improves kernel integrity and strength, resulting in better milling properties of the grain. In oil seed crops, protein levels are increased upon nitrogen fertilization, whereas oil concentration is …

Harvester Ant Nests Improve Recovery Performance Of Drought Impacted Vegetation In Grazing Regimes Of Semiarid Savanna, Texas, Nancy Nicolai, Fred Smeins, Jerry Cook

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Vegetation composition is often dictated by grazing intensity in semiarid savannas; recovery following drought may depend on pre drought species composition. Nests of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, affect the dynamics, composition and recovery of post drought communities due to their larger size, greater seed production and higher perennial grass richness. We hypothesized that vegetation at ant nests would survive drought and recover faster than vegetation in the surrounding grasslands, but that individual and population recovery would depend on plant species composition, which, in turn, would be influenced by grazing intensity. We assessed nest influence on density, cover, …

Characterization Of The Folate Salvage Enzyme P-Aminobenzoylglutamate Hydrolase In Plants, Gale G. Bozzo, Gilles J. C. Basset, Valeria Naponelli, Alexandre Noiriel, Jesse F. Gregory Iii, Andrew D. Hanson

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Folates break down in vivo to give pterin and p-aminobenzoylglutamate (pABAGlu) fragments, the latter usually having a polyglutamyl tail. Pilot studies have shown that plants can hydrolyze pABAGlu and its polyglutamates to p-aminobenzoate, a folate biosynthesis precursor. The enzymatic basis of this hydrolysis was further investigated. pABAGlu hydrolase activity was found in all species and organs tested; activity levels implied that the proteins responsible are very rare. The activity was located in cytosol/vacuole and mitochondrial fractions of pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves, and column chromatography of the activity from Arabidopsis tissues indicated at …

Detection And Quantification Of Vitamin K1 Quinol In Leaf Tissues, Chloë Van Oostende, Joshua R. Widhalm, Gilles J.C. Basset

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Phylloquinone (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; vitamin K₁) is vital to plants. It is responsible for the oneelectron transfer at the A1 site of photosystem I, a process that involves turnover between the quinone and semi-quinone forms of phylloquinone. Using HPLC coupled with fluorometric detection to analyze Arabidopsis leaf extracts, we detected a third redox form of phylloquinone corresponding to its fully reduced – quinol–naphthoquinone ring (PhQH₂). A method was developed to quantify PhQH₂ and its corresponding oxidized quinone (PhQ) counterpart in a single HPLC run. PhQH₂ was found in leaves of all dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species tested, …

Pathogen Best Management Practices (Bmps), Richard K. Koelsch

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Presentations and White Papers

Management practices targeting pathogens focus on establishing multiple barriers between the pathogen source and water, with each barrier designed to lessen the risk of pathogens. The “Agricultural Environmental Management” program developed at Cornell University for dairy producers in New York watersheds promotes a four-barrier approach.

Alkaline Pretreatment Of Coastal Bermudagrass For Bioethanol Production, Ziyu Wang, Deepak R. Keshwani, Arthur P. Redding, Jay J. Cheng

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Presentations and White Papers

Lignocellulosic materials are regarded as an alternative energy source for bioethanol production to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Pretreatment is important for improving the enzymatic digestibility of lignocelluloses to increase the yield of fermentable sugars. Alkaline (sodium hydroxide and lime (calcium hydroxide)) pretreatment of coastal bermudagrass for enhanced reducing sugars recovery was investigated in this study. The effect of NaOH pretreatment at 121°C using 1%, 2% and 3% (w/v) NaOH for 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes was evaluated first. Lower NaOH concentrations (0.5% and 0.75%) and lower temperatures (50, 80 and 100°C) were then examined. Lime (0.1 g …

Nutrient Transport As Affected By Rate Of Overland Flow, John E. Gilley, W. F. Sabatka, B. Eghball, David B. Marx

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Little information is currently available concerning the effects of varying flow rate on nutrient transport by overland flow. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of overland flow rate on nutrient transport following the application of beef cattle or swine manure to plots containing 0, 2, 4, or 8 Mg ha^-1 of corn residue. After addition of residue materials to 0.75 m wide by 2.0 m long plots, beef cattle or swine manure was added and the plots were then either disked or maintained in a no-till condition. Three 30 min simulated rainfall events, separated by …

Rule-Based Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Modeling Of Skin Permeability, Deepak R. Keshwani, David D. Jones, George E. Meyer, Rhonda M. Brand

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Two Mamdani type fuzzy models (three inputs–one output and two inputs–one output) were developed to predict the permeability of compounds through human skin. The models were derived from multiple data sources including laboratory data, published data bases, published statistical models, and expert opinion. The inputs to the model include information about the compound (molecular weight and octonal–H₂O partition coefficient) and the application temperature. One model included all three parameters as inputs and the other model only included information about the compound. The values for mole molecular weight ranged from 30 to 600 Da. The values for the log …

Visible/Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging For Beef Tenderness Prediction, Govindarajan Konda Naganathan, Lauren M. Grimes, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, Chris R. Calkins, Ashok Samal, George E. Meyer

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Beef tenderness is an important quality attribute for consumer satisfaction. The current beef quality grading system does not incorporate a direct measure of tenderness because there is currently no accurate, rapid, nondestructive method for predicting tenderness available to the beef industry. The objective of this study was to develop and test a visible/nearinfrared hyperspectral imaging system to predict tenderness of 14-day aged, cooked beef from hyperspectral images of fresh ribeye steaks acquired at 14-day post-mortem. A push-broom hyperspectral imaging system (wavelength range: 400-1000 nm) with a diffuse-flood lighting system was developed and calibrated. Hyperspectral images of beef-steak (n = 111) …

Reduced Reliance On The Trace Element Selenium During Evolution Of Mammals, Alexey Lobanov, Dolph Hatfield, Vadim N. Gladyshev

Vadim Gladyshev Publications

Background: Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that occurs in proteins in the form of selenocysteine (Sec). It is transported throughout the body in the form of Sec residues in Selenoprotein P (SelP), a plasma protein of unclear origin recently proposed as an experimental marker of dietary Se status.
Results: Here, we report that the amino-terminal domain of SelP is distantly related to ancestral bacterial thiol oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin superfamily, and that its carboxy-terminal Se transport domain may have originated in early metazoan evolution by de novo accumulation of Sec residues. Reconstruction of evolutionary changes in the Se …

A Functional Link Between Housekeeping Selenoproteins And Phase Ii Enzymes, Aniruddha Sengupta, Bradley A. Carlson, James A. Weaver, Sergey V. Novoselov, Dmitri E. Fomenko, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Dolph Hatfield

Vadim Gladyshev Publications

Sec (selenocysteine) is biosynthesized on its tRNA and incorporated into selenium-containing proteins (selenoproteins) as the 21st amino acid residue. Selenoprotein synthesis is dependent on Sec tRNA and the expression of this class of proteins can be modulated by altering Sec tRNA expression. The gene encoding Sec tRNA (Trsp) is a single-copy gene and its targeted removal in liver demonstrated that selenoproteins are essential for proper function wherein their absence leads to necrosis and hepatocellular degeneration. In the present study, we found that the complete loss of selenoproteins in liver was compensated for by an enhanced expression of several phase II …

Memory In Food Caching Animals, Alan C. Kamil, Kristy L. Gould

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

One of the more interesting developments in the study of learning and cognition over the past 25 years has been the realization that learning and memory play an important role in the natural world of many animals. As this realization led to research into animal cognition in natural settings, it became clear that such research can make important contributions to our understanding of animal and human cognition. In this chapter, we review one of the areas of research that originally stimulated interest in the role of memory in the field, the ability of many food-storing animals to remember where they …

Comparative Metabolite Profiling Of Carboxylic Acids In Rat Urine By Ce-Esi Ms/Ms Through Positively Pre-Charged And 2H-Coded Derivatization, Wen-Chu Yang, Fred E. Regnier, Jiri Adamec

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

A new approach for the selective comparative metabolite profiling of carboxylic acids in rat urine was established using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) and a method for positively pre-charged and ²H-coded derivatization. Novel derivatizing reagents, N-alkyl-4-

aminomethylpyridinum iodide (alkyl=butyl, butyl-d9 or hexyl), containing quaternary amine and

stable isotope atoms (deuterium), were introduced for the derivatization of carboxylic acids. CE

separation in positive polarity showed high reproducibility (0.99 –1.32% RSD of migration time)

and eliminated problems with capillary coating known in CE-MS anion analyses. Essentially

complete ionization and increased hydrophobicity after the derivatization also enhanced MS

detection sensitivity (e.g. formic …

Stable Isotope-Coded Quaternization For Comparative Quantification Of Estrogen Metabolites By High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Wen-Chu Yang, Fred E. Regnier, Dan Silva, Jiri Adamec

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

A fast and sensitive LC-ESI-MS method is described for the comparative quantification of 16 estrogen metabolites based on the derivatization of estrogens with a novel derivatizing reagent, Nmethyl- nicotinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (C1-NA-NHS). The process introduces a quaternary amine to the analytes, making the analytes permanently charged regardless of the pH of the HPLC mobile phase. This quaternization resulted in a highly efficient separation of 16 estrogen metabolites in 7 minutes at a detection level below 1 ng/mL. By using a deuterated derivatizing reagent (C1-d3-NA-NHS), a complete set of deuterated standards was utilized and used as internal standards in a …

Purification From Human Milk Of Matriptase Complexes With Secreted Serpins: Mechanism For Inhibition Of Matriptase Other Than Hai-1, I-Chu Tseng, Feng-Pai Chou, Sheng-Feng Su, Michael Oberst, Nandakumar Madayiputhiya, Ming-Shyue Lee, Jehng-Kang Wang, David E. Sloane, Michael Johnson, Chen-Yong Lin

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Matriptase, a type 2 transmembrane serine protease, is predominately expressed by epithelial and carcinoma cells in which hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), a membrane-bound, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, is also expressed. HAI-1 plays dual roles in the regulation of matriptase, as a conventional protease inhibitor and as a factor required for zymogen activation of matriptase. As a consequence, activation of matriptase is immediately followed by HAI-1-mediated inhibition, with the activated matriptase being sequestered into HAI-1 complexes. Matriptase is also expressed by peripheral blood leukocytes, such as monocytes and macrophages; however, in contrast to epithelial cells, monocytes and macrophages …

Evolution Of Set-Domain Protein Families In The Unicellular And Multicellular Ascomycota Fungi, Chendhore Veerappan, Zoya Avramova, Etsuko N. Moriyama

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: The evolution of multicellularity is accompanied by the occurrence of differentiated tissues, of organismal developmental programs, and of mechanisms keeping the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Initially, the SET-domain proteins were associated exclusively with regulation of developmental genes in metazoa. However, finding of SET-domain genes in the unicellular yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe suggested that SET-domain proteins regulate a much broader variety of biological programs. Intuitively, it is expected that the numbers, types, and biochemical specificity of SET-domain proteins of multicellular versus unicellular forms would reflect the differences in their biology. However, comparisons across the unicellular and multicellular …

Parasite-Mediated Disruptive Selection In A Natural Daphnia Population, Meghan Duffey, Chad Brassil, Spencer Hall, Alan Tessier, Carla Cáceres, Jeffrey Conner

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: A mismatch has emerged between models and data of host-parasite evolution. Theory readily predicts that parasites can promote host diversity through mechanisms such as disruptive selection. Yet, despite these predictions, empirical evidence for parasite-mediated increases in host diversity remains surprisingly scant.
Results: Here, we document parasite-mediated disruptive selection on a natural Daphnia population during a parasite epidemic. The mean susceptibility of clones collected from the population before and after the epidemic did not differ, but clonal variance and broad-sense heritability of post-epidemic clones were significantly greater, indicating disruptive selection and rapid evolution. A maximum likelihood method that we developed …

Regulation Of Aromatic Alcohol Production In Candida Albicans, Suman Ghosh, Bessie W. Kebaara, Audrey L. Atkin, Kenneth W. Nickerson

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Colonization by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans varies significantly, depending upon the pH and availability of oxygen. Because of our interest in extracellular molecules as potential quorum-sensing molecules, we examined the physiological conditions which regulate the production of the aromatic alcohols, i.e., phenethyl alcohol, tyrosol, and tryptophol. The production of these fusel oils has been well studied for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our data show that aromatic alcohol yields for C. albicans are determined by growth conditions. These conditions include the availability of aromatic amino acids, the pH, oxygen levels, and the presence of ammonium salts. For example, for wild-type C. …

Pea Aphid, Jennifer A. Brisson, Gregory K. Davis

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Aphids have long been of interest because of their complex life cycles, environmentally induced morphologies, and importance to agriculture. However, only recently has the resulting wealth of ecological and population genetic data begun to be supplemented by genomic and genetic mapping approaches. In 2004, the International Aphid Genomics Consortium, a collaboration of aphid researchers, chose to establish the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, as the aphid of choice for the development of genomic resources. Here we introduce the pea aphid and discuss a number of biological questions for which the species is well suited. We then review previous mapping and quantitative …